In the previous articles "Kamakura Shogunate Before and After the War", "Prayer for The Surrender of Foreign Countries and the "Kingdom of God"", we said that in order to cope with the unprecedented crisis of the "Mongol attack", the Kamakura shogunate for the first time carried out war mobilization against the armed forces and temple shrines throughout the Japanese archipelago, set up a "foreign police service", and carried out the "foreign surrender prayer". Since Kublai Khan still planned to launch the third campaign against Japan after the two wars, Japan's wartime system has not been lifted, and "Mongolia is coming soon" and "why Mongolia has not yet come" have become two tight curses that have been wrapped around the rulers of the Kamakura shogunate. As a result, the two wartime policies almost became Japan's "national policy" and remained there until the fall of the Kamakura shogunate.
In April of the seventh year of Hong'an (1184), Hojo Shizong, who led the Kamakura shogunate to successfully resist the Mongol and Goryeo forces, died at the age of 34. In July, Hojo's 14-year-old concubine Hojo Sadashi (1284-1301) assumed power in the shogunate, and the young ruler was confronted with fears that the Mongol Empire would strike again at any moment.
He was still in power and was assisted by two of the shogunate's most important ministers, Anda Taimori (1231-1285) and Gonai (Hojo Tokusei's vassals) Hirarai Gang (1241-1293). The Anda family was an elder family that had followed the Genrai dynasty since the first shogunate of the Kamakura shogunate, and Anda Taimori's sister was the wife of Hojo Toshisei and the mother of Hojo Sadashi, so Anda Taimori was in fact a relative of the Hojo family and the adoptive father of Hojo Sadashi. Anda Taisei is also one of the main characters who appear in the Mongol Raiding Scrolls, and in this famous painting he is portrayed as a decent politician who is good at listening to the demands of the warriors on the front line of Kyushu. Hirai was hojo's father, the deacon of hojo's home office. The relations between the two auxiliary ministers were not harmonious, which sowed the seeds of a series of political upheavals at the end of the Kamakura period.
Anda Taisei in The Illustrated Words of the Mongol Raid (left)
In May of that year (1184), under the leadership of Anda Taisei, the Kamakura shogunate issued 38 articles of the New Imperial Style, which opened the curtain on the largest political reform of the Kamakura period, "Hongan Tokusei". The reason why the "virtue government" reform was launched at this time, in addition to the need to deal with the actual social problems, was also because the two invasions of the Mongolian and Goryeo alliances were similar disasters to Japan as earthquakes, tsunamis, plagues, and comets. Over the past year, the Kamakura shogunate under the command of Anda Taisei has issued more than 100 reform decrees, covering various aspects such as domestic security, economic circulation, the litigation system, the imperial family of non-imperial families in Jinsai (Kyushu Island), and the restoration of the zhenxi temple community. Anda Taisei's reform of the litigation system was the culmination of the Kamakura shogunate's legal system, which strengthened its guardianship powers, set up branches in Kyushu, and strengthened the management capacity of Kyoto Rokupolo. In addition, the reform measures of the imperial family in Zhenxi Africa and the restoration of the Zhenxi Temple are the two most influential reform measures.
The latter two reforms were directly related to the "Mongol Attack" – the scope of the reform was limited to "Zhenxi" (Kyushu), that is, the front line of the two "Mongol Attacks". In the article "Kamakura Shogunate Before and After the War", the author mentioned that the imperial family under the shogunate was not the only armed force in Japan at that time, and it was not until the time of the "Mongol attack" that the Kamakura shogunate began to carry out military mobilization to armed forces other than the imperial family in order to cope with the unprecedented threat of foreign invasion. After the Battle of Hong'an, in the face of the threat of "Mongol recurrence", the Kamakura shogunate still needed to continue to reorganize its armaments and fully mobilize the armed forces of non-imperial families, which required rewarding those non-imperial families who had sold their strength on the battlefield.
But the problem stretched the shogunate over. It is said that from the end of the 13th century to the 14th century after the "Mongol attack", the manor system of the Japanese archipelago was already full of contradictions. There were originally various "positions" in a manor, that is, hereditary positions accompanied by certain income rights, but more and more people had the right to inherit the ancestral "office", and the "office" was constantly divided, and the dispute between the rights and interests of the manor intensified. In addition, in the process of continuous division, political change and land sales, the loss of "office" is not uncommon, and many royal families who have lost their land and fallen into poverty are very large. In order to maintain the manor system, it is necessary to redistribute the intricacies of "offices", which inevitably threatens the interests of vested interests. Nowadays, after catching up with the "Mongol attack", the warriors and the temple community need to pay tips, and there is not much land to divide, and there are not many "positions" to be awarded.
