Human Geography of Old Beijing, edited by Yue Shengyang and edited by Wang Hongbo et al., Beijing Publishing House, January 2021.
The original author 丨 Wang Hongbo and so on
Excerpt 丨An also
In ancient times, people often regarded mountains as the reliance of a city, influencing the fate of the city. China's vast territory Chinese views on landscapes and rivers often have huge spatial scales. For a capital city like Beijing, its environment must be described on the scale of thousands of miles. The Ming dynasty said that Beijing: Mountains come from the clouds, surrounded by the Yellow River in front, Taishan towers to the left as a dragon, Mount Hua towers to the right as a tiger, Songshan is the previous case, the Huainan Mountains are the second serious case, and the Five Ridges mountains in Jiangnan are the third serious case. To the north of Beijing is a mountain range from the east of Kunlun Mountain, and the "North Pillow Juyong" is the Jundu Mountain in the Juyongguan area, which belongs to the Yanshan Mountain Range. To the west is the Taihang Mountains, to the south are Mount Tai and Mount Hua, symbolizing the Green Dragon and the White Tiger, and the front of the Triple Case Mountain can reach the South of the Five Ridges in Jiangnan. Water, on the other hand, includes the sea and the Yellow River and other rivers.
The mountains around the small plains of Beijing have hills that protrude into the plains, like jumping notes, adding a sense of rhythm to the plains of the Pingchuan River, and are also given various humanistic connotations by people living here and nearby, such as the famous Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, etc., which are such mountains. Due to the cultural influence of Beijing City, a densely distributed band of culture is formed at the junction of the mountains and plains of Beijing, which is called the Shanqian Cultural Belt. Beijing's mountain culture is rich and colorful, and it is an important part of Beijing's history and culture.
"First there is Tanzhu Temple, then there is Beijing City"
Beijing's mountainous regions have a long history of cultural connotations. As early as the Paleolithic Age, there are human remains such as the Beijing Ape Man of Zhoukoudian Dragon Bone Mountain hundreds of thousands of years ago, the New Cave Man of 100,000 years ago, and the Cave Man of the Mountaintop more than 20,000 years ago. Beijing's mountainous areas include basins formed by stratigraphic differences and valleys formed by alluvial rivers, which are relatively flat and where ancestors have long flourished. For example, the tomb of the East Hulin people 10,000 years ago is located on the river terraces of the Qingshui River.
Rich archaeological cultures have also been found in the mountain front areas of Xishan and Yanshan, such as the Shangzhai culture of Pinggu, the Zhenjiangying culture of Fangshan, and the Snow Mountain culture of Changping, which all reflect the activities of prehistoric humans in the mountain front area. In the historical period, the saying that "there was Tanzhu Temple first, then there was Beijing City" raised the status of mountain culture to a very high position, indicating that Beijing Mountain Not only participated in the development of the history and culture of Beijing, but also became an indispensable part of Beijing's local culture, urban culture and imperial capital culture.
Beijing's mountainous land is formed in the stratigraphic rise and fall movement of geological age, which preserves many evidences and relics of Beijing's geological evolution and landform formation. Beijing is located at the intersection of geological tectonic belts, and the geological structure is complex. The Yanshan Movement more than 100 million years ago, that is, the geological movement of the formation period of the mountains in the Beijing area, laid the foundation for the geological structure of the region. For tens of millions of years, especially under the influence of the Himalayan movement, that is, the Himalayan uplift, the new tectonic movement in the geology of the region is strong, and it is extremely obvious in the evolution of geological structure and geomorphology.
Beijing Xishan is a Mountain system of the Taihang Mountains, which run roughly in a north-east-southwest direction, forming three main ridges. The northernmost ridge is the oblique ridge from Baihua Mountain, Manji Mountain, Qingshuijian to Miaofeng Mountain, the middle is the oblique ridge from Jiulong Mountain to Long'en Temple, and the southernmost is the oblique ridge of Changgou Yubei ridge. The highest peaks of the West Mountain are all on such a geological tectonic axis.
The northern and northeastern mountains of Beijing belong to the Yanshan Mountains. Jundu Mountain runs east from the Dasha River through Changping, Yanqing, Huairou, Miyun, Pinggu and other districts, and distributes a series of basins, such as Yanqing Basin, Yanluo Basin, Pinggu Basin, Mingling Basin and so on.
