Gentleman's nature is not different, good at false things.
The miscellaneous general of the Shu Han Dynasty was a sharp weapon that Liu Bei used to "honor and humble and win the hearts of the people".
In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Liu Beike chengdu, a large feudal courtier, rewarded a huge hundred million. Even the four founding fathers (Guan, Zhang, Ge, and Fa) each received 500 catties of gold, 1,000 catties of silver, 50 million copper coins, 1,000 horses of Shu jin, and countless treasures.
Yizhou was ping, and Zhuge Liang, Fazheng, Fei, and Guan Yu each gave five hundred catties of gold, a thousand pounds of silver, fifty million dollars of money, and a thousand horses of gold. --Shu Shu VI Zhang Fei Biography
Similar "robbery-sharing acts" have existed throughout the ages, and there is no such thing as a foot-breaking argument.
What is noteworthy is the "general name" of Liu Bei's group, which has also been obscene since then.
The two Han dynasties were founded for 200 years each, with a total of 47 kinds of former Han generals and 75 kinds of later Han generals. The Shu Han Dynasty was founded less than half a century ago (221-263), and there were as many as 62 kinds of generals.
Note: The specific figures are quoted from the first chapter of Hong Wuxiong's "Examination of the History of the Political System of the Shu Han Dynasty".
Although military activities were frequent in the chaotic world, the number of generals increased, but if you are familiar with the "Book of Shu", you will find that within the Shu Han regime, those who hang up the name of general are mostly not in charge of the army. The people who truly command the army are the leaders, the guards, the guards, and the overseers; as well as the positions of military divisions and soldiers.
The role of the Shu Han "General" is actually to indicate the "difference in rank of trains" (grades). In other words, in the two Han dynasty systems, the "rank of two thousand stones" of the partial generals, in the Shu Han regime, had been divided into different dynastic orders.
Therefore, after Liu Bei entered Sichuan, he indiscriminately conferred the title of general, which is well understood. That is, to borrow "different general titles" to determine the high and low positions within the camp, to achieve the purpose of honor and inferiority.
In addition, because Liu Bei's territory was limited, whether it was a county sheriff or a commander, there were not many officials who could be conferred. Therefore, the general position of "impermanent and unusual" has become a weapon that arbitrarily increases and wins the hearts and minds of the people because there is "no quota limit".
In a word, Liu Bei's indiscriminate increase in the title of general is actually a last resort for "poor people and treacherous schemes." And the newly established generals helped Liu Bei in "persuading Liu Bei to enter the great cause", which can be described as killing two birds with one stone.
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<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the so-called "general number"</h1>
General, as the name suggests, means "general" (commanding) and "army" (troop). The leader is the general.
The names of the generals of the two Han Dynasties are extremely limited, except for the fixed "Yae number", the rest are temporarily appointed and dismissed in case of war, and they are dismissed after the war, which is of a temporary nature.
General, not often. This note: Palm conquest betrayal. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty And Chronicles of Hundred Officials
Note: The Great General, the Hussar General, the Charioteer General, the Wei General, and the Four-Square General are collectively called the Yaetsugun.
Heavy general, Ban is among the secretaries of state.
Bigong IV: First General, Second Hussar General, Second Horse Riding General, Second Guard General. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty And Chronicles of Hundred Officials
Left, right, front and back, all are golden purple, ranked Shangqing, Dianjing Division Guards, Siyitun Police. --Cai Zhi "Han Yi"
Under special circumstances, the general can "be on the right side of the group". The emperors of the Eastern Han Dynasty died early, and often the young lords came to the dynasty, and the great generals were served by the leaders of foreign relatives, and they had the right to assist the government.
The great general He Jin was good at the Imperial Program
Under the heavy number, there are miscellaneous numbers.
The miscellaneous generals Jinyin Zishou (same as Gongqing) and rank 2,000 stones (same as the gunshou) were also high-ranking officials.
