Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, "early summer seedless, grape introduction and plastic greenhouse cultivation technology."
_ Li Guangwen
The "Early Summer Seedless" grape is a "summer black" budding variety, which is a European and American species, and is extremely early ripening. At present, it has been introduced in Fujian, Chongqing and other places for trial planting, and its performance is excellent. Baoji City, Shaanxi Province has not yet introduced the variety of trial planting, in order to enrich the quality resources, improve the cultivation efficiency, since 2016, the research through the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Project support, the introduction of "early summer seedless", the use of plastic greenhouses for experimental demonstration cultivation. The test garden has achieved the goals of planting in the first year, the results of the second year, and the harvest in the third year, and the key technologies of plastic greenhouse cultivation in the test are summarized as follows.
1 Basic information of the test park
The experimental garden is located in Jindali Vineyard, Jintai District, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, located on the northern slope of Baoji City, the north and east sides of the park are backed by mountains, the south and west sides are open, and the distance from the city center 1. ０ｋｍ 。 The test garden is 590m above sea level, 107°10′16"E, 34°22′38"N, with an average annual precipitation of 650mm and an average annual temperature of 12. 9 °C, for the grapes do not bury the soil cold cultivation area. Clay brown soil, thin and hard texture, soil pH 7. 8, drainage and irrigation conditions are good. The total area of the park is 100,000 m2, and it has been born for eight years, "Summer Black" and "Hutai No. 8" each 13 333 m2.
In the spring of 2016, the "Early Summer Seedless" Test Garden was built, and a total of 3 plastic greenhouses were planted with an area of 1 200m2 and a plant spacing of 1. 0m, line spacing 1. 6m, 250 plants in 5 rows per shed. Seedlings are grafted seedlings for the annual "Beida". The frame type is a hedge ledge, and the tree shape is a single-stem, single-arm hedge wall.
2 Test results
２． 1 Fruit economic traits
After treatment with the conditioner, the fruit grain is nearly round, the skin is thick, purple or blue-black, the fruit powder is thick, the flesh is crisp and hard, seedless, the rich strawberry aroma, the taste is sweet and sour, the juice is small, and the soluble solids content is 19. 7% , natural fruit panicle conical, with secondary panicle, commodity panicle into cylindrical shape, the average panicle quality of 600g, good quality.
２． 2 Growth outcome habits
The test garden is strong and robust, and the germination rate of bud eyes is as high as 81. 5%; average number of flower spikes of fruiting branches 1. 2, with more than 2 inflorescences resulting in branches accounting for 21%, resulting in a branch rate of 91. ３％ 。 The fruit began in the second year after planting, and the average plant yield was 1. 5kg, 375kg per 400m2 yield. The average plant yield in the third year after planting is 2. 5kg, 625kg per 400m2 yield. Fruiting begins at the fourth year after planting, with an average plant yield of 3. 6kg, 900kg per 400m2 yield.
２． 3 Phenological period
Cultivated in the greenhouses of Kindali Vineyards , it sprouts on March 5 , flowers begin on April 25 , bloom on April 28 , flower on May 2 , fruit begins to turn black to ripe in early June , ripens on June 26 , from flowering to maturity 55d , and leaves fall in early to mid-November.
3 Key technologies for greenhouse cultivation
３． 1 Steel frame plastic greenhouse construction
Plastic greenhouse span 8. 0 m , length 50. 0 m, ridge height 3. ０ｍ 。 The greenhouse runs in a north-south direction, opening doors at both ends, and 1. 0m Set the lamination groove, and install the film reel on the side of the laminating groove. Each arch (double layer) with a diameter of 4. 0cm of galvanized steel pipe is bent, and 1 connector is added to the top and two sides to fix it, and the arch spacing is 1. ０ｍ 。 Shed film with 0. 1mm dropless plastic shed film.