Important rivers in the Beijing area originate from the mountains or flow through the mountains before running through the city of Beijing. Therefore, from the perspective of water source, beijing's mountains are the source of water, the breeding ground and supply of water resources. In this sense, the mountains of Beijing are the soil for the generation and development of the city, which cares for the "Beijing Bay" in a hugging posture, and nourishes and nurtures the City of Beijing, which has been thriving for thousands of years in the form of water sources. In this process, the mountains and waters of Beijing together constitute the geographical environment on which Beijing city originated and continued to develop, and also provide environmental venues for many mountain-based and water-based scenic spots in Beijing, constituting a cultural landscape in Beijing where mountains and rivers blend.
Hou Renzhi hand painted a map of Beijing Bay.
The mountain ranges in the Beijing area, judging from their geographical location and mountain shape trend, provide a good geographical pattern for the origin and early development of Beijing City. From the perspective of natural geography, it is precisely because of the existence of the West Mountain and north mountains around Beijing that the water-bearing air mass in the monsoon climate forms rainfall in the process of gradually climbing over the mountain, moisturizing the land of Beijing; at the same time, it weakens the impact of the cold air mass cold current from Siberia in winter, making the winter not very cold.
From the perspective of human geography, politically and militarily, Beijing's mountainous areas guard the city of Beijing all the time, and the city has a certain dependence on mountains. At the same time, the mountain is also a good place for Beijing residents to find spiritual beliefs and a quiet summer environment. In short, the city of Beijing and the surrounding mountains have a very close natural and humanistic connection, and the two cannot be completely separated. Therefore, shan participates in the construction of the urban environmental background, which determines the characteristics of urban growth and the direction of spatial development to a certain extent.
There is a very close connection between the residents of Beijing City and the mountains of the Beijing area, and these connections are reflected through the various needs of people's faith, sacrifice, escape from the world, leisure, sightseeing, and scientific expeditions. There are many religious sites in the mountainous areas of Beijing, such as Buddhist temples, Taoist temples and the remnants of various local beliefs and even Western religions, such as the Cross Temple. These religious sites are selected in mountainous areas, on the one hand, the requirements of religion itself, and on the other hand, the mountainous areas meet the religious needs of Beijing's urban residents.
The mountains were also a hermitage for literati and scholars, and it became another part of mountain culture. Especially in modern times, Xishan and Yanshan have become the first choice for Beijing citizens to rest, sightseeing and escape the summer. This kind of citizen demand has covered all corners of Beijing's mountainous areas, forming mountain tourism and becoming an important form of mountain culture.
Mingshan culture is an important part of Beijing's urban culture
In 1927, the Discovery of the Beijing Ape Man Site at Zhoukoudian Dragon Bone Mountain in Fangshan District, Beijing, unveiled the prelude to the archaeological excavation of prehistoric human culture in Beijing and also opened the veil of rich ancient cultural heritage in Beijing. Since then, the cave people on the top of the mountain, the new cave people, and the tianyuan cave people have been discovered in the mountainous and shallow hilly areas of Fangshan in Beijing, showing the early, middle and late Paleolithic human remains in Beijing. This laid a solid cultural foundation for the emergence and development of the Neolithic archaeological culture in the Beijing area.
In this sense, the development of Beijing's civilization began in the mountains, especially the shallow hills, river valleys and terraces at the junction of mountains and plains. Mountains have become the best environmental choice for the early civilizations in Beijing to multiply and live. This geographical feature of the origin of human civilization also brings the history and mountains of the Beijing area closer together. Subsequently, in 1966, the remains of early Neolithic tombs were discovered in the west of Donghulin Village, Zhaitang Town, Mentougou District, Beijing, thus opening the prelude to the archaeology of the new period in Beijing. Since then, sites such as Zhuannian, Snow Mountain, Shangzhai and Zhenjiangying have been discovered in the Beijing area, which has greatly enriched the connotation of neolithic archaeological culture in Beijing and gradually established an archaeological cultural sequence.
Most of the above Neolithic archaeological cultures, such as Donghulin and Zhuannian, are located in the river valleys of the Xishan and Yanshan Mountains in Beijing, while the rest of the Neolithic remains are mostly in the mountain front and high river terraces not far from the mountains. From the perspective of geographical environment, it is affected by many aspects of the mountain environment, so these archaeological cultures undoubtedly have the characteristics of mountain culture. It shows that in the early Beijing area, the culture created by the ancestors was inextricably linked to the mountains.
