Psychological effects are the more common psychological phenomena and laws in social life; they are the causal reactions or chain reactions of the behavior or effects of a certain person or thing that cause other people or things to change accordingly.
As with anything else, it has both positive and negative implications.
Therefore, correctly recognizing, understanding, mastering and using psychological effects has a very important role and significance in people's daily life and work.
1. Birdcage logic
Hang a beautiful birdcage in the most conspicuous place in the room, and in a few days, the owner will definitely make one of the following two choices: throw the birdcage away, or buy a bird to come back and put it in the birdcage. This is the logic of the birdcage. The process is very simple, imagine that you are the owner of this room, as long as someone walks into the room and sees the bird cage, they can't help but ask you: "What about the birds?" Is it dead? When you reply, "I've never had a bird." People will ask, "So, what do you want a birdcage for?" "In the end you have to choose one of the two because it's much easier than endless explanations.
The logic of birdcages tells us that most of the time people are subject to strong inertial thinking: bird cages must be used to raise birds, marriage must first buy new houses, and society must be divided into three, six, nine, and so on. The benefit of this kind of inertial thinking is that it helps us quickly and quickly recognize and adapt to the world around us. However, if you extend inertial thinking to every corner of life, it will become a stereotypical thinking. Therefore, you may wish to occasionally try to break through the logic of the bird cage and carry out divergent thinking, perhaps there is another new world outside the bird cage.
Only by breaking through inertial thinking can we make progress.
2. Broken window effect
There is a phenomenon called the "broken window effect" in psychological research, that is, if the windows of a house are broken, no one will repair them, and soon after, other windows will be inexplicably broken; a wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned, soon, the wall is full of messy, unsightly things.
In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will throw it without hesitation and feel no shame. This is a very strange phenomenon.
Psychologists study this "tipping point", how dirty the ground is, people will feel that it is so dirty anyway, it doesn't matter how dirty it is, how bad the situation is, people will give up on themselves and let it rot to the end.
Any bad thing, if it is not blocked at the beginning, forms a wind, and cannot be changed, just like a river embankment, a small gap is not repaired in time, it can collapse the dam, causing millions of times the loss.
3. The effect of decentralization of responsibility
The "responsibility dispersion effect", also known as the "bystander effect", refers to the fact that for a single individual to be asked to complete a task alone, the sense of responsibility will be strong and a positive response will be made. If a group is asked to complete a task together, the sense of responsibility of each individual in the group will be weak, and they will often shrink back in the face of difficulties or the need to take responsibility.
At 3:20 p.m. on March 13, 1964, in front of an apartment outside New York, a young woman named Juneobey was assassinated on her way home from work in the bar. When she cried out in despair, "Someone is going to kill someone!" Help me! Help!" Shouting was heard, nearby residents lit up their lights, opened the windows, and scared the killer away. When all calm is restored, the killer returns to the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again, and the murderer escaped again. When she thought she was all right and went back to her house to go upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, despite her loud cries for help, at least 38 of her neighbors came to the window to watch, but none of them came to her rescue, not even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in New York society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. People call this phenomenon of many bystanders seeing death and not saving themselves as the dispersion of responsibilities effect.
Psychologists have conducted a great deal of experiments and investigations into the causes of the dispersion of responsibilities, and found that this phenomenon cannot be merely described as a manifestation of the ruthlessness of the masses or the increasing moral degeneration. Because on different occasions, people's aid behavior is indeed different. When a person encounters an emergency situation, if he is the only one who can help, he will be soberly aware of his responsibility and help the victim. If he sees death and does not save, he will feel guilty and guilty, which requires a high psychological cost. And if there are many people present, the responsibility for helping the helper is shared by everyone, resulting in a dispersion of responsibility, each person's share of responsibility is very small, and the bystander may not even be aware of his own share of the responsibility, thus creating a "I do not save, by others to save" psychology, resulting in a situation of "collective indifference". How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.
4. Parkinson's law
The famous British historian Northgud Parkinson wrote a book called Parkinson's Law through long-term research.
In the book, he explains the causes and consequences of the expansion of the organization's personnel: an incompetent official may have three ways out: the first is to apply for retirement and give up his seat to a competent person; the second is to let a competent person assist him in his work; and the third is to appoint two people of a lower level than himself as assistants. This first path is impossible, for it would be a loss of many rights; the second way cannot be taken, for the capable man will become his opponent; and it seems that only the third path is the most appropriate. Thus, two mediocre assistants shared his work, and he himself gave orders from above, and they did not pose a threat to their rights. Since the two assistants are incompetent, they go up and down, and find two more incompetent assistants for themselves. By analogy, a bloated, over-the-top, mutually exclusive, and inefficient leadership system has been formed.
5. Halo effect
The halo effect (lover's eyes out of the West) is also known as the halo effect, which refers to the fact that people's cognitive judgment of others is based on their own personal preferences, and then deduces other qualities of the cognitive object from this judgment, so that the phenomenon of "summarizing with points and generalizing with partial generalizations" eventually appears.
Pushkin, the famous Russian writer, suffered greatly from the effect of the halo effect. He fell feverishly in love with Natalie, known as the "First Beauty of Moscow", and married her. Natalie's appearance is amazing, but she is not in line with Pushkinzhi. When Pushkin read the written poems to her every time. She always covered her ears and said, "Don't listen! Don't listen! On the contrary, she always asked Pushkin to accompany her to play, attend some luxurious parties and dances, and Pushkin left his creations for this, made him in debt, and finally died for her duel, so that a literary superstar fell prematurely. In Pushkin's view, a beautiful woman must also have extraordinary wisdom and noble character, but this is not the case, and this phenomenon is called the halo effect.
6. Hawthorne effect
An experimenter effect in psychology. In the 1920s and 1930s, American researchers discovered the experimenter effect, known as the Hawthorne effect, in experiments on working conditions, social factors, and production-benefit relationships conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Power Company in Chicago.
The first stage of the experiment was the relationship between working conditions and production efficiency from November 1924, and was set as the experimental group and the control group. As a result, regardless of whether the illumination was increased or controlled, the output of the experimental group increased, and the output of the control group with the same illumination also increased. In addition, factors such as wage remuneration, breaks, length of work per day and number of working days per week have been tested, and it is not clear that these working conditions have a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the experiment, led by Mayo, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, focused on the relationship between social factors and production efficiency, and found that the increase in production efficiency was mainly due to the great changes in the spirit of the subjects. The workers who participated in the experiment were placed in specialized laboratories and led by researchers, and their social conditions changed and received attention from all sides, thus forming a sense of participation in the experiment and feeling that they were an important part of the company, so that the workers were motivated from a social point of view and promoted the rise in production.
This effect tells us that when classmates or ourselves are noticed or watched by the public, the efficiency of learning and interaction increases greatly. Therefore, we must learn to get along with others in daily life, understand what kind of behavior is accepted and appreciated by classmates and teachers, we can only continue to increase our own good behavior in life and learning, it is possible to receive more people's attention and appreciation, and it is possible to make our learning continuously improved and full of confidence!