In a situation where there was simply not enough territory to reward the front-line samurai, the incorporation of non-imperial family members who fought for the shogunate as imperial family members, giving them a "establishment" and raising their status became the most effective reward measure that the shogunate could actually take. As a result, the non-imperial samurai who worked for the shogunate on the Kyushu front also became imperial family members, and their land ownership was guaranteed by the shogunate, and the Kamakura shogunate was truly expanded from an institution based in the Kanto to a military institution that could command the armed forces of the whole country.
The restoration policy of the Zhenxi Temple, namely "Temple Leader Xingxing" and "Shinra Keiyuki", is intended to exclude residents and samurai who maintain their existing rights and interests in the territory of Kyushu Island Temple Society, and to change it into a territory controlled entirely by the temple society alone. This was a protective measure taken by the Kamakura shogunate against temples and shrines on Kyushu Island. The shogunate's consideration for the protection of the Kyushu Temple Shrine was nothing more than the smooth progress of the "foreign surrender prayer" so that the monks and priests could continue to fight against the enemy gods as "nether warriors". The shogunate took back the land that the priests had previously sold or mortgaged and re-gifted it to the shrine, which became the payment paid by the shogunate to the shrine for the "foreign surrender prayer". Obviously, the two major policies adopted by Anda Taisheng are aimed at responding to the possibility of a third "Mongol attack" at any time.
However, Anda Taisei's moral reforms were not unanimously supported by the shogunate's imperial family. It can even be said that the royal familyization of the West African imperial family in the town was opposed by the old royal family. How can the upstarts who were forced to join the Kamakura shogunate because of the "Mongol attack" be compared to the imperial families who have served the shogunate for generations? This decree almost fundamentally changed the imperial family system, and for those who were old imperial families, it was tantamount to depriving them of their status privileges. In addition, the policy of decentralization and strengthening of guardianship implemented by the moral reform touched the interests of the privileged class of the shogunate. As a result, the shogunate's central government quickly split into two factions, the Anda faction and the anti-Anda faction.
Ping Lai Gang in film and television works
In November of the eighth year of Hong'an (1185), the anti-Anda faction launched a coup d'état under the leadership of Hirairai Gang, and 500 people under Anda Taisei were defeated and killed, which was the famous "Frost Moon Riot" in the history of the Kamakura shogunate. At the same time, Kyushu also broke out a chain of "Rock Gate Wars", and Anda Taisheng's son Anda Shengzong was killed. The Anda faction in the center of the Kamakura shogunate lost power one after another, and about 40% of them withdrew from the political core of the shogunate. During andda Taisei's reign, Emperor Kameyama (1249-1305) of the imperial court echoed Anda in Kyoto to promote the reform of public litigation. Information about the Frost Moon riot arrived in Kyoto Rokupolo late at night on November 20, and then spread throughout Lochu. The Six Polo Detectives reported to emperor Kameyama on the 21st. Two years later, in October 1287, due to rumors that Emperor Kameyama had a disagreement with the shogunate following the Frost Moon Rebellion, the Kamakura shogunate demanded that the Higashigu (later Emperor Fushimi) ascend to the throne, and Emperor Go-Uta abdicated from the throne of Daikaku-ji (Tengun Kameyama - Go-Uta lineage), ending kameyama's imperial government. In Kamakura, Hirai completely dominated the politics of the shogunate, abolished Anda Taimori's moral policies, and the reform of Anda Taimori and Kameyama Emperor Yidong and West came to an end.
After coming to power, Hirashiro also issued a series of decrees and established the Zhenxi Council in Hakata, Kyushu (later developed into the Zhenxi Exploration), but abolished two important aspects of andda Taisei's government: the imperial family of the Zhenxi African imperial family and the policy of the temple leading the establishment. In order to continue to guard against the "mongol recurrence", Pinglai Gang also insisted on launching a military mobilization against non-imperial families, urging them to undertake foreign police service and offering rewards, but did not identify them as imperial family members and did not provide them with "establishment".
Hirai's power expanded dramatically, and he extended his tentacles to the imperial court in Kyoto. In October of the 10th year of Hong'an (1187), Emperor Fushimi, who held the ming dynasty (Tengun Gofukusa-Fushimi lineage), ascended the throne with the support of the shogunate. In the second year of the reign (1289), the shogunate sent Prince Wei Yasu, who was then a shogun, back to Kyoto, and welcomed Emperor Fushimi's younger brother, Prince Hisaaki, into Kamakura as a new shogun, so that the positions of emperor and shogun were supported by Hirai Raitsune and held by the unification faction of the Ming Dynasty.
