Datong Ming Dynasty Yi Wang and his wife joint burial tomb epitaph examination
"Cultural Relics World" 2001.05 Li Baijun Gao Gao Gao Song Gu Shunfang
In October 1994, the Datong Institute of Archaeology discovered a stolen brick tomb on the east side of National Highway 208, that is, under the southern slope of Mapu Mountain in the east of Datong City. After receiving the report, we carried out a rescue cleanup of the tomb. Due to the many thefts in the tomb, the disturbance is serious, and only the epitaph and some coffins and black porcelain fragments remain.
One
The tomb sits north facing south, direction 183. , a brick single-chamber tomb, consisting of a sealed earth, a tomb passage, a yongdao and a burial chamber. The tomb is rectangular in plan, 8.2 meters long from north to south, 5.6 meters wide from east to west, and there are niches on the left, right and rear sides of the tomb wall. The bottom layer of the four walls of the tomb is tiled with two layers of stone strips, and on it is built with gray plain noodle bricks one by one, white ash hooks, and then from the coupon, the top, the paving bricks are two vertical and two horizontal, and the seams are flat, and its scale is more typical in the Ming tombs in the same period. The left niche is 1.64 meters high and 0.88 meters wide, the right niche is 1.72 meters high and 1.32 meters wide, and the rear niche is 1.2 meters high and 0.34 meters high. The tomb road faces south and the door is sealed with a stone cross.
The inscription dates are ming jiajing 7th year (1528), 17th year (1538), and 29th year (1550). Among them, the middle of the tomb is the Dai Yi King, the left side is the Princess Wu clan, and the right side is the Princess Zhang clan.
The epitaph of King Dai Yi is composed of the jade stele of the Han Dynasty and the stele, with a height of 1.6, a width of 0.72, and a thickness of 0.2 meters, and the upper circle is below. The stele is killed obliquely on all four sides, 0.85 meters long and 0.47 meters thick, and the word "圹志" is written on the forehead of the stele, and the main text is engraved with 16 lines, and the full line is 24 characters, a total of 262 words. The word "documentary" on the forehead of the stele yin seal, the main text of the letter 17 lines, full line of 28 words, a total of 140 words, the handwriting is upright and beautiful, clear and legible, the transcript is as follows:
DaiWang Yuanzhi
Wang, the scepter of Zhen Jun, was the eldest son of King Daisi. Mother Concubine Wang. He was born on the 29th day of the first month of the 16th year of Chenghua, and on the second day of the first month of October in the 12th year of Hongzhi, he was like a fengzu boat. Jiajing died of illness on October 16, 2006, at the age of forty-eight. Concubine Zhang, daughter of Zhang Yuan, the commander of the Shanxi Xingdu Sidu. Had five children. Chang Chong Yao, King of Feng Taishun. fill? , The King of Hanoi. Chong Yu, Sealed Fu Chuan Wang 6 Chong Yan, Chong Ji Ju unsealed. Three women. Lord of Lingshou County. The lord of Wangjiang County and the lord of Chengzhang County died early. Three grandchildren and four granddaughters, all unnamed. Obituary, Shang Shu looked at the dynasty for three days, sent officials to make sacrifices, gave Yue Yi, still ordered Si Zhi funeral system, Zhaosheng Kanghui Cishou Empress Dowager and Wenwu Yamen were all sacrificed. He was buried on the 28th day of the seventh autumn of the seventh year of Jiajing in the plains of the Mountain. alack! But the royal family is closest to the family, enjoys a great power, is a knight, rich and noble, and the husband is not able to afford to be chased away, is it not fate? Describe it in general, take in all the shadows, and use the immortal cloud.
Jiajing seven years old second peng zi autumn july 28 day stone
Inscription on the stele
I first heard about the dynasty, mourned, quit looking at the dynasty for three days, and sent officials to be buried. Ordered hanlin academy to write a expanded zhi, peeling the zhenshi, Gu Daxing did not know, and wrote it in the back of the stone. But I was born wise before the king, loyal and filial in nature, content in tranquility, outside the history of books, entertaining Han Mo, tracing the ancients, the world is full of tastes, Po Ruye. Jiajing Jiashen, Datong mutiny, thieves want to help our first king, in order to resist the imperial court. Use the gauge to avoid. Therefore, a thief must not take advantage of his situation and begin to be alone. Easy to extinguish, I first king power also. The Lord heard of it and praised it, gave it praise for loyalty, and sent officials to comfort it. Fu Zi Guzong grew rich and noble, sexual habits are arbitrary, and his see is called the latter, Dongping River, only "I first enjoyed the country for thirty years, loyal and filial piety, lifelong as one, and the festival of avoidance of change, not to pollute the hands of thieves, especially insightful, under a thousand years is not called like the Dongping of the River!" I would like to pull tears to the book so big end. Jiajing's seventh-year-old son Peng ZiQiu July 28th enshrined the eldest man, King Taishun, weeping and weeping blood.
