——Shenzhen 7,000 years, there are stories you don't know
https://image.netwin.cn/cms/2021/04/08-15-40-206541.mp3
【Anchor】
Liu Youyang (Chief Editor of Reading Innovation/Shenzhen Business Daily)
【Column Introduction】
Discover Shenzhen is an influential cultural weekly magazine under the Umbrella/Shenzhen Business Daily, dedicated to excavating the unknown history of Shenzhen, and has been popular with the public since its opening. Now we will make the content of "Discover Shenzhen Weekly" sound, 5 minutes a day, and tell you a little knowledge about Shenzhen's history, folklore and culture.
【Contents of this issue】
In ancient Times, Shenzhen people traveled, and the mountainous areas were mainly climbing and walking, and the water towns were replaced by boats and boats. It is much more convenient to carry people and goods by boat, but if you walk on a mountain road, shoulder lifting is bitter and tiring. As a result, there have been many industries in the countryside, such as porters, caravans, "bicycle boys" and "coolies". This is the earliest transportation industry in Shenzhen.
Porters, sedans and "bikers"
◎ Liao Honglei Peng quan
In the old days, Bao'an people traveled, and the mountainous areas were mainly climbing and walking, and the water towns were replaced by boats. It is much more convenient to carry people and cargo on a boat, but it is bitter and tiring to walk on the mountain road. As a result, there have been many industries in the countryside, such as porters, caravans, "bicycle boys", "gollum (coolies)" and so on.
(1) Porter. Porters, also known as porters, commonly known as "shouldering feet", specialize in carrying goods for people to earn some meager water foot money. In the old days, when fishermen returned from fishing at sea and docked at Xixiang or Gushu Wharf, the owner of the fish pen had to hire a porter to pick up the fish pen; the mountain goods Rishi shop in Shajing and Songgang Market wanted to import dishes and bowls of goods, so they hired porters to buy goods from the cylinder kiln. In history, the porters transported the most large-scale goods between Sha Tau Kok and Shenzhen Market. According to a Hong Kong government investigation from 1904 to 1910, Sha Tau Kok played a role in the distribution of materials between the east and the central and western parts of Shenzhen. Rice, salt and fish from Dapeng Bay are transported to the Shenzhen Market, seven miles away, where coolies transport an average of 900 tons of goods on all roads, doubling during the high season.
(2) The sedan driver. Rich families and officials generally take a car when they travel, and people in the countryside who make some hard money by carrying a car are used as car drivers. The palanquin, in the Tang Dynasty, was called "eaves", yitong "burden", covering the burden on the shoulders. The Northern Song Dynasty was collectively called "public opinion" before, and it was only called a car after the Southern Song Dynasty, which has been followed to this day. There are three kinds of local palanquins, namely "pocket palanquin", "fan palanquin" and "large flower palanquin". "Pocket car" is very simple, with bamboo poles made of chair-shaped seats with backrests, people sit up and bamboo poles fall down, like a "pocket", it is called pocket car, similar to Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou slippery poles. The seats of the car are arched with bamboo branches and covered with red felt to shield them from the wind and rain. The "fan palanquin" is made of wood, with a roof and a board on the top, and a room-style palanquin with curtains hanging in front of the open windows on three sides, which is more noble than the pocket palanquin. Those who are not rich or noble or officials often sit in this car.
More than 600 years ago, Dapeng was in a "barbaric land" of poor mountains and vicious mountains. Qing Kangxi's "Chronicle of Xin'an County, Geography" records that the county beggar took a fan car from Nantou County to Dapeng for more than 200 miles, "the high mountains are like eagles turning three times, the big and small Meishajian, Jiudunling and other places are difficult to walk, they must walk across, the cross-swell harbor has no crossing, the tide recedes, there is no heavy wind and rain to arrive in four days, in case of wind and rain, the high mountains are difficult to cross, the sea tide is difficult to retreat, and the road period is uncertain." That is to say, the county official went in a car, walked for four days on a sunny day, and in case of wind and rain, the waves covered the beach path, and it was not necessary to arrive in seven or eight days.
