Since the Qin and Han Dynasties and even the Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the migration of state organizations and the impact of natural disasters and war disasters, the Han people in the Yellow River Basin have gradually migrated to Jiangnan, Northeast China and other regions. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Two Jin Dynasties, Chinese began to migrate to Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and other places.
1. The outflow of ancient Chinese science and technology
In East and Southeast Asia, the Chinese have always represented high-end achievements in science and technology, economy and culture. The Chinese who emigrated to Southeast Asia brought China's relatively advanced agriculture and technologies such as silkworm farming, silk weaving, papermaking, and tea making to Southeast Asia, which promoted the economic development of Southeast Asia, and also gave a huge impact on the cultural life of the people of Southeast Asian countries, and in some ways changed the living habits of local residents.
In the past, the Philippines used banana leaves as plates and coconut shells as cups and bowls, and after Chinese to the Philippines, they brought exquisite porcelain and pottery made in China, and Filipinos naturally liked this kind of utensils. Chinese food, the impact on the people of Southeast Asia is also very large, before Zheng He went to the West, in Indonesia, the Philippines has been introduced by the Chinese tofu, dried beans, bean sprouts, spring cakes and other foods, the local people also began to learn to make. Vietnamese
The Chinese plough used by Indonesian farmers to cultivate their fields was introduced in the seventeenth century by the overseas Chinese Cai Zhuoyu: the overseas Chinese in Banten, Java, improved the cultivation of pepper. During the Western Jin Dynasty, fan Wen, a Yangzhou native, went to Linyi (Champa) and taught the Linyi people the techniques of building secret chambers, castles, and various instruments, and the king of Linyi appointed him prime minister. Vietnam's calendar, hydraulic rollover, iron plough and irrigation technology came directly from China, Vietnam's porcelain production technology is also brought Chinese, in the Ming Dynasty forbidden sea period, Vietnamese porcelain took the opportunity to impersonate into the market of Japan and other countries, grabbed part of the market share of Chinese porcelain.
The Han Dynasty began to set up counties such as Lelang and Daifang on the Korean Peninsula, and a large number of Han Chinese entered the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Later, Lelang and Ochikata Were involved in the war, and some of the Han Chinese who settled there migrated to baekje and Silla in the south of the Korean Peninsula, and some entered the Japanese archipelago, including a large number of craftsmen with various craftsmen, middle- and lower-level intellectuals, and officials.
In ancient Japanese history books such as the Kojiki and nihon Shoki, these Han immigrants are collectively referred to as "naturalized people", and these naturalized people often refer to themselves as descendants of Qin Shi Huang or Han Gaozu.
Indigenous people of Africa
Gong Yuejun, a descendant of Qin Shi Huang, and the Qin people led by him, brought sericulture and silk-making to Japan, and later formed a Hao clan from this, which was given the surname zhi by the King of Wu.
The Han chinese, who claimed to be descendants of Emperor Ling of Han, and his sons, the Han chinese led by the envoys, contributed to the development of Japanese handicraft industry, and they made weapons and daily necessities such as stomachs, bows, arrows, spears, shields, etc. for the Uighur King, and most importantly, brought the chinese technology of iron production to Japan. Later, they formed a Hao clan with a surname: the Eastern Han Zhi clan.
Wu Sunquan's descendants include the village chief Qing, the descendants of the Sima clan of the Southern Dynasty have Sima Dazhi and so on. They brought traditional Chinese culture, including Confucian classics such as the Analects and the Thousand Character Script, into Japan, directly bringing the Uighurs from the era of ignorance and barbarism into the period of civilization.
The spread of these scientific production techniques mentioned above is basically with the migration of Chinese immigrants, which are spontaneously brought into the host country by overseas Chinese. During the ancient dynastic period, it was rare to hear of scientific and technical assistance between governments. In fact, successive Chinese governments did not advocate the export of science and technology to the surrounding barbarians, and even banned the export of cultural books such as Analects. The reason why ancient Korea became a base for exporting Chinese science and technology culture to Japan was because of the establishment of the four counties of Han, where the officials and people were mainly Han Chinese, and when they fled to Baekje, Silla, Japan and other places to escape the war, they also brought books or technologies with them.
Go was also imported from China
2. The Uighurs turned to the technology of sewing clothes
There are exceptions to everything, and in ancient times, Japan used to directly ask the government to ask China for technical assistance, and it received a satisfactory response.
Japan, then also known as the Uighur Kingdom, needed all kinds of Chinese products at home, and for this reason the Uighurs tried to maintain a tributary diplomatic approach with China from the time of the Evil Matai period. By the fourth century, with the development of the internal economy of the Uighur state, the demand for rulers was increasing, and the import of Chinese products could no longer meet the demand.
