According to historical records, the area of today's Urumqi belonged to the residence of the Cheshi people (present-day Turpan Basin) during the Han Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Cheshi Houguo built a city there, called Si Lai City. However, the folk call it "beautiful pasture", if you use Mongolian to say it is Urumqi.
So, when did history start calling it Urumqi? The ancient Hetian Sai language book "The Book of Making Hexi", found in Dunhuang in 925 AD, was written by envoys sent by the Khotanese Li Dynasty to Hexi Shazhou and other places at that time, and there is already a record of Urumqi in this book.
Remains of the Coachman
During the Yuan Dynasty, Urumqi became a nomadic area of Western Mongolia and Shuote. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, part of the Heshuo Special Department stayed in the local area, some of them went to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with Gushi Khan, and some of them went to the Volga River Valley in Russia with the Turbat Department.
By the Qing Dynasty, it was ruled by the Dzungar Khanate, one of the Western Mongols, and Urumqi was just the name of a pasture before Qianlong defeated the Dzungar Khanate. After Qianlong pacified Dzungar, in 1758, in order to garrison Tuntian and meet the needs of population growth and commercial trade, the Qing army built an earthen city outside the present-day South Gate, which was "five minutes in Monday, one foot tall and two feet high." The location is today's Nanguan, which is the beginning of the founding of Urumqi.
Due to the bumper harvest of grain and the smooth trade with the surrounding Kazakh herders, in 1763, the Qing army built 1,200 barracks in Urumqi and moved in more than 1,800 officers and soldiers carrying their families. Qianlong also expanded the old Tucheng to the north, reaching a circumference of five miles and four minutes. In August of that year, the tucheng in Urumqi was heightened and thickened, and when it was completed, the Qianlong Emperor named the expanded city "Dihua". Qianlong was very worried about losing this land, and in order to weaken the influence of the local residents in Urumqi, it was renamed Dihua City. Dihua means "enlightened and indoctrinated", and the Qianlong Emperor hopes to use this name to maintain his own rule, which means to "enlighten the fashion of civilization", hoping that the people here will henceforth have the heart of obedience of the king and no longer "rebel", which is the origin of Dihua City.
In 1764, Admiral Barikun moved to Urumqi with 4,000 soldiers carrying his family, so the Qing Dynasty built Dihua New City north of the original Dihua Old City. After its completion in 1767, the new city in the north became the main urban area, and the old city in the south became the Nanguanxiang of the new city, and the south gate, the great west gate and the north gate are still important place names in Urumqi.
In 1876, the Qing army defeated Agubai and Bai Yanhu and reoccupied Dihua. After the signing of the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty in 1881, Russia returned Ili, after the political center of Xinjiang, Huiyuan City, where the Ili General's Office was located, lost its geographical advantage as the political center because it was too close to the border. After the establishment of Xinjiang in 1884, the Qing Dynasty chose Dihua, which has a more central location in Xinjiang, as the provincial capital. In 1886, the Qing Dynasty merged the original Dihua City with the New Manchurian City, which was built in 1825, and built it into a provincial capital, thus forming the urban form of modern Urumqi.
In the late Qing Dynasty, Nanguan was the most prosperous and commercially concentrated area in Dihua City. At that time, there were eight merchants from Tianjin, thousands of miles of pickers from Shaanxi, multinational merchants from Russia, and traders from Kashgar, Yining and other parts of Xinjiang who came to do business.
At that time, there was a wooden bridge outside the south gate of Dihua City, known as the "First Road Bridge", and there was another wooden bridge along Nanguan Avenue further south, which was called "Erdao Bridge" in order. As an important passageway for north-south traffic, the Erdao Bridge has attracted many traders to settle in the surrounding area.
Street view of Urumqi
In 1895, the Qing Dynasty agreed to change the Russian consulate in Turpan to Dihua and allowed Russia to build a commercial circle in Dihua. In 1896, China and Russia signed the Treaty on the Demarcation of The Consular Office and Trade Address of Urumqi, which designated the area between the Three Andes Bridges outside Nanguan and the Four Bridges as the Russian trade circle.