Princess Wuyi Wu Zhishi, all-over Han white jade, height 1.54, width 0.79, thickness 0.23 meters, the stele is decorated with dragon patterns around the stele, Zhishi round head seal book "圹志" 2 characters, the main text of the letter 15 lines, full line 21 characters, a total of 262 words. The transcript reads as follows:
Dai Yi Princess Wu Shi Yuanzhi
Concubine Wu, Datongren, father Zhao, mother Zhou. In early August of the tenth year of Jiajing, a letter was sent to Princess Daiyi. February 29, 1707 with illness. On the fifth day of the first month of November in the fourteenth year of generation, the spring and autumn were celebrated. Zi Chongyi ,嗣代王, concubine of the Zhou clan. Sun Nanyi, Ting Qi, Feng Taixing King; granddaughter two, Changfeng Taihe County Lord, with Yibin Zhang Bangji. Second youngest. Obituary, shangzhi sacrifice "mouth, order there is a camp funeral as the system, Zhaosheng Gong Ankang suffered from Empress Dowager Cishou, Zhang sheng ciren kang jing zhenshou empress dowager, and the middle palace are all sacrificed. Bu was buried on September 13 of this year in the tomb of King Yi of the Caishan Dynasty. alack! Concubines choose to match relatives with a ladylike quality, enjoy honor and title, have both wealth and nobility, and end their lives with kindness, and their husbands regret it. Describe it in general, take in all the shadows, and use the immortal cloud.
Jiajing Pengshu Autumn Twelve Day Stone
Princess Zhang Zhishi of Daiyi, all-over Han white jade, Zhou ornament dragon pattern, through height 1.43, width 0.73, thickness of 0.2 meters, Zhishi round head seal book "圹志" 2 characters, the main text of the letter 16 lines, full line of 24 characters, a total of 288 characters. The transcript reads as follows:
Princess Daiyi of the Zhang clan
Concubine Zhang Shi (張氏), the daughter of Zhang Yuan (張源), the commander of the Shanxi Xingdu Si du (行都司都), was the daughter of Zhang Yuan , a soldier of Zhongcheng. On the third day of october in the twelfth year of Hongzhi, she was crowned princess of Daiyi, and on the eighth day of the first month of the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing, she was ill. He died on October 26, 1700, the year of his life. Five sons, Chang Chongyi, Heir King, Concubine Zhou. Shochu Cooker, King of Hanoi, Concubine Shi. Chong Yu, King of Fuchuan, Concubine Peng. Chong alkane, Feng Baofeng Wang, Concubine Zeng. Shigehata, King of Fengchang Mountain, Concubine Zhang. Female duo. Lord of Changling Shou County, with Yi Bin Li Shixi. Lord of Wangjiang County, with Yibin Li Yingchun. Sun Nanyi, Ting Qi, The Prince of The Imperial Household, concubine of the Chen clan. Granddaughter two, the eldest and the lord of the county, with the yibin Zhang Bangji. The lord of the county of Qingyun County, with The Yi Bin Gao Bang Ji. Great-grandchildren, one male and one female, are both young. Obituary, sacrifice, order to have a priest to bury as a system. Princesses are sacrificed. Jiajing was buried on July 29, 29 at the plains of the Mountain. alack! Concubines take Xianshu as their vassals, fleas are honored, enjoy noble wealth, and the life examination is over, and the husband is sorry. Describe it in general, encompass the shadows, and use the immortal cloud.
Jiajing Gengjiao Year Meng Qiu Twenty-Ninth Sun Tingqi Standing Stone
Three
According to the epitaph, the owner of the tomb was Zhu Junjian, the Prince of Daiyi, and his two princesses, Wu and Zhang. Zhu Junjuan was born on the 29th day of the first month of the 16th year of Chenghua (1480), was crowned king in the 12th year of Hongzhi (1499), and died of illness on October 16, 1527, the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), at the age of 48. On July 28, the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), he was buried by his eldest son Chongyi at Cailan Mountain.