Such miscellaneous numbers, because of their "temporary appointment and dismissal" nature, are often titled "task names" or "troop characteristics"; such as "begging for prisoners", "Pingkou", "building ships", "Fubo", "strong crossbows", "horsebacks" and so on. Or named after the united states, such as "Fenwei", "Fenwu", "Yangwu", "Yanglie" and so on.
It should be noted that after Liu Bei entered Sichuan, the newly established miscellaneous numbers, ranks and the "two thousand stones" of the Han system have been significantly different, and many "generals" have appeared under the "five lieutenants" (compared to the two thousand stones). In this batch of "low-level miscellaneous numbers", the actual rank is about "Sengoku" or even lower.
For example, Liao Li, who served as the Taishou (2,000 stones) of Changsha in Jingzhou, after entering The River with Liu Bei, was awarded the title of general under the fifth colonel (compared to 2,000 stones), which was equivalent to three consecutive demotions. This caused Liao Li to burst out and scold, saying that he was "a non-human being" in his mouth.
(Liao) Li Suibi was made a general, and the face of the minister (referring to Zhuge Liang) said: "Why should I be among the generals!" Don't watch me as a secretary, fool me in the five schools! --Zhuge Liang Collection
When Zhuge Liang heard the news, he meaningfully said that "Li Yan's miscellaneous general is also under the five schools."
The minister replied, "General, follow Tabil." As for the secretary, ZhengFang (referring to Li Yan) is also not a secretary. And it is advisable to have five schools. --Zhuge Liang Collection
Where there is a low order, there is a high order. For example, the Anhan general Mi Zhu, because of the great merit of the decision, the class was above the Nine Qing.
Note: See the "Table of Persuasion", the An Han general Mi Zhu, Ban is above Taichang Lai gong, Guanglu Xun Huangzhu, and Shaofu Wang Mou. It can be seen that General An Han's rank far exceeds that of Jiuqing, and he is planned to be the Third Duke.
Considering that at that time, Liu Bei was appointed as a "left general" (sifang heavy number), it can be seen that in the Shu Han regime, the sifang general (front, left and right) was in the shanggong.
It is easy to understand, who let the founding emperor be a "left general"? It was as if libya's former highest military rank was "colonel."
Note: When Gaddafi came to power, his rank was colonel. Therefore, Libya has long had "colonel" as the highest military rank.
It can be seen that many miscellaneous numbers under Liu Bei's command have shown obvious differences in status. Although the group of staff are all crowned with the "name of the general", the actual frequency of the shift is "the difference between cloud and mud".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the general's magic</h1>
The miscellaneous generals who are "undetermined and infrequently" are sharp weapons that attract people's hearts.
The general's indecency was unavoidable. After all, Liu Bei's "Caotai team" that had not been formed for a long time, the chief official stopped the "Left General" (middle two thousand stones), and the positions that could be conferred, the top of the sky to the county shou (two thousand stones), the commander (four hundred to six hundred stones).
Embarrassingly, at that time, Liu Bei also had few counties in his hands, and it was difficult for Qiao Women to cook without rice.
On weekdays, the positions under the group were mostly "participating in/signing the left general's government affairs", "zuo general engaged in" and so on, which was equivalent to not having the official name of the Han dynasty and just following Liu Bei.
Not to mention that after the Xuzhou Rebellion (199), Liu Bei's title of Left General was also taken away by Cao Cao and transferred to the Gongsun family of Liaodong.
During the Jingzhou dynasty (201-208), Liu Bei's highest official positions were only the "partial generals" Guan Yu and Mi Zhu, and the "Zhonglang generals" Zhang Fei. These brothers also had no base, and could only eat with Liu Qi and Liu Bei.
After the Chibi War (208-211), Liu Bei marched south to four counties (Wuling, Lingling, Changsha, and Guiyang), and the brothers had a place to live.
Guan Yu was finally promoted from a partial general to a "General of Lang Kou" (miscellaneous number). However, its "Xiangyang Taishou" is still a remote leader, and Xiangyang is actually in the hands of Cao Wei.
