This article is transferred from: Translation
Many people are not spicy and unhappy, eat spicy for a while, have been eating spicy has been cool, and regret it the next day after eating. Especially their own chrysanthemums, but why does it hurt after eating spicy chrysanthemums? Recently, Nobel laureates in physiology or medicine have come up with answers through research.
The first Nobel Prize of the year is announced! At about 17:30 Beijing time on October 4, 2021, American physiologist David Julius and American molecular biologist Ardem Patapoutian won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of temperature and tactile receptors.
The two men's independent findings answer how humans interact with the world around them, provide a molecular and neural basis for temperature perception and mechanical perception, and provide an important basis for the study of physiological diseases related to touch. The two winners will share a prize of SEK 10 million (about RMB 7.366 million).
The Nobel Foundation announced that due to the many uncertain restrictions on international travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, there will be no dinner in Stockholm this year, and the 2021 laureates will receive Nobel Medals and certificates in their home countries for the second consecutive year.
Learning points
What does "elephant in the house" mean?
Which word is "recipient" and "recipient"?
Two ways of expressing "transformation, transformation"?
Read intensively with questions
*Article source: Reuters
*The translation of the original text and some example sentences in this article is machine translation + manual fine-tuning, for reference only. Inappropriate points are welcome to be discussed in the comments section
1 Read the original text intensively
标题：Two Americans win Medicine Nobel for work on heat and touch
American scientists David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian won the 2021 Nobel Prize for Medicine on Monday for the discovery of receptors in the skin that sense temperature and touch and could pave the way for new pain-killers.
American scientists David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian won the 2021 Nobel Prize in Medicine on Monday for discovering receptors (receptors) in the skin that sense temperature and touch and could open the way for new painkiller research.
📒 Intensive reading analysis:
This sentence looks a bit long, in fact, it is a subject and two predicates juxtaposed, A and B won the prize ... and could pave the way... The first predicate explains the two Nobel laureates' awards, and the second predicate explains the future impact and development of this award: it can be used for the study of painkillers.
1、receptor
/rɪˈseptə /n.
[释义]a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways 感受器；受体
* It's hard not to think of the word receive, the verb "receive" means, this is -or ending, obviously a noun, that is, the person/object received - the recipient. In high school biology, the concept of this "receptor" has been mentioned, and the more familiar ones in life may be insulin receptors, which are related to diabetes
[with]insulin receptorn. Insulin receptors
According to Wikipedia:
Receptors, also known as receptors and receivers, are a biochemical concept that refers to a class of molecules that conduct extracellular signals and produce specific effects within the cell. The effects may only last for a short period of time, such as altering the metabolism of cells or the movement of cells. It may also be a long-acting effect, such as up-regulating or down-regulating the expression of a gene or another. Receptors sense extracellular signals by binding to specific ligands.
This award-winning research is closely related to the receptor, so this word must be written down, which may be a hot topic of examination or CATTI.
2、clear/pave/open/prepare etc the way (for something)
To make it possible for something to happen or develop later( to clear the way/pave the way/open the way/create conditions etc
For example, the Economist has a headline in its May issue
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Episode 22
2 Read the original text intensively
Their work, carried out independently, has helped show how humans convert the physical impact from heat or touch into nerve impulses that allow us to "perceive and adapt to the world around us," the Nobel Assembly at Sweden's Karolinska Institute said.
Their independent research shows us how the human body converts the physical effects of heat or touch into nerve impulses that allow us to "sense and adapt to the world around us," citing the Nobel Congress at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden.
1、carry out
[释义]to do something that needs to be organized and planned 进行
[例句] A survey is now being carried out nationwide.
A nationwide poll is being conducted.
Newsroom Season 2
The Newsroom Season 2
Episode 6: Redundant One Step Too Many
2、convert
/kən'vɜːt/ v.
[释义]to change something into a different form, or to change something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a different way 使转变；使转换；使改造
[搭配]convert something to/into something
[例句] The stocks can be easily converted to cash.
These stocks are easy to liquidate.
Bankruptcy Sisters Season 5
2 Broke Girls Season 5
第18集: And the Loophole
3 Read the original text intensively
"This knowledge is being used to develop treatments for a wide range of disease conditions, including chronic pain."
"This knowledge is being used to develop treatments for a variety of diseases, including chronic pain."
1、range
/reɪndʒ/
[释义]a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type 一系列
[例句] The drug is effective against a range of bacteria.
This medicine is effective against a range of bacteria
2、chronic
/'krɒnɪk/ adj.