The frame type is a fence frame, and the column is made of steel pipe with a diameter of 40 mm, and the length is 2. 0m, buried depth 0. 5m, retention 1. 5m, the column is pulled on average 3 steel wires, each row of 6m planted 1 column, the two sides of the row buried anchor cable-stayed fixed.
３． 2 High-quality park building
Before planting, start with a micro-ridge of 10 cm high and 60 cm wide, excavate a colonization ditch with a depth and width of 40 cm, and apply enough organic fertilizer in the ditch at one time. Every 400m2, 3 000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 100kg of phosphorus fertilizer are applied, and the fertilizer and soil are mixed and evenly backfilled, and the water is irrigated to make the backfilled soil settle steadily. Planted in late March, inter-row irrigation pipes are laid, and after planting, they are watered and covered with black mulch film.
３． 3 Trimming
Single-stem, single-arm hedge wall whole branches are adopted. In the year of colonization, each plant was selected as the resulting mother branch, and the lead, heart and secondary shoots were treated according to the horizontal plastic surgery of one arm. When pruning in late autumn, the annual shoots (i.e., the fruiting mother branches) are first tied horizontally to the first wire, and each plant is extended in one direction, and then cut at the junction of the two plants. In the spring of the second year, in the horizontal direction of the fruiting mother branch, about 20 cm apart, select a strong shoot, the new shoot is bound upwards to form a standing wall-shaped leaf curtain, making it a fruiting branch or a vegetative branch, and each new shoot that grows on the resulting mother branch is tied to the second and third wires of the hedge, and the preparatory branches are cultivated at the base of the main vine, and the inflorescence on the preparatory branches is all removed, and the heart is plucked in time, and when the pruning is in the late autumn of the second year, all the fruiting branches are pruned, and the preparatory branches are used as the resulting mother branches of the second year, and then repeatedly every year.
３． 4 Greenhouse temperature and humidity management
From late January to early February, it takes about 40 days to cover the film, and it generally takes about 40 days to germinate to flower, and the budding and flowering period are maintained at about 25 ° C during the day, and the relative humidity of the air is maintained at 80% to 90%, and the two sides of the film are put down at night or closed the door for insulation. When the temperature is too high during the day, roll up the plastic film on both sides of the greenhouse or open the doors at both ends to ventilate and cool down, and the humidity is too low to spray on the tree. When the minimum temperature is stable above 15 °C (late May), it can be rolled up and removed from both sides of the film, and the top film can be used for 3 years.
３． 5 Fertilize and irrigate
In September, the base fertilizer is applied once a year, each plant is applied 10kg chicken manure + 5kg sake lees, 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer, and 50kg of potassium sulfate is applied.
The growing season is respectively before flowering, after flowering, coloring period, expansion stage, harvest before the irrigation system to apply water-soluble fertilizer 5 to 6 times, using a series of water-soluble fertilizer produced by Shaanxi Zhongnong Technology Co., Ltd., in turn using nano-carbon-root, nano-secret addition (mainly calcium and magnesium, and containing boiled iron, copper, molybdenum, boron, zinc, manganese and other trace elements), water Yifeng nano-carbon (balanced, high potassium type, carbon-based ternary compound micro-fertilizer), each time per 400m2 dosage of 5kg, flushing and irrigation is not more than 4h.
Irrigation is carried out through a water-saving irrigation system. Spring mulching before mulching 1 permeable, new shoots rapid growth period irrigation 1 to 2 times, fruit setting grains have soybean grain size irrigation once, fruit expansion period to softening stage combined with fertilizer irrigation 1 to 2 times, before coloring, after harvesting each irrigation 1 time water, other periods according to the dry and wet situation in the shed appropriate supplementation.