The "big flower palanquin" is more familiar to everyone, which is a "big red flower palanquin" that is made of wood, painted red, and embroidered with dragon and phoenix patterns and draped with large red flowers on the top, which is specially used to receive the bride for a happy event. The flower car has a two-person car, a four-person car, and a luxurious one is an "eight-person car". Nantou Market, Xixiang Market, Shenzhen Market and Guanlan Market have special car business. According to the "Selected Historical Materials of Shenzhen during the Republic of China Period" edited and published by the Shenzhen Municipal History Office, it is published that Tan Huayu, an inspector of the Guangdong Civil Affairs Department, inspected Bao'an County on November 20, 1928, and wrote an article entitled "Investigation on the Cost of the People's Wedding Ceremony in Bao'an County, Guangdong Province": Rich people pay attention to pomp and circumstance when they marry, "The ceremonial drum music, the leasing of flower palanquins and the extravagance of furniture used for marriage are more than 200 yuan (old currency)... It only costs more than 10 yuan for the poor to marry and hire a drum and music palanquin."
In addition to the "official car" and the "wedding car", there are other people who are employed, for example, the car frame is covered with white cloth or black cloth, indicating that the passenger is sick or injured. If the arch is not covered, it is used by the monk or the person who does the work during the funeral; there are also "unclothed palanquins" that the gods will ride on, also known as the "open palanquins".
(3) Chicken bus. Ordinary people can walk on their feet, and light burdens can be carried on their shoulders, but when they encounter heavy burdens such as carrying grain, picking fat, and selling fat pigs, they have to use "chicken buses". The chicken bus is similar to the northern wheelbarrow, the body and handlebars are all made of wood, but the model is smaller than the unicycle. In the northern wheelbarrow, the cargo carried was on both sides of the car, and the heavy cargo carried by the chicken bus was placed on it. The wheels of the unicycle are made of iron or rubber wheels, while the wheels of the chicken bus are made of wood. The long handlebars have a rope tied around the shoulders of the cart pusher, carrying the heavy load, and only the cart is carried by both hands. The load of the wooden car, because there is no bearing pulley, walk up the wooden shaft friction to make a "clucking" chicken sound, the townspeople will be this wooden car figuratively called "chicken bus"; and because the support of the shelf shaped like antlers, plus the wooden wheel to push up and turn, so the local also called "rut head". The biggest advantage of the chicken bus is that it can walk on a two- or three-foot-wide path and field (mound), which not only reduces the weight of shoulder lifting, but also improves the speed of transportation. According to the data, when Studying the history of bicycle development in Japan, it is believed that the Chinese chicken bus is the ancestor of bicycles.
In 1956, the number of chicken buses owned by the county's private transport reached 3232. Because the chicken bus carried a small amount, the villagers later switched to an ox cart, made a two-meter-wide and three-meter-long body out of wood, loaded it with wooden wheels, and used oxbows and ropes to put on the back of the cattle and drove around, which became an ox cart for pulling mud, sand, and manure. Don't underestimate the ox cart, the history books record that the Jin Dynasty will be phased, the earliest also took the ox cart, and then until the Song Dynasty gradually used the horse-drawn carriage. After the separation of people and goods, the ox cart was only used for rural cargo.
(4) Bike boy. Cycling is a step further than pushing a chicken bus, which is both fast and easy. Bicycle boy is a popular transportation industry after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In the Bao'an area, most of the short-distance transport and sporadic cargo delivery employ "bicycle boys". For example, the fish shop in Shiyan Market Hired Bicycle Boy to transport fresh fish and salted fish from Shekou and Nantou, carrying 300 or 400 catties per trip, and transported in half a day; Shi Yan's fruits were carried by bicycles to Gongming, Songgang and Shajing, and handed over to local fruit shops for sale. Bicycle boys earn transportation fees, much less than the freight of cars, the most important thing is that there were not many cars in the county at that time, when the amount of goods carried was not large, it was supplemented by bicycle boys.
In 1956, the number of bicycles used by the county's civilian transport means reached 249, and in 1957, more than 500 bicycles specialized in operation, in order to facilitate management, a bicycle transportation company was established under the Bao'an County Moving Company. By the 1970s and 1980s, tractors were popularized (in 1974 there were 550 tractors in the county, 2218 in 1979) and car transportation, and then there were container trucks, transportation was more convenient, commercial bicycle transportation gradually disappeared, only private transport points of small goods and cars, some families continued to own bicycles. Of course, later fashion became popular with "Mobike" bicycles.