Because the mountains in the Beijing area are located in the west, north and northeast, it has become a natural transition zone between the Beijing Plain area and the northern plateau and grassland, which is the erosion mountain between the plateau and the plain from the geomorphological unit. Mainly river erosion, there are traceability, downward cut and side width erosion in various forms, river erosion zone will often form a relatively flat narrow river terrace, along the river on both sides of the terrace or mountain front will form a natural road. These roads are important passages for the plains to enter the mountains and climb up the plateau from the mountains.
According to Mr. Hou Renzhi's research, there are three main mountain passages in the Beijing area that lead to the north and northeast. One is to the east along the yanshan mountain front belt through Shanhaiguan into the northeast region. One is to travel northeast of Beijing, enter Huairou and Miyun, and enter the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the Daxinganling region through Gubeikou. One is to travel northwest, through present-day Changping, over Juyongguan and Badaling into the Huaiyan Basin, and then north into the Inner Mongolian Plateau. In addition to these mountain avenues, there are also large and small secondary mountain passages, or just for entering the mountains, or descending from the plateau, or the mountainous internal passages in the east-west and north-south directions, which can be said to cover the entire mountainous area of Beijing.
These internal passages of the mountains are not only the human and geographical characteristics of the mountains themselves, but also an important exchange channel connecting more residents and cultures in the mountains and plains, and between the mountains and the plateaus. Therefore, the geographical passage in the mountains of Beijing is a geographical passage, an economic passage, and a cultural channel. They are inextricably linked to the Beijing Plain, especially the city of Beijing, which is located above the plain.
Pottery excavated from the Hiraya Shangzhai Neolithic site.
Since the LiaoJin Dynasty, Beijing began to become the capital of local political power and the capital of the whole country, and the military defense of Beijing became more and more important.
For the plain-located city of Beijing, its natural geographical barrier against the southward and invasion of the northern grassland culture is the mountains in the west, north and northeast. Therefore, the Great Wall has been built in and around the mountains for generations to resist foreign invasions and the influence of foreign cultures. As early as the pre-Qin period, after opening up the five northern counties, Shunshi built the Great Wall of Northern Yan in the northern mountains of the five counties. It can be said that the State of Yan basically encompassed the Yan Mountains within its own territory, becoming another barrier in addition to the Great Wall against the northern ethnic groups moving south. Since then, the Northern Qi, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty have also built and repaired the Great Wall in the mountains of Beijing, and the arch function of the mountains to Beijing has been maximized. From this point of view, the role of Beijing's Xishan and Yanshan in the arch guard of Beijing City is very obvious, and they have played an important role in the development of Beijing City and the formation of urban culture.
The Yamazen (Asayama) cultural belt that surrounds the capital. Affected by the terrain, Beijing's famous mountain culture is an important part of Beijing's urban culture and an indispensable factor in Beijing's urban style of integrating landscape and water. The culture of famous mountains includes cultural factors such as the beliefs of urban residents, the former residences of celebrities, the relics of major historical events, leisure and recreation places, the seclusion of literati, and the singing of poems and songs. Together, these cultural factors form a Mountain Culture Belt in Beijing. This cultural belt is similar to the backyard of Beijing culture, which can contain various types of cultural factors, and at the same time can promote the excellent traditions originating in the mountains to the plain areas of Beijing's cultural core area. In short, the semi-encircled mountainous features not only provide a closed and suitable geographical environment for the development of Beijing's history, but also participate in the whole process of the formation of Beijing's history and culture.
What are the famous mountains in Beijing?
Dongling Mountain
Dongling Mountain is located in the northwest of the Jingximentougou mountainous area, and Zhangjiakou Zhuolu, Huailai two counties border, the main peak of 2303 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Beijing, the altitude exceeds Lushan, Taishan, Huangshan and other famous peaks, known as the "Everest" of Jingxi, also known as the Lingshan, and the surrounding mountains, staggered peaks, together constitute the "roof" mountain system network in Beijing.
The main peak of Dongling Mountain
The original name of Lingshan Mountain is "Tianyun Mountain", taking the meaning of "clouds in the mountains, mountains in the sky", and the sky, clouds and mountains are one, and the clouds go to the mountains to turn the sky into light and darkness, which is actually a fairyland on earth. The origin of the name "Tianyun Mountain" is evidenced by the inscription excavated from the Xiangu Tomb on the south side of the main peak of Lingshan Mountain. Lingshan is also known as "Alum Mountain", according to the "[Kangxi] Wanping County Chronicle" record: Lingshan snow all year round, looking at it like alum, so it is also named "Alum Mountain". And there is a major town in Zhuolu, Hebei Province, "Alum Mountain Town" hence the name. The name "Dongling Mountain" is relative to the Xiling Mountain in Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, in the west, and is said to have begun in the Yuan Dynasty, when the Lingyan Temple in Qijiazhuang Village in Western Beijing was completed, a banner hung in the center of the lobby of the Lingyan Temple, which read, "Lingyan Temple looks for Reiki, Reiki comes from Dongling Mountain."