Zhu Jun, the Prince of Daiyi, was the fifth grandson of Zhu Gui, the thirteenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor. Zhu Gui ,Hongwu was created King of Yu in the eleventh year, changed his title to Daiwang in the 25th year, and in the same year he was enfeoffed as the Prince of Datong, and the princess was the daughter of Xu Da, the King of Zhongshan, and the sister of Empress Renxiao. He was grumpy, was deposed as a commoner at the time of Jianwen, and died in the eleventh year of orthodoxy (1446), and was deposed as King Jian. Zhu Junjian was the eldest son of Zhu Congmo, the fourth grandson of Zhu Gui, the Prince of Wuyi, and after the death of King Wuyi, he succeeded to the throne and posthumously honored his father as King Si. Before his death, King Dai Yi was "loyal and filial to learning, served the two palaces, taught his sons, and did his best", he was intelligent by nature, content with tranquility, outside the history books, entertaining Han Mo, tracking the ancients, the world was full of tastes, and he enjoyed the country for thirty years, and his life was the same. Among the kings of the Ming Dynasty, most of them were rampant in the city, arrogant and extravagant, they "indulged in materials, the people of the country were very bitter, and the number of informants was counted", and Zhu Congmo, the king of Wuyi, also "moved to Taiyuan for his sins" (Records of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, vol. 52), so Zhu Junjian, the king of Daiyi, should be a valuable talent among the sons of the king of Ming Domain.
Four
Zhu Junjian, the Prince of Daiyi, lived in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and achieved mediocre political achievements in his lifetime, but he experienced the Jiashen Mutiny of Datong, and this historical sale was also recorded in the excavated Yuanzhi, providing extremely valuable historical materials for the study of local histories of Datong. Here, it is necessary to make a brief statement of the reasons for the mutiny in August of the third year of Jiajing (1524).
In order to change this passive situation, Zhang Wenjin, who served as the inspector of Datong, impeached Yanghe and Li Rui, the eunuch Li Rui, who was the eunuch of Tiancheng after taking office, "reported the official grass, tired the army, invaded zhuangtian, and cultivated the army" (Ming Shizong Shizong Shilu, vol. 19), and then proposed to increase the number of settlements, alpine forts, and the establishment of Sujiu Town to strengthen the defense forces on the east and west flanks of Datong Town. At the same time, inspector Zhili proposed to restore the original three forts of Xuanning, Shuikou, and Montenegro in the north of Datong Town, and Zhang Wenjin fully agreed and proposed a specific plan to first build a wall fort, each with five hundred officers and five hundred officers and five hundred officers, one member of the peripheral general, and then from far and near, gradually restoring the three places of Guantou, Hongsi, Shahe Three Forts, and Shuikou" (Records of Emperor Ming Shizong, vol. 31). If this plan can really be realized, it will greatly change the passive situation in the Datong region in resisting the southern invasion of the northern nomads, but Zhang Wenjin ignored the increasing contradictions between the vast number of soldiers and officials at all levels in the Ming army in the Datong area, so when assigning specific personnel in charge of the construction project of the Five Forts, he arrogantly assigned Jia Jian, a former general of the West Datong Road who had participated in the suppression of Liu Liu and Liu Qi's uprising and was later dismissed. In the process of building the Five Forts, Jia Jian not only supervised the work in a strict manner, but also took the opportunity to "choose a beautiful field for personal gain", which aroused the strong dissatisfaction of the vast number of Ming soldiers. In July and August of the third year of Jiajing, when the construction of the Five Forts of the Red Temple, the Donkey Circle, the Kiln Hill Pier, the End of the Water, and the Shahe River was nearing completion, Zhang Wenjin selected officers and men from the garrison garrison stationed in Datong Town to move his family to the New Fort as planned. Because the five forts were far from the city, the defense force was weak, and the natural conditions were very difficult, they were resisted by the vast number of officers and soldiers, at this time, some people suggested that another recruit be recruited to defend, but Zhang Wenjin was "rigid and self-conscious, did not sympathize with the feelings of the crowd", and "strictly ordered fun" (Records of Emperor Ming Shizong, vol. 42). The general Jia Jian, in accordance with Zhang Wenjin's will, tortured the captain of the soldiers who did not want to go to the border with a staff. This practice finally ignited the long-accumulated anger of the vast number of soldiers, and under the leadership of Guo Jian and Liu Zhong, they launched a mutiny, killing Jia Jian, "splitting his body", and then "stepping out of the plug and staying on the Jiaoshan Dun" (Records of Emperor MingShizong, vol. 42).