The first lord took over the counties of Jiangnan, and he was enfeoffed with the title of Yuanxun, with Yu as the general of Xiangyang Taishou and Langkou. --Shu Shu VI Biography of Guan Yu
Guan Zhang began as a miscellaneous general after the Chibi War (208).
All in all, the lack of "capital" is Liu Bei's biggest problem. If you want to seal a too guard, you can only draw bread to fill your hunger.
The more serious problem was that in the limited territory, the county guards had been divided up (Guan, Zhang, Zhao, Ge, Liao Li, Hao Pu). The county order and county magistrate are despicable and small posts, and they cannot win the hearts of celebrities.
For example, Jiang Wan, a member of the Lingling clan, and his cousins Pan Mao and Liu Min are all Jingzhou Juncai. Liu Bei entered Shu and recruited Jiang Huan as the governor of Guangdu County, but as a result, Jiang Huan disliked the officials and children, and even got drunk all day long, passively slacking off the government. When Liu Bei inspected, Jiang Huan was still "wandering Java".
Shu Zuo followed the first lord into Shu, except for Guangdu Chang. The First Lord tasted the travels to Guangdu, and when he saw that the people ignored everything, he was intoxicated. --Shu Shu XIV Biography of Jiang Wan
At that time, Bei was furious and wanted to kill Huan, and Zhuge Liang asked him to be spared. In fact, Liu Bei's anger was probably due to Jiang Huan's contempt for his "small official".
Jiang Huan also did not want to think that Liu Bei, for a "Lieutenant of Anxi County", charged into battle and fought bloodily, and was almost killed by Zhang Chun's rebels (187). Now that he has given Jiang Wan the position of county magistrate, he is not satisfied, and it is no wonder that Liu Bei is furious.
The county magistrate of four hundred stones and the county commander of six hundred stones, the famous scholars from the large clan, did not look down on this meager Qilu at all; they would even dislike the lowly officials and refuse to be recruited. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Yangzhi hermits" were not "train conscription", that is, such as this.
Note: There are too many cases of "hermit raising one's mind" (selling fame and fishing for fame). Some of them are too deep into the drama, and even the "bus conscription" refuses to come out. For details, see the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, which are not contained in the text.
Therefore, after entering Chengdu and dividing Yizhou (214), Liu Bei had to think of another countermeasure.
Because Jingzhou counties are limited, there are not many counties in Yizhou, not to mention that there are liu zhang's old departments, Yizhou natives, Dongzhou cliques and other forces that need to be appeased. When Liu Bei first entered Sichuan, it was impossible to completely deprive the old people of their power and compensate the new people.
Therefore, how to appease the new and old forces has become the top priority of Liu Bei's political work.
The general's title is the key to solving the problem.
Because the office of general was originally set up for conquest; in the event of war, it was granted, and when the war was dismissed, it was taken over to the imperial court, which was a temporary position. Therefore, "impermanence, infrequency" is also "no fixed".
In other words, the Shogun is a high-ranking position that can be "granted indefinitely."
This is fully in line with Liu Bei's needs. After all, Liu Bei was not as big as Cao Cao's family, and the number of poor counties and counties in Liu Bei's hands was only afraid that "eight county chiefs in a county town" were not enough points, so he had to find another way and use the miscellaneous generals of "rank two thousand stones" to win people's hearts.
So in Liu Bei's group, the poor relatives and poor brothers of the past ascended to heaven one night.
Liu Bei sealed Wen Wu and congratulated his subjects
The famous "Trio of Talkers" (Mi Zhu, Jian Yong, sun Qian), but the lobbyists who played tricks, did not have any command, and were all given the title of general. General Sun Qian Bingzhong, General Jian YongZhaode, and General Mi Zhu An Han were in the Qing Dynasty.