Hundred Flowers Mountain
Baihua Mountain is located in Qingshui Town, Mentougou District, Beijing, known as "Hundred Flowers Tuo" in the Ming Dynasty, is the third highest peak in Beijing, with an altitude of 1991 meters, located in the west of Beijing, belonging to the northern end of Taihang Mountain, Xiaowutai branch, now known as "Zhiguang Holy Land, Hanging Garden".
The scenic resources of Baihua Mountain are divided into four scenic spots: the main peak of Baihua Mountain, the hundred flowers meadow, the Wanghai Tower, and the hundred grass banks. There are 18 unique landscapes and 35 scenic spots, such as "Hundred Flowers and Grass Banks", "Hundred Flowers Mountain Waterfall", "Ten Thousand Years of Ice Muscle", "Ancient Trees", "Genting Sunrise", "Ice Wall Rock Pillars", "Ice Edge Castle", "Rising clouds", "Sunset Yingcui", "Seven Colored Jade Belt", "Golden Toad Worshiping the Moon", "Ant Mountain", "White Mang Long Roar", "Pine Tree Corridor" and so on.
There are "Ancient Stone Sea", "Ice Edge Castle", "Ice Wall Rock Column", etc. in Baihua Mountain, which are historical sites of geological change, formed under the cold conditions of the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene. There are typical geological structure landscapes, geological profile landscapes, and volcanic lava landscapes such as the "Natural Great Wall", "Mother and Child Stone", "Zhenshan Stone - Splendid Heaven", and "Hump" and "Wenshu Statue" of Dongliang. After the Five Dynasties period, Tang Like built pavilions here during the war; in the Ming Dynasty, there were temples such as the Dragon King Temple and the Ruiyun Temple, and the temple ruins still exist, and the "Huguo Xianguang Zen Temple" on the top of the mountain is the highest temple in Beijing.
Myoho Mountain
Miaofeng Mountain is located at the junction of Jingximentougou District and Changping District, which belongs to the remnants of Taihang Mountain and is the main peak of the northern foothills of Xishan Mountain, with an altitude of 1291 meters. Myoho Mountain, originally known as Dayun Mountain. The Jin and Yuan dynasties were named after Miaofeng, and the Ming Dynasty built the Bixia Yuanjun Temple. According to legend, Bixia Yuanjun was the daughter of Emperor Dongyue, so the folk called niangniang temple the top, Andiho Mountain is located in the west of Beijing, and the west is Jin, so it is called the Golden Peak Miaofeng Mountain. Miaofeng Mountain is majestic and beautiful, famous for "Qisong", "Strange Rock" and "Strange Hui", known as "the first immortal mountain in North China"; the cultural landscape mainly includes Niangniang Temple (Huiji Temple), Inspiration Palace, Jade Emperor Peak and so on.
Golden Peak Myoho Mountain
To say that the most famous of Miaofeng Mountain is also the Niangniang Temple Temple Festival. The temple fair began during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty and has a history of nearly 400 years. Every year from the first to the fifteenth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, hundreds of thousands of good men and women from all over the country, hundreds of folk flowers will gather on Miaofeng Mountain, incense to the top, pay mountain competitions, give porridge cloth tea, the scene is spectacular, the piety of the believers is really rare.
According to the Qing Dynasty's "Records of the Yanjing Years": "Since the opening of the temple for half a month on the first day of the first month, the incense is extremely popular. Where there was rain before the opening of the mountain, it is called pure mountain rain. The temple is in the middle of ten thousand mountains, and the lone peak stands, circling upwards, like a spiral. The former can be practiced on the top of the latter, and the feet of the former can be seen later. From beginning to end, day and night, people have no stop to toes, and there is no smoke. Spectacle! "People are crowded, cars and horses are noisy, and the lights are busy at night, as bright as a column." Counting people from all walks of life, there are about hundreds of thousands. In monetary terms, there are about hundreds of thousands. The abundance of incense can be used in the world. In 1925, Mr. Gu Jiegang of the Institute of Chinese Studies of Peking University conducted a special investigation of the Miaofeng Mountain Temple Fair and published the "Miaofeng Mountain Into The Fragrance Special Number", which created a precedent for fieldwork in Folklore in China and became one of the beginnings of Chinese folklore.