[释义]a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured 〔疾病〕慢性的，长期的
* The term can be used not only to refer to "long-term illness", but also to some long-standing problems
[释义]a chronic problemis one that continues for a long time and cannot easily be solved 〔问题〕长期的
[例句] There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
[Paired with] chronic alcoholic/gambleretc People who have long been alcoholics/addicted to gambling etc
Criminal Minds Season 8
Criminal Minds Season 8
Episode 14: Rain And The Wind Blows Away All That Remains
4 Read the original text intensively
Patapoutian, who was born in 1967 to Armenian parents in Lebanon and moved to Los Angeles in his youth, learnt of the news from his father as he had been out of contact by phone.
Born in Lebanon in 1967 to Armenian parents, Partaputian moved to Los Angeles as a child. Since his phone had not been able to get through, he later learned the news from his father.
1、learn
Not only does it mean learning, but it also means "learning", which means that it is to learn the news of your award.
[释义]to find out information or news by hearing it from someone else or reading it 获悉，得知，听到
[搭配]learn of/about
[例句] He learned about his appointment by telephone yesterday.
Yesterday he learned of his appointment on the phone.
* Means "to know" is equivalent to discover when it means , and can also be followed by a clause
[例句] She was surprised to learn that he was a lot older than she had thought.
She was surprised to find that he was much older than she thought he was.
2. The phone is out of contact by phone
5 Read the original text intensively
"In science many times it is the things we take for granted that are of high interest," he said of winning the more than century-old prize, which is worth 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.15 million).
"In science, a lot of times it's the things we take for granted that make the most sense," he said of winning the prize, which is worth SEK 10 million ($1.15 million), of more than a century.
1、take somebody/something for granted
To expect that someone or something will always be there when you need them and never think how important or useful they are taking someone or something for granted
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6 Read the original text intensively
He is credited for finding the cellular mechanism and the underlying gene that translates a mechanical force on our skin into an electric nerve signal.
He was praised for discovering the cellular mechanisms and determinants of the mechanical forces on our skin into electrical nerve signals.
1、cellular
/'seljʊlə/ adj.
Consisting of or relating to the cells of plants or animals are made up of cells, cellular
*cell is the meaning of cell, here is its adjective, in addition to denoting "cell", this word is also related to the network of our mobile phones
Connected with a phone system that works by radio instead of wires cellular
[With] a cellular network cellular network system
2、underlying
/ˌʌndəˈlaɪ-ɪŋ/ adj
underlying cause/principle/problemetc
The cause, idea etc that is the most important, although it is not easily noticed root cause/principle/problem etc
*Next time you want to say the root cause, don't go straight to root or base, underlying can be considered. In addition, it can also mean "potential", which is literally under and lie, which is similar to the "undercurrent surge" of Chinese. Let's take a look at a few example sentences to get a feel for it
[例句] There is an underlying assumption that younger workers are easier to train.
There is a potential assumption that younger employees are easier to train.
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3、translate
[释义]to change something, or be changed, from one form into another （使）转变，（使）变化
*In the previous article we talked about convert, here agreeing to replace, avoiding multiple repetitions that appear monotonous. We are familiar with the fact that it means "translation", but it also means transformation, and translation itself is a process of transformation between two languages.
[搭配]translate (something) into something
[例句] Jokes often don’t translate well into print.
Jokes are often not funny when they become words.
The Big Bang Theory Season 12
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7 Read the original text intensively
"(For) us being in the field of sense, touch and pain, this was the big elephant in roomwhere we knew they existed, we knew they did something very different," he said.
He said: "[Yes] we are in the field of sensation, touch and pain, which is a well-known but rarely mentioned problem, we know that they exist, we know that it is not trivial." ”
*The speaker here uses a very interesting colloquialism, which is actually not very easy to translate, but it is very graphic, let's take a look at the English explanation:
the elephant in the (living) room
An important subject or problem that everyone knows about but no one mentions well-known but deliberately avoided questions
[例句] The race issue is the elephant in the room in this election.
In this election, important racial issues were deliberately avoided.
We have this day season four
This Is Us Season 4
Episode 7: Dinner and the Date
8 Read the original text intensively
New York-born Julius, 65, is a Professor at University of California, San Francisco (UCFS), after earlier work at Columbia University, in New York.
New York-born Julius, 65, is a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, where he previously worked at Columbia University in New York.
There is nothing difficult about this paragraph, but we can learn this expression. "Born to..." directly uses "birthplace-born", and for some large cities that everyone is familiar with, we can also try this expression. The main sentence is a simple main list, but through an after and then explain the previous experience, in the time statement to bring out the past experience, avoiding a separate sentence, the structure is compact and concise.