Yizhou Jieping, Bai (糜竺) was the general of An Han, and Ban was on the right side of the general of the military division. --The Book of Shu VIII Biography of Mi Zhu
First lord Dingyi Prefecture, Qian Zi (Left General) engaged Zhonglang as Bingzhong General, see Li CiLu Zhu, and was equal to Jian Yong. --Shu Shu VIII Biography of Sun Qian
The first lord Bai Yong was the general of Zhaode. --Shu Shu VIII Biography of Jian Yong
Jian Yong was a rogue with a full mouth of yellow strips, and he became a general only because of the relationship of "Liu Beifa Xiao".
His so-called Zhaode (that is, Guangda Virtue) is completely contrary to the name, and he is a political who is paralyzed and sitting on his legs and satirizing, where there is a little bit of the beauty of Zhaode!
(Jian Yong) Temperament Jane is arrogant and ups and downs, in the seat of the first lord, Ju Ji leans on, the prestige is not solemn, self-indulgent; Zhuge Liang has gone down, he is good at a bed, the pillow is lying down, and he has nothing to do. --Shu Shu VIII Biography of Jian Yong
There was also the Zhenyuan general Lai Gong, who was expelled by Cangwu Taishou Wu Ju during his tenure as assassin in Jiaozhou, and had no choice but to defect to Liu Bei. According to the Book of Wu, Lai Gong was a corrupt Confucian who was "dazed and ignorant of current affairs." It is ridiculous that this kind of stupid insect even became one of the "generals" overnight.
Ling Ling Lai Gong, the ancestors are benevolent and respectful, do not know current affairs. --Wu ShuBA Xue Zong Biography
Liu Bei entered the river, the chicken dog ascended to heaven, and almost everyone was a general. However, the generals who really "have the right to lead the troops" are still the old people of Guan Zhang Zhao Ge's class, and the rest of the "generals" are only full of positions.
The reason for this is that Liu Bei has limited assets and has to take advantage of the general title of "no set member" to promote the masses and win the hearts and minds of the people.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Liu Bei's small abacus</h1>
The title of general, in addition to winning people's hearts and minds, also has the role of "self-promotion", in preparation for the title of emperor.
At the beginning of Liu Bei's entry into Sichuan, Zhuge Liang said to Liu Ba, "The lord and prince accept the wen and martial arts and want to set up major events", that is, to usurp the title of emperor. In other words, Liu Bei's plan to call himself The King of Hanzhong (219) and Emperor (221) was actually a front-and-back hand.
Liang Yue: "The lord and the present party have gathered the wen and martial arts to determine the major events." "--The Legend of the Lingling Sages"
This requires that the "persuaders" must have a certain seniority status. It is best to be the three dukes and nine secretaries of the former dynasty; at least it must be a general and a shangshu.
If the "persuaders" are a group of county commanders and county chiefs, it will appear that the "pattern of the new regime" is too obscene and has no vitality, as if "dividing up a small imperial court."
Therefore, when Liu Bei became king (219), he needed his subordinates to be of high status, or at least a miscellaneous general. When Liu Bei became emperor, he needed more.
This also explains why Liao Li and Li Yanchu were given the title of general under the rank of Lieutenant Colonel (214), but after Liu Bei ascended to the throne of Hanzhong (219), he directly indiscriminately sealed the "Four Generals" (Guan Zhang Ma Huang) and Shang Shu Ling (Fa Zheng).
This is because the title of king (219) is only a prelude to the title of emperor (221). Those who call the king can be persuaded by miscellaneous trumpets; those who are called emperors cannot be persuaded by heavy generals.
The truth is clear.
In the old society, to elect a county magistrate, only the county landlords and hooligans and bullies were needed. However, when a mayor is elected, the "county-level big households" are light, and they have to be the head of the chamber of commerce and the head of the security regiment in the city.
This is also a political metaphor in the "Table of Persuasion of the King of Hanzhong", in the book of the group of ministers, "the heroes of the sea look forward to the wind, but it is a pity that Liu Bei's title is not obvious".
