Coffee has a long history, being spread around the world, infusing the cultures and customs of different ethnic groups, and cultivating a variety of coffee beans and fancy brewing methods. For people who grow coffee beans, coffee is a way of survival, they may never drink a cup of coffee, but they know how to cultivate better coffee beans; for coffee processors, coffee is an art, it is to constantly refine their familiar operations until perfect; for coffee drinkers, coffee is an attitude to life, a driving force for getting up in the lazy morning, and a drink to treat yourself after a busy job.
Coffee "beans" are not beans at all, but the seeds of fruits, and after peeling off the shell of the beans, it cannot germinate. In Ethiopia, Africa, the birthplace of coffee, coffee was initially chewed like chewing gum. Coffee beans contain a substance called caffeine, which can stimulate the cerebral cortex, secrete dopamine, make people mentally excited, and generate enthusiasm and desire for communication.
Chew the whole coffee fruit, don't say it, you know, the taste is definitely not good. The Galla, a nomadic people who live deep in the mountains, have their ancestors mashed coffee beans mixed with animal fat to make balls the size of ping-pong balls for the upcoming warriors.
The story of the coffee drink
In the 13th century, Ethiopian troops invaded Yemen and brought coffee cherries to the Arab world. The Arabs initially dried and boiled coffee beans, and the juice was taken as a stomach medicine to aid digestion. In Islam, anything that suppresses mental intelligence is forbidden – and alcohol is among them. On the contrary, the stimulation of the mental intellect was not prohibited, so coffee replaced alcohol as a high-grade black drink, helping Sufis to keep their heads clear during the extremely lengthy liturgy. There was simply no suitable place for strangers from all walks of life to meet and communicate. The emergence of Qahveh Khaneh (Coffee House) has filled this gap and become an important social place, where you can listen to songs, watch plays, play chess, and talk about the past and the present.
In 1517, Sultan Sherim I conquered Egypt and brought the habit of drinking coffee back to Istanbul. Some religious people believe that coffee is a drink that stimulates nerves and violates doctrine, and once banned and closed coffee shops. But the Sultan believed that coffee was not against the doctrine and promoted it in the Arab region.
The word coffee Coffee, also derived from the Arabic Qahwa, means "plant drink." The Ottoman Empire's outward expansion contributed to the early spread of coffee culture. The coffee-drinking Ottoman army invaded Europe and Vienna was besieged. The arrival of French reinforcements turned the tide and the Arabs fled. In a hurry, bags of unroasted coffee beans were left behind. The war was originally about capture and destruction, but the invasion of the Turkish army unexpectedly brought about cultural exchange and integration. As the Viennese proverb goes, "Europeans can block the bow and arrow of Turkey, but they cannot block the coffee of Turkey." "Venetian merchants brought coffee to Europe in 1615, and the people of Vienna and Paris learned to drink coffee with these beans and the cooking experience they had gained from the Turks.
In 1683, the café opened in Venice, and the people could not explain its "magic", and they loved and feared coffee. Many conservative clergy consider turks and their black drinks to be a threat to Christianity, calling coffee "Satan's masterpiece." So they asked Pope Lement VIII to ban the evil Muslim coffee. The Pope wanted to taste the coffee himself before drawing conclusions, and when he took a sip of the devilish thick black slurry from the warm cup, he felt very delicious and delicious, and couldn't help but say, "Let the coffee be baptized into God's drink!" So the coffee was released to the "human world".
The priests studied how to make a better cup of coffee when they were idle. It turned out that if the coffee beans (deeply roasted) fried until they were fried into oil were ground into powder and then boiled, the taste was more fragrant. Newly extruded goat milk can be diluted coffee, milk squeezed and flowed to the appliance, naturally will form a layer of milk foam, and then simply call this coffee and milk drink called "little priest" (Italy called the priest big hat CAPPICUCCO, cappuccino "CAPUCCINO" is the meaning of small hat). The Neapolitans were impatient, they couldn't stand waiting for six or seven minutes for coffee, and someone suggested, "Can you put some pressure on the top?" So the stressed coffee became the origin of Italian espresso. Espresso has a strong taste, a strong smell, a thick fluid, a short time to extract caffeine from coffee beans, and a low caffeine content.
In the late 17th century, the Sultan of Turkey visited Paris, and Parisians were fanatical in their quest for everything related to the Arab world. In 1686, the first French café opened. The first to embrace this new fashion are the young ladies who come here for tea, coffee, chocolate and small snacks. During the reigns of Louis XIV and XV, a man drank an average of 7 to 8 litres of wine a day, and the upper class and the lower classes drank drunk all day. The sudden appearance of coffee not only gave people a new place to go, but also restored the French people to wake up and calm. Everyone discussed current affairs and politics, artistic life, and brewed the French Revolution around the marble tables of the café.