In the case of modern society, countries in need will pursue import substitution and develop their own industrial productivity. The Uighurs thought the same thing, intending to absorb manufacturing technology and talents in order to manufacture the required products in the country. The entry of Chinese naturalizers into Japan can only meet the needs of some technical talents at this time. The immigration of naturalized people to Japan is generally spontaneous and voluntary, and it is unlikely that there will be a large-scale increase in relevant talents in a short period of time. Therefore, the Uighur government wanted to come and go, and cheekily applied for support to the required skilled workers directly from China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties through diplomatic channels.
According to the Kojiki and nihon Shoki. According to the Xiongluo Ji, in 468 AD, the King of Wu sent the envoy Bode (these two people were naturalizers) to the Southern Song Dynasty to ask for support for the technicians. The State of Song supported Han Weaving, Wu Weaving, Brother Aid, and Brother Aid. Nihon Shoki. The Chronicle of the Heroes contains:
In the fourteenth year (470 AD), the first month of Peng Yin, the lord of the narrow village, Qing, and other envoys of the State of Wu, sent Wu Suo's last talents to Han Weaving, Wu Weaving, and Yi Sewing Brother Aid, Brother Aid, etc., to Stay in Yoshitsu. It is the month for Wu Ke Road through alum tooth Jin Road, named Wu Saka. In March, he ordered his subjects to welcome Wu envoys, that is, to place the Wu people in the shuoyu field, because of the name Wu Yuan. With the help of the brother in the sewing of the clothes, the worship of the three wheels of the gods, and the brother aid for the double sewing part. Double weaving, Wu paper, and agricultural sewing are the first sewing parts of Asuka clothes and Ise clothes. In April, the Emperor wanted to set up the Wu people, and asked the courtiers: Who is good to their co-eaters? Qun Chen: The root makes the Lord can. The Emperor ordered the Lord to be a co-conspirator, so he raised the plains on the stone and killed the Wu people.
From this passage, it can be seen that the King of Wu attached great importance to the coming of the weaving and sewing workers, and not only named the residence where Wu Gong was placed known as Wu Yuan, but also formed the Clothing Sewing Department, and ordered his brother to take charge of it. Since then, the Japanese sewing process has developed rapidly, and the Asuka sewing department and The Ise sewing department were formed on this basis. The words Wu Weaving and Han Weaving appear in the text, and generally in the ancient Japanese history books, Wu Weaving is a craftsman of the Southern Dynasty of China, and a craftsman of Han Weaving in northern China. Specifically, the inflow from the Korean Peninsula is Han Weaving, and the official employer from the Southern Dynasty of China is Wu Weaving.
It can be seen from the Japanese historical records that the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty actually sent emissaries to Japan together, and it should be known that during the period of the Evil Matai Kingdom in Japan, the official record of Chinese government envoys going to Japan was only twice. Since then, there has been no record of sending emissaries to Japan in Chinese history books. On behalf of the Uighur government, the village lord Qing went to the Southern Dynasty Song Kingdom to ask for support for the craftsmen, and when he returned home, the Southern Dynasty Song Kingdom sent emissaries to jointly send Chinese craftsmen to Japan. It can be seen that this time to support the craftsmen of the Uighur Kingdom, the Southern Dynasty Song Kingdom attached great importance to this. In order to set up a banquet to entertain Wu envoys, the King of Wu also solemnly selected envoys to accompany the envoys in the court, "I have asked the group of ministers: Who is good to their co-eaters?" ”
This shows that the King of Wu also attached great importance to the exchanges with the Southern Dynasty Song Kingdom, but the compilers of the "Nihon Shoki" only recorded this sentence, and there is no record of the Southern Dynasty's envoy to Japan in the Chinese historical materials, so it is impossible to know whether the envoys of the Southern Dynasty Song Kingdom came to Japan for other purposes and who the messengers were.
kimono
3. The king's pursuit of sewing technology
In essence, in order to develop the clothing industry of the Uighur kingdom, the Uighur king has gone through the efforts of several generations of kings. The Japanese "Ying Shen Benji" records that in the fourth year of the Western Jin Dynasty Yongjia, the King of Wu sent emissaries (also naturalized) to Goryeo, and Goryeo was the deputy Jiu Libo and Jiu Lizhi as the village guides, and went to Wudi in the Western Jin Dynasty to visit the "Weaver Woman", and the worker girl returned. More than a hundred years later, the Uighurs found that the clothing styles and sewing techniques of the opposite China had advanced by leaps and bounds, according to the Xiongluo Ji, the Uighur King Wu also vigorously imitated the Chinese clothing style, recruited Chinese craftsmen from Baekje and other places on the Korean Peninsula, and set up various craftsmen's departments, but after years of efforts, there was still a lack of sewing talents, and the major development of the clothing industry was not competed, and he died suddenly. Therefore, Wu Wangwu specially lamented in his last will: "The crown of the asano is beautiful at the end."
