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Originally known as Tanisław Leszczynski (1677-1766), a Polish nobleman, one of the countless nobles who hurried to the throne and lost the throne during the period of Polish decline.
In the Great Northern War, he was made king of Poland by King Charles XII of Sweden in 1707, and after the defeat of Charles XII, he abdicated.
In 1725, his daughter Marie Leszynska unexpectedly became Queen of France, and in 1733 the Polish throne became vacant, and his son-in-law Louis XV supported him to become King of Poland again, which was opposed by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and the Russian Empire's Tsar Anna I, and finally evolved into the Polish War of Succession, in 1736 he abdicated in defeat, but won the Grand Duchy of Lorraine.
Tanisław Leszczynski (20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766) was King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Lorraine and Count of the Holy Roman Empire (authorized by Emperor Frederick III to the Leszczynski family).
Born in Lviv in 1677, he was the son of Raffar Leszczyński and Anna Gabronoswaka, governor of Poznan Province.
He married Cartagena Opalinska and had a daughter, Marie Leszczynski, who later became the wife of Louis XV, Queen of France.
In 1697, as a polish courtier, he signed the terms of the election of August II.
In 1703 he joined the Lithuanian Federation, an anti-Augustian organization founded by the Sapeha family with the financial support of Swedish gold.
Ascend to the throne
The year after Sweden's successful invasion of Poland, Stanisław was chosen by King Charles XII of Sweden to succeed August II, who was hostile to the Swedes.
Leszczynski was an irreproachable forerunner, a young man of great talent and good blood, but certainly not strong enough to maintain the political influence of his own so precarious throne.
However, with bribes and the assistance of a military clique, Sweden succeeded on 12 July 1704 in facilitating its first election of monarchs consisting of six castle lords and more than twenty men.
A few months later, Stanisław was forced to seek refuge in the Swedish camp after being raided by Augustus, and finally on September 24, 1705, he was crowned King of Poland in a very glorious atmosphere.
Karl personally provided his nominee with a new crown and scepter to replace the ancient Polish royal mark brought to Saxony by August, and the new king's first order was to ally with Karl XII in the name of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to assist Sweden against Peter the Great of Russia.
Stanisław used this to help his patron.
Thus, he induced the Cossack chief, Lvan Mazepa, to abandon Peter during most of the critical periods of the war, and Stanisław set up a small corps when the Swedes were disposed of.
But Stanisław's existence depended entirely on the victory of Karl's armed forces at the Battle of Poltava (1709).
After the defeat at the Battle of Poltava, Stanisław's power disappeared like a dream.
He fled to East Prussia.
Overturned
The vast majority of Poles rushed to overthrow Stanisław and lived peacefully during the reign of August II.
From then on, Stanisław and Klasso's corps, which had been paid only by Karl XII's pension, withdrew to Pomerania, Sweden.
When August II returned to the throne, Stanisław withdrew the Polish throne mark (although retaining the royal title) in exchange for the pitifully small Principality of Zweibrücken.
In 1716, there was an attempt to assassinate the Saxon official Lacroix, but Stanisław was rescued by stanisław Poniatowski, the father of the future Polish king.
Leszczynski was living in Alsace-Weisenburg, and in 1725 was satisfied to see his daughter Marie Leszynska become louis XV's wife and queen of France.
Between 1725 and 1733, Stanisław lived at Chambord Castle.
Re-to-throne
In 1733, thanks to the support of his son-in-law Louis XV in his succession to the throne after the death of August II, this led to the Polish War of succession.
In September 1733, Stanisław arrived in Warsaw, and while crossing Central Europe for a day and a night, Stanisław disguised himself as a coachman.
The next day, despite many protests, Stanisław was crowned King of Poland for the second time.
However, Russia opposes any candidate chosen by Sweden in France.
Russia immediately protested its election as candidate for the new Elector of Saxony, August III, also a candidate for Russia's ally Austria.
On 30 June 1734, a 20,000-strong Russian army under the command of Peter Petrovich Lasi, after proclaiming August III king of Poland in Warsaw, followed by the siege of Stanisław at Danzig, where Stanisław and his henchmen (including archbishops, diplomatic envoys of France and Sweden) were already entrenched in Danzig and were waiting there for the rescue that France had promised.
The siege began in October 1734.
On 17 March 1735, Marshal Burhard Christof Minich succeeded Peter Petrovich Lasi, and on 20 May, the long-awaited French fleet arrived, with 2,400 reinforcements landing from Westplett.
A week later, this small, poor army bravely tried to attack Russia, but eventually had to surrender.
It was the first time france and Russia had met on the battlefield as enemies.
After 135 days of being besieged by 8,000 Russian troops on 30 June, Danzig surrendered unconditionally.
Two days earlier, Stanisław had escaped disguised as a farmer.
He reappeared in public in Königsberg, where he issued a manifesto to his henchmen establishing a federation in his name and sent a letter to the Polish envoy to Paris urging france to bring at least 40,000 men to invade Saxony.
In Ukraine, too, Count Nikolai Potocki repeatedly called for action in support of Stanisław and gathered more than 50,000 men, who were eventually defeated by the Russian Empire.
Secondary overthrow
On 26 January 1736, Stanisław abdicated again, but received the Grand Duchy of Lorraine as a pension.
In 1738, he sold the estate of Rydkina and Leshno to the Count (later Prince) Alexander Joseph Sukovsky.
He settled in Lunéville, where he founded the Stanisław Society, and used his later years to dedicate himself to science and charity, the most famous of which was Rousseau.
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