6. Ink of the Song Dynasty
Cao Zhi's poem says: "Ink out of green pine smoke", the mainland tradition is to burn pine smoke to make ink, the mainstream of the Song Dynasty is still pine smoke ink, but pine trees have been in short supply, so invented the oil smoke ink, that is, the method of burning tung oil to take smoke ink.
Oil smoke ink is the combustion of grease ink, raw materials can be used tung oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, etc., carbon black contains lipids, than pine smoke ink glossy, suitable for Chinese painting, the price is higher, and pine smoke ink is more black, suitable for calligraphy.
Two pieces of ink ingots were excavated from the joint burial tomb of Ma Shaoting and his wife in the Northern Song Dynasty in Hefei, Anhui Province, one of which is relatively complete, with a length of 21 cm and a weight of 47 grams after restoration. The ink is long shuttle-shaped, and there is a Yang inscription "Jiuhua Zhuxiao [jìn] ink" in the middle of the front, which is made of stencifier, and the ink color seems to be oil smoke ink. Zhu Xiao [jìn] was a famous ink worker of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Su Shi praised his ink.
The other piece of ink was fragmented when it was unearthed, and after restoration, it is 25 long, 5 wide, 1.4 cm thick and weighs 158.8 grams, which is the largest Song ink found so far. There is a small seal in Yang wen in the middle of the ink column, which can be recognized as "Zhanggu of Huangshan, She[shè] Prefecture", and the lower part of the handwriting is blurred.
Tomb No. 4 of Wujin Village, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, in the Southern Song Dynasty unearthed Ye Maoshi's "inch jade" ink. The first half of the ink ingot, which was originally a long strip, has been lost, and the front of the lower half is molded with gold characters, which can be recognized as "inch jade", and the middle of the back is molded with a rectangular border, and it can be inferred that it should be "Ye Maoshi System".
These three pieces of ink are all made by famous artists, which should be the treasures of the owner of the tomb during his lifetime, and they are buried underground after death.
Since the rise of the ink industry in She[shè] Prefecture (present-day Huangshan City, Anhui), it has been the center of ink production in the country, and after the Fangla Uprising of the Northern Song Dynasty was quelled, the [shè] Prefecture was changed to Huizhou, and Huimo was famous all over the world.
7. Ink of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties
The most famous ink of the Yuan Dynasty was excavated from the tomb of Feng Daozhen in Datong, Shanxi, and was buried in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1265), the dragon pattern ink is 24.8 long, 5.5 wide, and 0.7 cm thick, molded, with vivid dragon patterns printed on one side and the three characters of "Zhongshu Province" on the other side.
Luo Xiaohua was a famous ink maker in Huizhou during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and the Forbidden City has his famous ink surviving.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Huizhou was still the center of national ink making.
In the atmosphere of the Ming and Qing dynasties, the stationery utensils paid more attention to appreciation, becoming a treasure played by the literati, and the production of ink also pursued exquisite and luxurious decoration.
Cao Sugong, Wang Jinsheng, Wang Jie'an and Hu Kaiwen were known as the four famous ink makers of the Qing Dynasty.
During the Reign of the Qing Dynasty, Jiangnan Xie Song [sōng] Dai was not the first, abandoned Confucianism to do business, invented ink that could be used directly, and no longer needed Yantai grinding, creating a new era of ink making on the mainland. He wrote a couplet saying: "One art is enough for the world to use, and the Fado is from the ancient books", and the "YiDe Ge" ink has become the most commonly used ink for calligraphy and painting in modern times.
VIII. Conclusion
In ancient times, ink was not only a calligraphy and painting tool, but also used as a punishment, construction, medicine.
Su Shi's "Ink Left Behind by the People of Shu Huaimin" said: "When people talk about ink, how expensive it is, how much is its black, but not its light." Light but not black, solid as discards. If it is black and not light, it is simply unsightly and useless. To make it clear and not floaty, as good as a child's eyes, is good. ”
Good ink should be black and shiny.
The pace of modern people's life has become faster, there is no kung fu meticulous ink research, almost all of them use ink, ink ingots are still used by calligraphers and painters, after all, they cannot restore their former glory.