"Our country's crown has not yet been bright and beautiful!"
Therefore, the next generation of Wu Wangwu inherited the legacy of Wu Wangwu and continued to work hard to visit China to seek clothing talents. In the end, the official directly sent an emissary across the ocean to Wudi-Southern Song dynasty to ask for help, and finally got the coveted sewing talent.
The reason why the King of Wu was so diligent in sewing techniques, let's look at Chen Shou's Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Volume XXX. Karasuma Xianbei Dongyi's biography of the Uchihagi chronicles the costumes of the Uighur kingdom: "Its clothes are banners, but the end is connected, slightly seamless." The woman was made of a bent hair, dressed like a single quilt, and wore a garment in the center and through the head. ”
That is, a round hole in the middle of a piece of cloth, the head is put in, and then it is considered a piece of clothing. This is similar to cutting a hole in a sack and putting it into the head to make clothes, and now in the African savannah and the Amazon jungle, you can still see the primitive indigenous tribesmen wearing it like this, which shows how primitive and simple it is. At that time, those "naturalized people" who came to Japan certainly did not wear such clothes, and at that time, the Wu costumes of Wudi in China were famous all over the world. The "Dream of the Pine Window" says: "As for folk customs, most of the capital Jiangnan luxury is in the north of the river, and the luxury of jiangnan is especially the three Wu." Since the past, Wu customs have been luxurious, happy and strange, and people's feelings have been observed. Wu subdued and Hua, thinking that it was not Forvin also.... ”
Modern Indian costumes – the Uighurs of the past were only worse off than that
Many of the naturalized people who took refuge in Japan are already known to be descendants of the Han Emperor and Sima Shi, who may have come to Japan wearing Wu costumes. In front of the luxurious Wu costume, the dress of the King of Wu and the other nobles of the Uighur Kingdom can be imagined how dwarfed! Under this intuitive, dimensionality-reducing cultural impact, the Uighur government and the public worked hard for hundreds of years on China's textile and sewing technology, and finally received official technical support from the Southern Song Dynasty and were able to develop the traditional kimono process.
Yes, the weaving and sewing technology of the Uighur-Japanese kimono was first introduced from China with han weaving and Wu weaving. Two weavers from Wudi, China, introduced textile technology to China, and after her death, Wu Weyuan was enshrined as the god of Wufu in the Wufu Shrine. Kyoto's Daisho Shrine also houses the Wu Weaver Girl and the Han Weaver Girl. The shrine stone is marked with the inscription "Taiqin Ming God, Wu Weaving God, Han Weaving God, Silkworm Weaving Woven Orchestral Dance Ancestor God". In the past, there was a difference between the two concepts of Wufu and kimono, because most of the kimonos worn by nobles did not originate from Eastern Wu but from the Tang Dynasty, and the noble kimono was also known as "Tangfu", and now the two concepts have been confused. When we travel to Japan, we can see the shops that sell kimonos, and the signs will read "Kurefuya" (Kurefuya).
4. Conclusion
Something similar to the Direct Request for Technical Assistance by the Uighur Government also happened during the Yuan Dynasty. In 1292, the Siamese Sokkotai Dynasty was established, and it was very close to the Yuan Dynasty government at that time, and the tribute was very diligent, and the Sukotai Dynasty sent envoys to visit the Chinese Yuan Dynasty as many as 12 times. According to the history of Siam, the Siamese king RamakhamHamhaeng came to the Yuan Dynasty three times in 1294, 1300 and 1350 to learn culture from China, and requested to recruit 500 Chinese porcelain craftsmen to bring back to China, since then Chinese ceramic technology has been introduced to Thailand, and created the world-famous Thai Songgalo (that is, Sukhothai) ceramic industry.
During the Tang Dynasty in China, Emperor Taizong sent people to India to ask for sugarcane sugar making technology, and he also got it. The scientific and technological exchanges of various countries in the ancient world were largely limited by the backwardness of ancient transportation, information technology, and the difficulty of personnel exchanges. In general, before the explosive development of science and technology in the West in modern times, in terms of science and technology, China seemed to have no desire for foreign countries, and few governments came forward to ask for help in technology, but this was not a good thing.
References: "Two Thousand Years of Japan and Korea", "Nihon Shoki", "History of Sino-Japanese Relations", "History of Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia"