In 907 AD, the Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji established the state, and until 1125, the Tianzuo Emperor Yelü Yanxi was captured by the Jin soldiers, and then Yelü Dashi built the Western Liao, which died in Mongolia in 1218, and the Khitan regime lasted for more than three hundred years. At its peak, he once suppressed the Later Jin dynasty and won the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun, and repeatedly defeated his opponents by contending with Song Feng, and was satisfied with all sides for a while. The "Five Capitals" of Daliao were also built in the second order.
The five capitals stood together, witnessing the historical process of the Khitan people dominating the northern kingdom and looking at the central plains. Behind the majestic palaces and bustling cities of the Five Capitals of the Great Liao Dynasty, the trend of the division of the world in the change of times, the reasons for the rise and fall of dynasties, the feelings of ethnic integration, and the state of etiquette and belief all run through it. Wujing, not only the story of Wujing...
Wujing prepared
The Liao Dynasty established five capitals: Shangjing Linhuangfu, Zhongjing Dadingfu, Tokyo Liaoyangfu, Nanjing Jingjinfu, xijing Datongfu, and with wujing as the center, the ruling area was divided into five provinces. The "History of Liao" records that Shangjing was the imperial capital, and all the imperial officials and Beijing officials had it. Yu Sijing set up officials as appropriate, for the system is different. There are many multilateral defense officials in Western Beijing, and many financial officials in Nanjing and Zhongjing. Although this record is biased, it also reflects the multi-center development trend of Wujing and the division of labor.
Heavenly Dynasty Wanshun Khitan Silver Coin Unearthed in the West Erli Outside the Imperial City of Liaoshang, Bahrain Left Banner Liaoshangjing Museum
"Long live the tai" gold flower silver brick box Chifeng City Arukorqin Banner Yelü Yu tomb excavated Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology collection
Double lion pattern gilded gilt flower silver box Chifeng City Arukorqin Banner Yelü Yu tomb excavated Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
Four o'clock bowl
The four-hour bowl is a special manifestation of nomadic, fishing and hunting culture in the political field. Although the Liao state had five capitals, the emperor of the Liao state did not often live in the capital, and together with important courtiers, he accompanied the cold and heat, chased water and grass, and toured the four seasons. In addition to fishing, geese hunting, hunting, and summer vacations, bowl-making activities also include worshipping the sky and shooting willows, worshipping the ancestors of the mountains, discussing state affairs, handling government affairs, receiving foreign envoys, and accepting tributes from vassal states and subordinate tribes( fall), so the national political center of Liao is mobile and shifts with the emperor's whereabouts.
Silver cone with sheathed jade handle The tomb of Princess Liao Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, was excavated from the Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Jade Arm Tan Faku County Dagujiazi Township Libeibao Village Liao Tomb Shenyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
North and South Front Officers
From the beginning of the Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji, the Khitan began to go south to encroach on the Central Plains, to the Liao Taizong Yelü Deguang, taking advantage of the opportunity of the infighting in the Later Tang regime in the Central Plains to help the rebellious Shi Jingyao destroy Tang Jianjin, thus obtaining the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun. Faced with the newly acquired land and population, the Khitan rulers, based on their experience learned from the Tang Dynasty, creatively implemented the national policy of officialdom in the north and south and governing according to customs. This flexible way of ruling unites the various ethnic groups in the ruling area and creates conditions for national integration.
Huayi with the wind
The Liao Dynasty was innovative and distinctive in terms of institutional arrangement and management, but its most fundamental political system, the emperor system, was consistent with the Northern Song Dynasty at the same time. Both the north and the south are emperor systems, so they are also known as the northern and southern dynasties. The consistency and convergence of fundamental systems has made the North and the South similar in terms of political ideals, social values, and moral customs. The rulers of the Liao Dynasty adopted a tolerant and absorbing attitude towards the Culture of the Central Plains, which greatly promoted ethnic integration.
Yue kiln carved flower feast music figure holding pot Beijing Babaoshan Han Yi tomb unearthed Capital Museum collection
Gem-encrusted gilded silver lacquer box Excavated from the Liao Tomb of Turki Mountain in Tongliao City, Collected by the Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Yue kiln parrot pattern silver buckle celadon holding pot Inner Mongolia Duolun County Xiaowang Ligou Liao Dynasty tomb excavated Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
Milk nail pattern high-necked glass bottle Inner Mongolia Tongliao City, Naiman Banner Qinglongshan Town Chen Guo Princess Tomb excavated Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Collection
White glazed black color plum vase Zhangjiayao Liao tomb group in Kangping County, Shenyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology collection
Mandarin duck-shaped three-colored pot Excavated from the Liao Tomb of Wangjiadian in Songshan District, Chifeng City, collected by the Chifeng City Museum
Relief of four gods sarcophagus Excavated from Gujiazi Village, Wutaizi Township, Faku County, Shenyang Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
The pagoda temple was revered by the rulers of the Liao Dynasty, which led to the glorious development of Buddhism in northern China. A large number of royal gifts, the support of believers, the economic prosperity of the monastery, and the tall temple buildings are scattered throughout the metropolitan prefectures of the empire. Through activities such as monastic preaching, bathing in The Buddha, Crematoria, and Senjinyi, Buddhism has infiltrated the entire society, become an important cultural link, and promoted ethnic integration.
Blue Luo embroidered plum blossom bee butterfly curl grass scarf Liaoqingzhou Shakya Buddha stupa unearthed Bahrain Right Banner Museum collection
Persian glass bottle Chaoyang North Pagoda Heavenly Palace unearthed Chaoyang North Pagoda Museum collection
"Sea Holly" gilded bronze ornament piece Tomb of Yelü Yu unearthed From the inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology
Liaobai glazed people's head Capricorn-shaped beam injection pot, Chifeng City Bahrain Right Banner Ulantao Haisu wood unearthed, Inner Mongolia Museum collection
Milk nail pattern glass plate, Tongliao City Naiman Banner Qinglong Mountain Liao Chen Guo Princess tomb excavated, Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology collection
Cloud-patterned gilded bronze harness, excavated from Inner Mongolia Xing'an League Dai Chintara, Inner Mongolia Museum collection
"Hunting Map", excavated from LamaGou of Ao Han Banner, Inner Mongolia, collected by inner Mongolia Prehistoric Culture Museum
The Khitan culture is dominated by the Culture of the Liao Dynasty and has had a wide influence in Central Asia and Europe. Khitan culture originated from the ancient nomadic _ Khitan people who created a powerful military kingdom (Liaoguo), the Khitan Dynasty was eclectic to various cultures, respecting Kong and Confucianism, and Hanqi integration, and successively created two kinds of Khitan characters, Khitan characters and Khitan small characters, and had high achievements in literature, painting, pottery and other aspects.
Horse-shaped gold medal ornament
Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), 4.6 cm long, 4.5 cm wide, 0.1 cm thick and 28.1 grams, excavated from Nasutai, Xiaochengzi Town, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and collected by the Ningcheng County Museum in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia
Jewelry. Molded and cast, there are two bridge-shaped piercing buttons that can be worn for hanging. Grassland people live with water and grass, in the nomadic and hunting life, their living space is relatively wide, and the daily life pays attention to speed. Horses are empathetic, good at running, good endurance, suitable for long-distance walking and become an indispensable partner in the life of the steppe people. This plaque is exquisitely made and vivid, reflecting the love and admiration of the Donghu people for horses.
Octagonal tricolor stone
In the sixth year of Liaoxianyong (1070 AD), with a diameter of 22 cm and a height of 12.6 cm, it was excavated in 1992 in The Buried Wanggou in Toudaoyingzi Township, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Stationery. The yantai is octagonal, the brick surface is in the shape of a "wind" character, and the base is buckled into a box shape. The weather in Liaodi is cold, and it is specially made to prevent the ink from freezing in winter, and the base can be placed on a charcoal fire to maintain the temperature. The ingenious conception integrates beauty and practical application, has a distinct regional color and a unique national style, and also reflects the Khitan people's not only respect and keen imitation of the cultural cultivation of the Han scholars. This is recorded in the "Records of The Ride" written by Lu Zhen, an envoy to the Liao State in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1008), "(Khitan) has come since he had made good relations with the imperial court, and he has selected talents for many years, especially those who are intelligent and sensitive to literature and history, in preparation for the southern envoys, so the Chinese and Korean voice teachings are all slightly known." ”
Silver weed belt, scythe belt
In the seventh year of Liao kaitai (1018 AD), with a total length of 320 cm, the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Silver weeds with 1 pair of 67 pieces. Made of thin silver flakes, each side has 5 long and short bands, each with 8 pieces of horse-shaped jade ornaments, hanging from the left and right sides of the rear of the saddle. Silver tweezer belt 1 set of 41 pieces, made of thin silver sheets, made of 1 long buckle and 2 short belts, with jade savings and horse-shaped jade ornaments, hanging on the sides of the horse's belly and hips respectively.