Originally, the mutiny of these soldiers was mainly to resist the cruel exploitation and oppression of individual generals like Jia Jian, and had no political purpose, but Zhang Wenjin was worried that the soldiers involved in the mutiny would lure the nomadic peoples outside the cyprus to the south to bring disadvantages to the border defense in the Datong area, so he ordered to try to recruit the soldiers involved in the mutiny into the city, arrested guan shan, the officer of the management team, overnight, and waited for the opportunity to suppress the soldiers involved in the mutiny. When the vast number of soldiers understood Zhang Wenjin's plot, they had to resort to fierce means again, and under the leadership of Guo Jian and others, they successively burned the Datong Mansion Gate, the Town Guard General Military Office, and the Inspector Yamen, and attacked the Daxiang Dusi Prison to release all the detainees, zhang Wenjin jumped the wall in a panic and fled to the Boye Palace next door. The soldiers also surrounded the palace and ordered Zhang Wenjin to be handed over, and declared: "The inspector cannot do it, and I will burn the palace" (Records of Emperor Ming Shizong, vol. 42), and King Boye had to hand over Zhang Wenjin, and the angry soldiers immediately "split his body". They then opened their arsenals, closed the city gates, elected Zhu Zhen, the former Datong commander-in-chief released from prison, as their leader, and began an open armed confrontation with the Ming Dynasty.
Under these circumstances, on November 19, the Jiajing Emperor appointed Hu Zhan ,瓒), the left attendant of the Household Department, as the commander-in-chief of the Xuan Army, and the governor Lu Gangchong as the commander-in-chief, and selected the elite soldiers and horses of Jizhen, Jingying, and Xuanfu to be stationed in the Datong area and suppressed them. In mid-December, According to Hu Zhan's orders, Gui Yong, the commander-in-chief of Datong, secretly ordered Qianhu Miao Deng to trap and kill the mutiny leader Guo Jian eleven people. This further aroused the anger of the vast number of soldiers, who, under the leadership of Guo Jian's father Guo Scarzi, besieged the residences of Miao Deng and Gui Yong, the chief soldier, and killed all miao deng and Gui Yong's family members, burning their residences. In this scuffle, "the same rebels gathered to besiege the palace, forced the king to play a pardon, and declared that if he was not pardoned, he would destroy the king" (Records of Emperor Ming Shizong, vol. 46), but King Yi refused with death, and his loyalty was mixed, and he fled to Xuanfu with his family's clothes. After the mutiny subsided on March 11, 1944, the Daiwang returned to Datong and was comforted by the emperor.
Five
In the Ming Dynasty Zhengde period, Zhang Qinxiu's "Datong Fu Zhi" volume 4 mausoleum records about the tomb of Dai Wang: "The tomb of King DaiJian is in the shili mountain in the east of the city, the tomb of the king of Daijian is in the east of the city, the tomb of the king of Dai Yin is in the east of fucheng, the tomb of king Dai Yi is in the east of Fucheng, the tomb of king Dai Yi is in the east of Fucheng, the tomb of King Dai yi is in the east of Fucheng, the tomb of King Dai is on the right of the ancestral tomb of the mountain in the east of Fucheng", and the tomb of King Si in the ninth year of Qing Shunzhi is also recorded: the tomb of King Jian of the Ming Dynasty, the tomb of King Jian of the county, the tomb of King Jian, the tomb of King Cai, the tomb of King Cai, the tomb of King Hui, the tomb of King Si, Mapu Mountain; Tomb of King Yi, Plunder Mountain; Tomb of King Zhao, Plunder Mountain; Tomb of King Gong, Plunder Mountain; Tomb of Dingwang, Plunder Mountain. The "Chronicle of Datong County" during the Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty records: the tomb of King Gui of Daijian, the tomb of King Xun of Jian, the tomb of King Shi of Yin, the tomb of King Junjian of Yi, the tomb of King Chongyi of Zhao, the tomb of King Tingqi of Gong, and the tomb of Dingwang Naixuan are all in Caiquan Mountain. Huiwang Chenglian Tomb, Siwang Congmo Tomb and Mapu Mountain. These three historical records clearly record that the tomb of King Yi was buried on Mount Zhao, and the excavations confirm that the tomb of King Yi was buried in Mapu Mountain, ten miles northeast of Datong City, is beyond doubt.
Zhang Qinxiu's "Datong Fu Zhi" was written during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty, and King Yi died after the "Datong Fu Zhi" was written, then the "Datong Fu Zhi" record of the tomb of King Yi must be wrong, and the Qing Dynasty "Yunzhong County Zhi", "Datong County Zhi", and "Shanxi Tongzhi" are all references to the "Datong Fu Zhi", making a record of the tombs of the Datong Ming Dynasty, so that it is impossible to avoid and cause confusion in the revision of the Zhi, resulting in some historical materials being falsely transmitted, and still inheriting the Zhishu to this day. The discovery and excavation of the tomb of King Yi provides us with a strong evidence, which is bound to become a turning point in the investigation of the tombs of the kings of the Ming Dynasty, and we will take the tomb of the King of Yi as the coordinates and carry out in-depth and repeated archaeological investigations of the tombs of other kings in order to better protect the tombs of the kings of the Ming Dynasty.
(Author's work unit: Datong Institute of Archaeology)