9 Read the original text intensively
His findings were inspired by his fascination for how natural products can be used to probe biological function and he used capsaicin, the molecule that makes chili peppers spicy by simulating a false sensation of heat, to understand the skin's sense of temperature.
Inspired by his obsession with how to use natural products to probe biological functions, he used capsaicin (chili peppers are spicy because capsaicin stimulates a false sense of heat) to understand the skin's perception of temperature.
Capsaicin /kæp'seɪɪsɪn/ n. capsaicin
Let's take a look at the definition on Wikipedia:
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is a chemical irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact.
2、molecule
/ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/ n.
[释义]the smallest unit into which any substance can be divided without losing its own chemical nature, usually consisting of two or more atoms 分子
[例句] The molecules of oxygen gas contain just two atoms.
There are only two atoms in the oxygen molecule.
*There are two new words in this paragraph, but it is expected that after this award, you will often see the word capsaicin everywhere. Remember early to know early.
10 Read the original text intensively
The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, shared in equal parts this year by the two laureates, often lives in the shadow of the Nobels for literature and peace, and their sometimes more widely known recipients.
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is divided equally between the two laureates. The prize often exists in the shadow of the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Peace Prize and its sometimes more widely known laureates.
[Duan Xie] This passage jumps out of the award situation, fights unevenly for the Nobel Prize in Medicine, and writes realistically and sadly. Indeed, the winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature are often the great writers who have long been known to everyone, because they are involved in literature, which is a field that everyone is more interested in, so it is often the most eye-catching category. After laying the groundwork, the next paragraph is about to turn.
1、laureate /ˈlɔːriət/ n.
Someone who has been given an important prize or honour, especially the Nobel Prize winner
*Nobel laureates have a word for beauty in addition to using winner, and of course can also refer to the winners of other awards. In addition to this occasion, the scene of the word we are more familiar with is the "poet laureate" in the field of literature.
[collocation] poet laureate
[释义]a poet who is chosen by a king, queen, president etc to write poems on important national occasions 桂冠诗人
11 Read the original text intensively
But medicine has been thrust into the spotlight by the COVID-19 pandemic, and some scientists had suggested those who developed coronavirus vaccines could be rewarded this year or in coming years.
But medicine has been thrust into the spotlight by the pandemic, with some scientists suggesting that those who develop a coronavirus vaccine could receive the award this year or years to come.
*As mentioned above, the Nobel Prize in Medicine is sometimes less dazzling than literature. But in combination with the current epidemic, everyone has paid unprecedented attention to medicine. Some scientists are justifiably speculating that the award will be awarded to vaccine teams this year. In fact, this study is also related to people's feelings during the epidemic, because they found receptors related to heat and touch, which explains the physiological principle of people feeling warm when hugging. I may not have hugged friends and family for a long time under the epidemic, and this study also has its own romance.
1、thrust
/therʌst/ v.
To push something somewhere roughly pushed, jerked
* The word used here mainly expresses a sudden concern, taking the meaning of "fierce" and strong in the English interpretation, which is very graphic. It's like it's stuck on you, overwhelming.
[例句] She never enjoyed the fame that was thrust upon her.
She never liked the fame imposed on her.
So why can't the Nobel Prize be issued for more than a hundred years?
In fact, Nobel's legacy was initially only about 31 million Swedish kronor. But since the promulgation of the Nobel Prize in 1901 (it has been 120 years now), the prize money has not only not been issued, but has become more and more, why is this?
According to Nobel's will, the 31 million crowns left behind are not directly used for prize money, but for investment and financial management, of which 90% of the annual income will be used for awards. In the early days of the Nobel Foundation, in order to avoid risky investments, the foundation invested funds entirely in bank deposits and public debt, but due to inflation and currency depreciation, the foundation lost nearly 60% of its assets after more than 50 years.
In 1953, the Nobel Foundation began to invest in the stock market and real estate, and the bull market in stocks and the popularity of real estate made the Nobel Fund increase rapidly. As of 2019, the market value of the Nobel Foundation's investment has exceeded SEK 4.9 billion, and the amount of the prize money has changed with the return on the Foundation's investment.
In 1901, the initial prize for the Nobel Prize was about SEK 150,000, and by 202 it had reached 10 million crowns.
According to Nobel's wishes, the amount of the Nobel Prize should ensure that a professor can continue to engage in research for 20 years without a salary.