flask
Liao (916-1125 AD), 31 cm high and 8.9 cm caliber, excavated in 1994 from the tomb of Shanjiao in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia, collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
The belt bottle is a container carried on horseback by the Khitan people when they are nomadic, and the biggest feature of this type of bottle is that there are symmetrical bridge-shaped wear belts and vertical grooves on both sides of the shoulders and abdomen, which are designed for firm ties and are convenient to carry, reflecting the Great Emphasis on Additional Practical Decoration of Liao Porcelain.
"Feast Drawing" woodblock painting
Liao (916-1125 AD), (left) 125 cm long, 67.5 cm wide and 2.4 cm thick, (right) 125 cm long, 68.3 cm wide and 2.3 cm thick, excavated in 1992 in the village of Duxi Sumu, Right Banner of Bahrain, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, collected by the Bahrain Right Banner Museum
When excavated, they were placed on both sides of the small wooden tent door (the burial utensils symbolizing the residence of the tomb owner), painted with mineral pigments, with bright colors, moderate proportions and natural brush strokes. The man holds the wine pot, the woman holds the tea cup, looks respectful, and serves the host as a feast. In the Liao Dynasty, the state ceremony was made of wine, and the life of Pepsi was carried out with wine, and the style of drinking was very prosperous. Although Liaodi did not produce tea, it was obtained through trade, gifts or tribute, and under the influence of tea drinking in the Tang Dynasty, tea drinking gradually became a custom in Khitan society. The Khitan people are good at drinking and drinking, usually "drinking with respected circus", and "drinking tea and singing and dancing" when feasting. The preparation of wine and tea shows the luxurious life of the Khitan nobility and the unique good drinking habits of the nomadic people.
Five-Piece Flower Belly Cup
In the fourth year of liaohui (941 AD), with a caliber of 7.7 cm, a bottom diameter of 4.2 cm and a height of 3 cm, the tomb of Yelü Yu of Arukorqin Banner in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1992, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Tea and wine utensils. The inner edge of the mouth and the rim of the rim of the circle foot are engraved with a lotus petal pattern. Caviar stripes. The outer wall of the abdomen is carved with five groups of double goosebit patterns in the petal division, and the inner sole is engraved with the water pattern of the double fish. Fish pattern and Hongyan pattern are traditional auspicious patterns, and are also one of the main ornaments on gold and silverware in the Tang Dynasty. The frequent appearance of hongyan patterns in gold and silverware in the Liao Dynasty is also closely related to the unique system of the Khitan people's "spring bowl" to catch geese and hunt geese. Moreover, goose and goose served as an important sacrifice in the social life of Liao, such as the "Liao Shi Li Zhi VI" recorded, the Khitan custom of the winter solstice on this day "slaughter white sheep, white horses, white geese, each taking blood and wine, the son of heaven looks forward to worshiping the Black Mountain." It can be seen that the Hongyan pattern is a reflection of the real life of the Khitan people.
Gilded pisces shaped silver pot
Tang (618-907 AD), 28.5 cm high, 5 cm caliber, abdominal diameter 20.4 cm, bottom diameter 15 cm, Inner Mongolia Chifeng City, Karaqin Banner Longshan Township Niuzigou Village Hadagou Cellar excavated, Chifeng City, Chifeng City, Karaqin Banner Museum collection
Tea and wine utensils. The pot is a double fish shape, the two fish are together, there is a concave line at the joint of the abdomen, and the tail of the fish is abducted to form the bottom of the pot. The whole body of the pot is soft and smooth, and the ornamentation is meticulous and delicate, which is very beautiful. Because "fish" and "yu" are harmonized with surplus, fish has always been a symbol of wealth. At the same time, it also leads to many legends similar to the "carp leaping dragon gate". In the artistic creation of the ancients, fish is a traditional auspicious pattern that is widely used. Pisces-shaped wine vessels were more popular in the Tang Dynasty, and the pisces sancai porcelain pots and pisces porcelain pots seen so far are in the shape of a pisces to the abdomen, which means good luck into a pair. This shape of the utensils was also imitated by the Khitan people of the Liao Dynasty and became a favorite shape.
Agate cup
3.1 cm high and 7.4 cm caliber, the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Wine. This agate wine glass wins with a natural texture, meticulously carved, otherworldly, like a beautiful beauty, magnificent and dazzling, belonging to the highest red agate products, should be the beloved object of Princess Chen Guo's life. People believe that drinking alcohol can ward off evil spirits, bring happiness and confidence to people, and symbolize happiness and sweetness. In the early Liao Dynasty, agate vessels flowed into the Liao territory with the trade and cultural exchanges between the Khitan people and the Central Plains and the Western Regions, and were deeply cherished by the Liao people. After the middle of the Liao Dynasty, the Khitan people also began to collect and process agate and other production activities in the local area, and often used agate to make daily necessities and ornaments.
Gilded double lion silver box
Liao (916-1125 AD), caliber 19 cm, height 11.1 cm, excavated in 2003 in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, Kezuohou Banner Turki Mountain Liao Tomb excavated, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology collection
Makeup box. It can also be used as a food box. Molding. The raised pattern is gilded and has a curved petal-shaped mouth. The top is molded with a pair of lions chasing each other, lined with tangled branches, and its exterior is decorated with petal patterns, cloud patterns, double bird butterfly patterns, etc. The whole body of caviar is made of ground. The top edge of the lid is decorated with a folded peony pattern. The lid and body of the box are decorated with a tangled branch pattern on the sides, and the circle feet are decorated with a lotus leaf pattern. Lions were introduced from the Western Regions during the Western Han Dynasty and were regarded as beasts of good fortune. Buddhism highly respects lions, and the Yuzhitang Tanjushri says that "the liberator uses the lion to forge ahead bravely and diligently, and is a rider of Manjushri Bodhisattva" . The combination of lions as a decorative pattern with religious significance was admired by the Khitan people with the spread of Buddhism in Liao. The peony pattern, which symbolizes auspiciousness, wealth and prosperity, is also accepted and loved by the Khitan people, and is widely used in the field of decoration, reflecting the Khitan people's pursuit of the spiritual world and their cultural exchanges with the Han people.
Agate
In the fourth year of the Liao Dynasty (941 AD), with a length of 85 centimeters, the tomb of Yelü Yu of arukorqin Banner in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1992, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Necklace. It is generally embellished with gold and jade jewelry, so in ancient times it was also called "Pearl Jewel". The pendant is made up of agate, crystal, heart and T-shaped pendants. Agate was called Qiong in ancient times, also known as red jade. The word agate comes from a Buddhist scripture, and the Sanskrit word for "Asma Gapo" means "horse brain.". Crystal is a colorless and transparent quartz crystalline mineral that was loved by the Khitans and used to make ornaments. The asymmetrical combination of the heart and the T shape, or alludes to yin and yang. Some ornaments of the ancient peoples of North, West and Central Asia have similar decorative parts. This kind of pendant of the Khitan may be related to the traditional decoration of the northern peoples. Its colors are harmonious and elegant, giving people a sense of naturalness. The owner of the tomb is the cousin of the Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji and the founding father Yelü Yuzhi, indicating that such a ying luo was used by the Khitan nobles.
Amber
In the seventh year of Liao kaitai (1018 AD), the inner circumference was 113 cm, the outer circumference was 159 cm, and the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Ying Luo is a necklace with deep Khitan national characteristics, which is a representative ornament for his belief in Buddhism and the secularization of Buddhist thought. In Chinese history, there has not been a single dynasty or people that has revered amber as much as the Khitans. The popularity of amber may be related to the Khitan Shang Buddha, as Buddhism believes that crystal represents Buddha bone, while amber represents Buddha blood. The jewel is the largest amber ornament seen so far, with 264 pieces of outer strings, consisting of 5 small strings of 257 amber beads and 5 amber relief ornaments, 2 plain amber ornaments interspersed with fine silver wire; the inner string of 69 pieces, consisting of 60 amber beads and 9 round carvings, and the embossed amber ornaments are interspersed with fine silver wire. The amber relief ornaments are mainly dragon patterns, and the patterns are abstract and dynamic. The special jewel is not suitable for daily nomadic life, and is mostly used in sacred and important occasions.