The hero of the sea is attached to the wind ant, and (Liu Bei) the title is not obvious, the nine tin is not added, not so the town Wei Sheji, Guangzhao Wanshiye also. --"Hanzhong Wang Persuasion Table"
In other words, if you want to collect heroes, you must be in a high position. And being in a high position, you naturally have greater power to seal higher official positions, and then consolidate the legal system and collect more talents.
Liu Bei entered the river and gathered Wen Wu to determine major events
Compared with Cao Cao's self-effacing humility in the "Book of Renxian Ziming", Liu Bei's self-proclaimed "lonely and arrogant and impatient general" when he was the king of Hanzhong was particularly arrogant and impatient.
Gu (Cao Cao) began to be filial piety, young, and self-proclaimed notorious for his caves. --"Let the County Self-Disclosure Book"
The First Lord said to the Han Emperor: "The subject is talented by the subject, the general of the Lotus, the three armies of Dong Dou, and the resignation of the outside..." --Shu Shu II Biography of the First Lord
In fact, it is not purely out of the heart of trespassing, but has to raise its own value to calm the four sides. It is not his heart or the situation that forces his ears.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > summary</h1>
At the beginning of Liu Bei's entry into Sichuan, the indiscriminate increase in the name of the general was actually an act of two sides of the same body and mutual cause and effect.
At that time (214), the territory was limited, and the forces in Sichuan were entangled, and under the restriction of not being able to deprive the old people of their power, how to "appease the new people and collect talents" became Liu Bei's top priority.
In this context, the miscellaneous generals, who were "temporary in nature" and "unlimited personnel", became a sharp weapon to appease their subjects. There were even some miscellaneous generals and bans under the five schools, which triggered the resentment of Liao Li and others.
However, "appeasing the group" was only a prelude, and Liu Bei's great general was actually preparing for the subsequent "title of king and emperor".
After all, if you want to elect a king, "prefectural officials", "county orders", and "county guards" are really embarrassing. In the "Persuasion Table", it is best to have the same general title, which seems to be "there is a face in the face". In this way, although the small court of the Shu Han Dynasty was "closed to itself", it would not be "too much of a fall".
Under the guidance of this principle, the idle personnel in Liu Bei's clique, such as negotiators, related households, and political, who never led the army, were all given the title of general overnight, and the crown of the monkey was ridiculous to the extreme.
The indecency of the title of general in Shu also began from this (214). In the post-Lord era, the pawns were mostly given the title of governors, and there were also temporary positions such as leaders, protectors, supervisors, pawns, and even military divisions and soldiers, gradually replacing the generals and becoming the actual leaders of the army.
The obscenity of the shu Han general's name began with Liu Bei's indiscriminate sealing of the river. However, without Liu Bei's indiscriminate sealing, it would be difficult to "trespass and stand on its own" and it would be difficult to achieve it. After all, although Liu Bei "has the heart to practice Zuo", he also needs to be a "persuader" to have a certain status.
This can be clearly seen in the so-called "Liu Bei's title is not obvious and difficult to rate" in Yizhou's Qunchen, as well as Liu Bei's urgent attitude of describing himself as "the appointment of a general of the subject and the governor of Dong's three armies". The general of dafeng was actually for the purpose of "promoting to the ninth five-year plan".
After the Main Life, he borrowed temporary titles (pawn, leader, protector, etc.) to rule the army, and the title of general evolved into a sign of rank. This is the "knighthood and rankization of official positions" described by Yan Buke in the Introduction to the Official Rank System.
The actual position is constantly virtualized and ranked; it is finally replaced by the "dispatch official" (temporary position) to reconstruct the official system of the new dynasty, which is a story that repeats over the past four thousand years of letter history.
History repeats itself, and people are always tripping over the same place. Looking at Liu Bei's indiscriminate sealing, we can see that this is indeed the case.
I am Fat Mi, the original author of the history of the headline number. Talk about historical anecdotes and focus on the history of the Three Kingdoms. From the clues in Shi Hai's sinking hook and the Yoshimitsu katayu, to analyze the hidden meaning behind the unfolding.
Thanks for reading.