３． 6 Inflorescence treatment and use of regulators
"Early summer seedless" itself has poor fruit set and small fruit particles, which need to be treated with regulators. The first elongated inflorescence, 15 days before flowering (April 8, new shoots 6 to 7 leaf stage), with 1 g of Qibao (20% gibberellosis) + 20 kg of water dipped in the inflorescence, and plucked at the main shoot where 7 leaves are grown. After the inflorescence is elongated, about 8 spikes are pinched off, and each panicle retains 15 to 18 spikes. The second time to protect the flowers and fruits, at the end of the bloom (May 2), after all the flowers are opened, immediately carry out the flower preservation and fruit preservation treatment, and dip the inflorescence with 1 g of Qibao (20% gibberellosis) + 4 kg of water + 10 mL of piroxilon. After the fruit is set, the fruit grains on the shaft are thinned into a single layer of fruit, and the fruit spikes are formed into a cylindrical shape.
The 3rd fruit is expanded (around 12 May) and the inflorescence is dipped inflorescence with 2 g of Qibao (20% gibberellosis) +10 kg of water +20 mL of pyridoxine 10 days after the 2nd dose.
３． 7 Control the output of the new shoots
In order to make the growth of the new shoots neat and consistent, which is conducive to the regulator treatment, after the film heating, in early February (40 days before germination), 50% monocyanamide 250 mL + 5 kg of water spraying buds per 400 m2, the growth of the observation treatment in the 2018 and 2019 experimental gardens was uniform, and the maturity period of the treatment was advanced to June 22, 4 to 5 days earlier than the untreated. In order to control the growth of new shoots, spray 550 mg of accretinamide on the whole plant 1 week before flowering. Each meter (plant) main vine is fixed with 6 new shoots, and the stalks are sheared at one time after the stems are fixed (the toppings and tendrils are completed at one time). The main shoot top is in a "7 - 5 - 2" manner, and all the sub-shoots are removed under the inflorescence, and the upper inflorescence leaves 1 leaf to be plucked. Controlling yield is key to quality and early maturation. Per 400 m2, the average number of shoots is 1 500, and the yield per 1 spike is controlled at 300 kg, and the yield per 400 m2 is controlled within 900 kg.
３． 8 Fruit spike bagging
After the granulation, the whole park sprayed 20% phenylethicazole 3 000 times or 70% propysen zinc 800 times liquid, after the liquid dried, immediately covered with white single-layer paper bags, when ripe with bags to pick, to ensure that the fruit surface is smooth.
３． 9 Pest control
After more than 3 years of field observation, the "early summer seedless" grapes were cultivated through greenhouses that avoided the rain before and after. Pests and diseases rarely occur throughout the reproductive period. However, it is necessary to do a good job in spraying the garden with 5 ° Bé stone sulfur compound after the winter shearing of grapes and the pompom period, which has a greater effect on controlling diseases and insect pests.
4 Summary
In Jintai District, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, the use of plastic greenhouses to cultivate "early summer seedless", in the color of the fruit, grain quality, fruit sweetness, yield and other aspects of the obvious advantages, cultivation benefits. Under the same yield level conditions, "early summer seedless" matured 10 to 15 days earlier than "early black treasure" ("early black treasure" matured on July 10), matured 10 to 15 days earlier than "early summer seedless" in openland, and matured 30 days earlier than "summer black" cultivated in open field (matured on July 30 in open field "summer black" in the same garden). Greenhouse "early summer without nuclear" listing is on the occasion of the water decisive file, the market price in the past 3 years is the highest 40 yuan ·kg-1, the average 30 yuan ·kg-1 sales, and the price is stable, per 400 m2 output value 2. 40,000 yuan.
5 Discussion
５． 1 The ripening period is yield sensitive
As production increases, the ripening period will be delayed, so to give full play to the advantages of "early summer without seeds" and early maturity, it is necessary to control production.
５． 2 Beida rootstock is a more suitable rootstock
Although the grafting "early summer seedless" has small feet, its growth is robust and the results are good. The growth of the cuttings seedling "Summer Black" in the same garden is significantly stronger than that of the "Early Summer Seedless" grafted by "Beida", and the summer pipe is more labor-intensive, and the analysis may be that "Beida" has a controlling effect on the growth of the variety.