The establishment of the Russian business circle has further promoted the development of Nanguan. There are more and more Russian and Tatar merchants in Nanguan. In 1924, the government of the Republic of China established the "Dihua Commercial Port" on the basis of the Russian business circle, further expanding the scope of the commercial district.
Although there were four to four russian commercial ports, Soviet and Russian merchants did not strictly adhere to them, and they often chose the more lively Erdaoqiao generation to operate shops, which made Erdaoqiao more prosperous.
In 1954, "Dihua", which was easy to cause ambiguity in "indoctrination", was discarded as the name of the city and changed back to Urumqi; at the same time, Suiyuan Province was abolished and merged into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and "Guisui" was changed to "Hohhot". In 1986, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Administration of Geographical Names, which pointed out that the naming of geographical names should be "conducive to the unity of the people and socialist modernization, respect the wishes of the local people, and reach consensus with all parties concerned."
A brief history of Urumqi
In 1757, in order to completely quell the Dzungar rebellion, the Qing government built a fort in the area of jiujiawan in present-day Urumqi and named the area "Urumqi".
In 1758 (the twenty-third year of Qianlong), in order to meet the needs of population growth, reclamation and commercial trade, the Qing army built an earthen city outside the present-day South Gate, which was "five minutes in Monday and two feet high", which was the prototype of the Urumqi city.
In 1763 (the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong), the old Tucheng was expanded to the north, reaching a circumference of five miles and four minutes. Upon completion, the Qianlong Emperor named the expanded city "Dihua".
In 1773 (the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong), Urumqi Tongzhi was changed to Dihua Prefecture Zhizhou, and urumqi counselor minister was changed to Urumqi Dutuo.
In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), Xinjiang set up a province with Dihua as the provincial capital. Since then, Dihua has become the political center of Xinjiang. In the following year, The state of Shengdihua was directly subordinated to Dihua Province.
In 1949, Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. On December 17, Dihua Municipal People's Government was established.
On February 1, 1954, Dihua officially resumed its original name urumqi.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, local officials in Urumqi successively built temples such as the Jade Emperor Temple, the Great Buddha Temple, and the Dizang Mansion on the mountain and under the mountain. Since then, the Zhenlong Pagoda has been built at the top of the Red Mountain and the summit of Yamalik Mountain. Before liberation, the place was desolate. A park has been built here.
【Dihua Architecture】In the eleventh year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1885), Dihua Prefecture was upgraded to Dihua Prefecture, and Urumqi and Dihua Counties were added as Guoshou Counties. The following year, Dihua and Gongning Twin Cities were united. Dihua Prefecture administers the six counties of Dihua, Urumqi, Qitai, Changji, Fukang and Suilai. In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the government was withdrawn and Dihua County was retained.
【Dihua Xinjiang Machinery Bureau】In the twenty-third year of guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1897), Rao Yingqi (1837-1903, then the inspector of Xinjiang in Gansu) purchased gun and ammunition machines and established the Xinjiang Machinery Bureau in Santunbei, south of Dihua City. The following year, the Machinery Bureau moved to Dihua Water Mill Ditch. At this time, the machine bureau had dozens of workers and more than ten machines and equipment. Before the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the Xinjiang Machinery Bureau mainly produced guns and bullets (8.1 mm Mauser), minted coins, and also produced cold weapons such as shuttle labels. In the nineteenth year of the Republic of China (1930), the Xinjiang Machinery Bureau was rebuilt into the Dihua Arsenal (later the Xinjiang Arsenal), which could produce grenades, bullets and mortar shells.
【Dihua jian lake】In ancient times, the present-day People's Park is a mixed forest called a tree nest; there is a small lake of reeds in the forest. In the 20th year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1755), this place was a resting place for officials. In the twenty-fifth year of the Guangxu Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1899), the exiled Zhang Yinhuan (formerly Hubu Zuo Shilang) donated money to build the Jianhu Pavilion. After the Republic of China, Jian Lake became an open park.
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