Hirai's second son, Imanuma Sukemune, accompanied the shogunate to Kyoto to meet Prince Kumei, and was given the official position of left guard lieutenant by the imperial court, and then appointed as an envoy to the inspectorate. Since Hirai and his son were no more than vassals of the Hojo Tokusei clan, that is, the vassals of the "Ichisuke Imperial Family", it was unprecedented at the time to be able to obtain such an official position in the imperial court. In February of the fourth year of the reign (1291), Emperor Tokusei was sent to Hakata to monitor the town of Nishi-sen, and in August, Hirayoshi,5 others, including Hirashiro's son, began to supervise the proceedings of the Gongjia Temple. The power of The Pinglai Gang touched all aspects of the government and the opposition, and the public nobleman Sanjo Shigo recorded in his diary "Records of the Shi Gong Qing": "After the curse of the castle into the road (Anda Taisheng), Biren (Hira Lai Gang) has always been in power, and everyone is afraid of doing nothing else. In his pen, Hirarai Gang was so powerful that he practiced a politics of terror that terrified the kyoto public.
In the sixth year (1293), the Japanese archipelago once again appeared rumors of "Mongol attack". At the same time, the Goryeo envoy Kim You-sung was ordered by the "Great Won kingdom" to send an envoy to Japan with a letter from the King of Goryeo, and on March 21, the shogunate sent Hojo Kanji and Hojo Toki to Kyushu to guard against it. On April 13, a major earthquake of magnitude 7.1 on the Richter scale occurred in Kamakura, and the Shogun Goshu and Kenchoji Temple collapsed in the earthquake, and the aftershocks lasted for nine days, killing more than 20,000 people in the earthquake. Only nine days later, hojo Sadashi, who was in power, staged a coup d'état and murdered the Hirarai gang and became known in history as the "Heizō Gate Rebellion". In the face of sudden natural disasters and rumors of "Mongol return", the power of Pinglai Gang collapsed. At that time, the Hirarai Gang Villa in Atami, Izu Kuni, was said to have suddenly collapsed, and it was believed that the villa of hirarai was taken away by Hell with his master, so it was called "Heizoemon (Rai gang) Hell".
Atami-heiZoemon Onsen (Ozawa Onsen)
After Hirai's death, Hojo Sadashi officially came to power. In October of that year (1293), a comet suddenly broke through the sky. On February 19, 1297, another comet appeared in the east. This was a harbinger of crisis in the eyes of the rulers of the time. Thus, five months after the appearance of the comet, Hojo Sadashi issued the "Tokuji Order" (Nagahitoku Order). Eihito's policies include litigation reform, prohibition of the sale and mortgage of land for the Imperial Family, recovery of land lost by the Imperial Family, and reform of the governing bodies of Rokupoloro and Kyushu. Hojo's series of measures were aimed at protecting the territory of the impoverished Miyako, and the land sold or mortgaged by the Miyakoto was recovered to the Miyako without compensation. However, in fact, the relationship between land ownership was far more complicated than the shogunate had envisioned, and various disputes arose immediately after the issuance of the Tokugawa Decree. In less than a year, except for the policy of free recovery of land sold by the royal family, the rest of the policy was abolished. Hojo's repeated reforms failed to reverse the decline of the Kamakura shogunate.
In 1299, the yuan dynasty messenger and abbot of Putuoshan Baotuo Temple, Ilsan Yining, arrived in Japan on the orders of Emperor Motosei and was detained by the shogunate. In 1301, another comet appeared (Halley's Comet), and in November of that year, Kyushu reported that 200 "exotic ships" had suddenly appeared on the surface of Satsuma's sea, which once again caused great panic to the rulers of the shogunate. Faced with the crisis of "Mongol recurrence" and "change of heaven and earth", Hojo Sadashi issued a decree in this year to restore (protect) the territory of Ise Jingu. In 1312, after hojo's death, the shogunate issued another large-scale edict to Kyushu to protect the territory of the temple.
During the kamakura shogunate's successive moral reforms, it was a basic policy to reward the temples and shrines that contributed to the "foreign surrender prayer" and to protect the territory of the temple. As stated in the article "Prayer for The Surrender of Foreign Nations and the Kingdom of God", many temples and shrines were demanding rewards from the shogunate and the imperial court. According to Ichiro Kaizu, after the "Mongol attack", the temple not only regarded The Mongol Goryeo as an enemy, but also regarded the forces hostile to it in the country as an enemy, calling it an "evil party", "alien alien" or "enemy of the land". Monasteries and shrines slander them as antagonists of gods and Buddhas, saying that they are the culprits in sabotaging the overall situation of "foreign subjugation." In this way, the temple took advantage of the people's panic about the "Mongol return" to eliminate the hostile forces within the territory. "Evil party" thus became a high-frequency word after the "Mongol attack", and the temple society took the documents obtained from the shogunate and designated the place where ordinary residents lived as "holy lands" and expelled them as "evil parties". Of course, the "evil parties" would not give up, so they continued to fight with the lords of the manor, and the shogunate needed to send armed forces to hunt down and suppress the "evil parties". In this way, the anger of the "evil parties" was transferred to the head of the shogunate, and eventually several "evil parties" named Masanari Nanki, Akamatsu Yuanxin, Nara, and the long-standing "evil party" became the gravediggers of the Kamakura shogunate.
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