(5) Clogs. In the old days, countrymen walked mostly barefoot. In the early 20th century, when there were no leather shoes and plastic slippers on the market, people usually wore cloth shoes, straw shoes and clogs. By the 1950s, being able to bring in a pair of Japanese "flip-flop slippers" from Hong Kong was a "show off" for everyone.
Cloth shoes are cut into "footprints" from worn-out clothes, pasted layer by layer, dried, wrapped in a new piece of "home weaving", and then made with needles and linen threads. At that time, the townspeople did not have many clothes, so there were not many people wearing cloth shoes. Grass shoes were initially woven with tougher mountain grass or straw grass, because "hitting the foot", not very easy to wear, and later switched to the old bicycle tires cut into a pair of foot shapes, installed "foot finger ears" and "rubber straps" to wear, also continued to be called "grass shoes", specially for cutting grass up the mountain, walking long distances to prevent grass heads or small stones from piercing the feet. Usually, most of the townspeople are "barefoot". Clogs are worn at night before taking a cold shower and going to bed, usually in the cold winter or rainy days, other times are really reluctant to wear.
Ass, back in time, the history is long. According to Qu Dajun's "Guangdong Xinyu", "The ancients all wrote ass. "Alien Garden" Yun: Jin Wen Gong mourns The zi pushes, and the wood looks at its ass: sad, under the foot. That is to say, The Duke Wen of Jin repeatedly asked the hero Jiezi, who lived in seclusion in Mianshan, to push out Shi Disobedience, so he used the method of burning mountains and burning wood to force him to come out. Unexpectedly, the meson pushed but hugged a tree and was burned to death. Jin Wengong was so grief-stricken that he made a pair of wooden shoes from that tree, and every day he wore wooden shoes and sighed: "Sad husband, under the feet." "To show unforgettable. Qu Dajun continued in the book: "In Jin Yan Jia, the elders of the Jing division are all wearing clogs. Women marry first, paint and paint, five colors for the system... Wu Shiyue had Zhao Concubines, often wearing gold crests, or gold leaf tooth clogs, and fighting with elephant heads. Nowadays, there are many red-skinned wooden sandals in Guangdong. Scholars and doctors are also still ass, and when bathing in the cool, they scatter their feet, and the name is scattered. ”
Shenzhen townspeople are fierce, and most of them wear clogs made of neem trees and duck foot trees. There are several townships such as Shiyan, Longhua, Guanlan, Henggang, Longgang, Pingshan and so on, and most of the assiers are farmers with a bit of carpentry skills, and when the farmers are idle, they saw some trees and come back to do it, and they can't wear it and get it to the market to sell. Seven or eight millimeters a pair, sold money to help make up for the family. The Clogs worn by women in the Bao'an Guangfu area, including Nantou, Xixiang and Shajing Market Towns, are painted and painted with various flowers, and the handwork is also more exquisite. The Hakka in the mountain villages, including Jiuwei, Tiegang, Shiyan and other places, the clogs worn by men and women are the primary color of the trees, and the craftsmanship is relatively rough, but it is practical and easy to wear. The clogs are flat-bottomed, made in the shape of the soles of the feet, with a hollow in the middle of the ass, the ass board is about an inch and a half high, and the front half of the clogs is nailed with a piece of rubber about an inch wide, so that the toes can be inserted and you can walk. When I was a child, I was afraid that the clogs would "clack" and make noise, so I nailed a small piece of rubber pad for the bicycle tire at the bottom of the clogs board, in addition to the sound is smaller, it is more than twice as durable as other clogs. When the rubber is finished, it is ground to the clogs, and when the clogs are thin and can no longer be worn, the clogs have completed its "mission" and can be thrown into the stove as firewood.
(The author Liao Honglei is the honorary president and folklore scholar of Shenzhen Local Culture and Art Research Association, and Peng Quanmin is the supervisor of Shenzhen Heritage Protection Association and an expert on cultural relics protection)
Review: Yu Fanghua