People have the impression that the British love to drink tea more, in fact, they are also fans of coffee. In the 18th century, there were 2,000 cafes in London alone, and it was the "base camp" of intellectuals who could speak their minds for just a penny of coffee. The British were not good at cooking and never really learned to brew a good cup of coffee. The British East India Company had a monopoly on importing tea from China, and they wanted only to sell it. The status of tea became more and more consolidated, and the British gradually forgot about coffee and brought coffee to Jamaica. Today, Italians drink two days of coffee, enough for an Englishman to drink for a year.
History of coffee cultivation
Arabs have long been shrewd in business and have held on to their monopoly position in the coffee trade. When selling coffee, the beans must be boiled and sold, so that others cannot cultivate competition. Europeans coveted the profits of coffee, but they did not have the strength to shake the Ottoman Empire's military, so they could only endure high prices and small purchases. And this kind of black drink full of oriental mystery, rich taste and aroma charm, but also by the European noble gentry competition, the value of coffee soared, and even had the title of "black gold".
Coffee spread to Mecca and Medina, where believers from all over the world worshiped every year, so coffee was accepted by them, and the methods and habits of drinking coffee were brought back to their respective countries. A pilgrim named Baba Budan swallowed seven red coffee cherries in 1670 and brought them out and planted them in his hometown of Chandragiri Hills in Karnataka, South India, where the Arab monopoly of coffee markets was smashed into a crack.
As the demand for coffee grows, the world is scrambling to learn to plant coffee trees. The Dutch East India Company was the world's largest colonial trading company at that time, and in the process of coffee trade, they found that coffee could bring extremely high profits, so they hollowed out ideas to build their own coffee production bases to maximize the profits in the coffee trade.
After numerous failed attempts to persuade the Arab princes, in 1616 Dutch traders secretly transported several Yemeni coffee seedlings and seeds out of the heavily guarded port of Mocha and back to Amsterdam for planting. Winters in the Netherlands are too long, and coffee trees are afraid of the cold (they can only be carefully served in botanical gardens) and cannot be cultivated on a large scale. The Dutch later sent coffee to Malabar, India, to be grown, but failed due to inexperience. In 1699, they finally succeeded in Batavia on the Java Islands, a Dutch colony. Indonesia, now the world's fourth largest coffee exporter. The coffee beans of that year became the ancestor beans of Indonesia. Later, the Dutch spread coffee to Central and South America.
In 1730, the English introduced coffee to Jamaica;
In 1748, the Spaniards brought coffee to Cuba and spread it to Guatemala, Peru, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Mexico;
In 1752, the Portuguese introduced coffee to Brazil;
In 1884, coffee was successfully cultivated for the first time in Taiwan, thus opening the prelude to the development of coffee in China. The earliest coffee cultivation in mainland China began in the early twentieth century, when French missionaries brought the first coffee seedlings into Binchuan County, Yunnan.
Coffee trading centers migrated from the Mediterranean and Red Sea to the Atlantic, the eastern protagonist of coffee was replaced by the western protagonist, and the marine fleet replaced the desert camel caravan. To meet the needs of tropical colonial plantations, the transatlantic slave trade was unusually frequent. Britain relied on control of the seas and controlled half of the slave trade in the Americas. After the Independence of the United States, it was also eager to grow coffee in its own "Latin American" backyard.
Italy and the United States have contributed the most to the development of the coffee market in the twentieth century, making coffee an indispensable part of people's daily lives. In Italy, people often stop on their way to work and stand in a café and drink a small cup of concentrated Italian coffee. The espresso machine appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century, and after several refinements, Archil Jagia made the first machine that could force water through the ground coffee with high pressure and patented it. The machine not only produces the cream that espresso lovers crave, but also the milk foam needed to make cappuccino.
In the Boston Tea Pour, tea was thrown into Boston Harbor by the American people to protest the British Empire's taxation and rule over the American colonies. Tea was seen as the drink of foreign oppressors, and coffee became the national drink of Americans. In the United States, coffee is served in mugs, usually with milk or whipped cream and some sugar. The number of coffee drinkers in the United States continued to increase during the first sixty years of the twentieth century. It's a land of free refills, and coffee has become a symbol of simplicity, beauty and satisfaction. By the end of 1930, ninety percent of American households drank coffee and consumed seventy percent of the world's coffee beans.
Going from Ethiopia to the Seattle docks, the world consumes 500 billion cups of coffee a year, half of which is used for breakfast. Every morning, people around the world brew their favorite coffee in their favorite way, and there is nothing more pleasant than a cup of delicious coffee in the morning. From coffee beans to a cup of coffee, 25 million people make a living from coffee and 100 million people survive. Coffee is not food, but it is important to the world.