Fragrant Mountain
Xiangshan is located in the western suburbs of Beijing, covers an area of more than 180 hectares, was founded in the twenty-sixth year of Jin Dading (1186), has a history of nearly 900 years, as early as the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the royal family built a palace courtyard in Xiangshan, every summer and autumn the emperor had to go here to hunt and cool down. Xiangshan Park has steep terrain, green peaks and lush springs. The highest peak of the Xiangshan Scenic Area is the main peak of the incense burner peak (commonly known as the ghost), 557 meters above sea level, the highest peak has a huge milk peak stone, shaped like an incense burner, at dusk, the clouds are swirling, far away, as if the incense smoke rises in the furnace, so the name of the incense burner mountain, referred to as the incense mountain.
In ancient times, Xiangshan was most famous for its apricot blossoms, which bloomed every spring and were full of fragrance. Wang Heng of the Ming Dynasty recorded: "The apricot tree can be 100,000 trees, and the first victory of this fragrant mountain is also"; the Ming poem has the sentence "The temple enters the ancient road of the fragrant mountain, the lin palace is half covered by green clouds, the courtyard of the cloister flows spring water, and the thousand cliffs plant apricot blossoms". In the Ming Dynasty's "Imperial Scenery and Material Strategy", it is recorded: "Or: Fragrant Mountain, Apricot Blossom Fragrance, Fragrant Mountain Also..."
Fragrant mountain has a strong humanistic atmosphere, many cultural relics and monuments, pavilions and pavilions like stars scattered among the mountains and forests, there are one of the eight scenic spots of Yanjing "Xishan Qingxue", the Biyun Temple, a temple that integrates the architectural styles of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the only remaining wooden gold 500 Luohan Hall in China, the Temple of the Emperor Zongjing Zhao who greeted the Sixth Panchen Lama, the quaint courtyard with Jiangnan characteristics, the earliest place where Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee stationed in Beiping - Shuangqing Villa, dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin temporary house - Biyun Temple Diamond Throne Pagoda, Biyun Temple Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall and Sun Yat-sen's Crown Tomb and so on.
Biyun Temple at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain
Lotus Mountain
Lotus Mountain, also known as Shenglian Mountain, is located in the mountains and mountains northwest of Fangshan District in Beijing, with an altitude of 930 meters, and is a gathering place for Taoism. Shenglian Mountain, known as Taishan In ancient times, is called Lotus Mountain because the entire mountain resembles a piece of lotus petals; and it is also famous for its stone pond, "Fangshan County Chronicle" contains "There is a stone pond in the northeast corner, with springs dripping like a chi slip, and a stone pond under it, which can be used by more than a dozen people." The name of Houshitang is based on this".
Pantao Palace is a landmark building complex of Shengmi Shitang, which was built in 1924 and is a relatively complete Taoist temple, with three palaces of the Queen Mother, Doumu, And Our Lady, and the Three Qing Halls. There are two large natural caves on the backing hill of the palace: Jiulian Cave and Santai Cave. Jiulian Cave has been dripping water for many years, and the stalactites and stalagmites in the cave are varied. The three caves are unfathomable, the cave cliff mantle is like a curtain, the ancient zhentang sits in the cave, the cave and the hall are one, complementing each other, the pines and cypresses in the courtyard compete for the show, and the red wall and yellow tiles of the temple are competing for glory. At that time, Shenglian Mountain was famous for its holy water to regulate hundreds of diseases, and dignitaries such as Cao Kun and Wu Peifu built villas here for vacation and health. Yang Xiaolou, an artist of the older generation of Peking Opera and a martial artist, spent a lot of money to build the Yang Family Courtyard here.
Up the hill
Shangshang Mountain, located in the territory of Fangshan District of Beijing, is a branch of Yanshan Mountain, the main peak "Pillar of Heaven", with an altitude of 838 meters, known as Dafang Mountain. According to the "Aftermath of Chunming Dreams", "The mountain above is called Dafang Mountain in ancient times, and it is the most famous qixiu." Ancient Monument Cloud: Youyan Ao Room. And the "Imperial Capital Scenery Strategy" said: "The mountains of the big house are also named, and the mountains above are named late, one or two hundred years." "Chang'an Ke dialect" also said "go up the Fang Mountain".