Skeletonized gold sachet
In the seventh year of Liao Kaitai (1018 AD), the capsule length was 13.4 cm, the width was 7.8 cm, the gold chain was 9.2 cm long, the gold ring diameter was 1.4 cm, and the weight was 40 grams, and the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Since ancient times, sachets have been ornaments worn on the body or suspended on bed tents or car ruts. This sachet is almond-shaped, and the engraved pattern and tangled honeysuckle pattern also have obvious afterglow of Tang Dynasty gold and silverware. When the Khitan founded the Liao Dynasty, it was the last year of the Tang Dynasty, and the profound Tang culture that had accumulated almost penetrated into its political, economic, military, scientific and technological and cultural fields, and the Legacy of the Tang Dynasty in the Liao Dynasty gold and silverware reflected this historical fact.
Stone carved reclining Buddha statue
Liao (916-1125 AD), 40 cm long, excavated in 1989 from the White Pagoda of Qingzhou, Bahrain Right Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, and collected by the Bahrain Right Banner Museum in Chifeng City
It is carved from a whole piece of white jade. Shakya Buddha's head rested on a lotus pillow, dressed in a red robe, lying on his side, with a serene look. The nude part is not painted, that is, the so-called "gilded clothes without flesh" Buddha statue decoration technique. The four sides of the Buddha bed are carved with small male lions, with different looks. The auspicious and reclining statue of the Buddha on the right, also known as the "Nirvana Statue", is said to be the perfection of virtues and the extinction of all evils, which is the ultimate goal of the Buddhist ideal of practice, so it is later called the death of monks and nuns as silence. According to Tang Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty, Shakyamuni "entered into silence and extinguished happiness, and lay down in the north between the two trees" in the kingdom of Nagisa, showing impermanence and entering nirvana, which was the later image of the reclining Buddha.
Gold mask
In the seventh year of Liao Kaitai (1018 AD), 20.5 cm long and 17.2 cm wide, the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
Funeral masks. Covered the princess's face when unearthed. It is semi-embossed. Hammered into shape with a thin gold flake. There are 33 perforations around the mask, which are connected to the head network along the perforations with a thin silver wire. Princess Chen Guo was the daughter of Yelü Longqing, the second brother of Emperor Shengzong of Liao, yelü Longxu, the king of Qin and Jin, and her horse was Xiao Shaojue, the brother of Empress Qitian of Liaoshengzong, and her grandmother was the famous Empress Xiao. Princess Taiping was initially crowned Princess Taiping, and was posthumously named Princess chen guo. At the age of 18 at the time of his death, the mask's eyebrows and eyes were hammered and delicately crafted, and the soft features of a young woman with a plump face and a stretched forehead were fully expressed. The excavation of the golden mask changed the previous view that the golden mask was only a thing of the Bronze Age civilization in Central Asia.
Gilded high-winged silver crown
In the seventh year of Liao kaitai (1018 AD), the crown hoop caliber was 19.5 cm, the crown height was 26 cm, the vertical wing height was 30 cm, the width was 17.5 cm, and the weight was 830 grams, and the tomb of Princess Chen Guo in Qinglongshan Town, Naiman Banner, Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia was excavated in 1986, and collected by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
The high-winged crown is a crown ornament dedicated to Khitan noble women. It is hammered into the shape of each part by gilded thin silver sheets and reinforced with fine silver wire stitches. The front and sides of the crown are hollowed out with vertical wings and engraved with patterns such as flame orbs, birds and deformed clouds. The crown is embellished with a backlit statue of Yuan Shi Tian. Yuan Shi Tianzun is the supreme god of Taoism and is known as the "Ancestor who presided over the Celestial Realm". The Khitan people were influenced by the Taoist and Taoist ideas of the Central Plains to form a Taoist belief, And Princess Chen Guo's uncle, Emperor Shengzong, was very familiar with Taoist teachings, and her uncle Yelü Longyu was a devout Taoist believer. The crown is decorated with Taoist figures to reflect the spread of Taoism among the Khitan royal family.