According to the Republic of China edition of the "Fangshan County Chronicle": "Dafang Mountain, the ancient name of Dafang Mountain. Since the Yuan Dynasty rebuilt Fangshan County, the name of the Great Defense was extinguished. For example, the "Book of Tang and Geography" has "There is Dafang Mountain in the west of Liangxiang", "Taiping Huanyu Ji" has "Dafang Mountain is thirty-five miles northwest of Liangxiang, and there are stone caves (Holes and Water Caves) under the mountain", and the Sui Tu Jing Notes have "There is an Immortal Jade Hall on the Mountain". These historical materials all record "room" as "defense". 4 In fact, at least in the Liao Dynasty, "defense" has been renamed "fang". Therefore, some people believe that the upper mountain is gradually evolved from Dafang Mountain and Dafang Mountain. However, the "Fangshan County Chronicle" also said: "The upper mountain is named after the upper temple." This is more credible.
Stone through the mountain
Shijing Mountain is located in the foothills of the White Belt Mountains, about 75 kilometers southwest of Beijing. "Imperial Scenery and Material Strategy": "Forty miles southwest of Fangshan County, there are mountains with white clouds, waist and half of its foothills, known as the White Belt Mountain." "The Republic of China's "Fangshan County Chronicle" contains: Shijing Mountain, more than forty miles southwest of the county, was originally named White Belt Mountain, because of the Tibetan Stone Classic, so it was named Shijing Mountain. The main peak of Shijing Mountain is 450 meters above sea level, which is the origin of the Fangshan Stone Scripture. Its scenery is beautiful, the scenery is quiet, surrounded by mountain peaks in the distance, like a lotus heart, like the holy land of ancient Indian Tianzhu, so it is called "Xiao xi tian", such as "Chang'an Ke Dialect" contains "Shi Jing mountain peak Xiu pulled up, like Tianzhu, because it is called Xiao Xi Tian". There is Yunju Temple in Shijing Mountain, which was founded in the Sui Dynasty, fully known as "Western Yunju Zen Forest", which is a Buddhist holy place. At its peak, there were hundreds of monks in the monastery. Yunju Temple and Shijingshan Tibetan Scripture Cave are listed as national key cultural relics protection units.
Yunju Temple preserves the complete and precious "Stone Scriptures". The founder of Yunju Temple, the Sui Dynasty monk Huisi, in view of the teachings of the destruction of Buddhism during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, vowed to collect buddhist scriptures carved in stone to prevent the extinction of the religion. His apprentice Jing Huan, inheriting his master's aspirations, took stone carvings from the Sui Dynasty to the Tang Zhenguan years. After Jing Huan's death, four generations of his disciples successively presided over the engraving of scriptures, which were inherited from generation to generation until the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. It lasted for 1039 years and made a total of 14278 stone inscriptions, making it the largest stone carving library in the world. These stone scriptures are stored in the Shijingshan Tibetan Scripture Cave and the Tibetan Scripture Cave under the South Pagoda of Yunju Temple.
Balcony Hill
Balcony Mountain, located on the dividing line between Haidian District and Mentougou District, the main peak is 1276 meters above sea level, which is the first peak near the plain, commonly known as Sun Mountain, or Yang Mountain, and some people call it YangShan Peak. Yang characters, the ancients also wrote "Yang". Historically, it is also known as Yunfeng Mountain, or Miaofeng Peak. Balcony Mountain is ten miles from north to south, majestic and magnificent. In the north, there are granite mountains exposed, and the peaks are beautiful, like huangshan mountains. To the south, it is gradually covered with volcanic rocks, although it is less beautiful, but more majestic. Overlooking the plain, Balcony Mountain rises from the plain at an altitude of 50 meters above sea level, with a drop of more than 1200 meters, showing a majestic momentum tens of miles away, so it is valued by Buddhism and has become a Buddhist holy place.
There are many places of interest and monuments in the terrace mountain, including the ruins of the thousand-year-old dajue temple and the upper temple; there is a well-preserved tomb of the Prince of Alcohol of the Qing Dynasty; there is a legend that Cixi's cousin Jin Xian cut her hair and became a nunnery; and there is also a beautiful vulture peak.
Balcony Mountain Foothills Dajue Temple
Phoenix Ridge
Fenghuangling, located in Sujiatuo Town, Haidian District, belongs to the northern foothills of Balcony Mountain. The mountain is granite, with huge rocks, like Huangshan Mountain, so it is called Xiaohuangshan Mountain. Fenghuangling is the remnant of the balcony mountain, the Southern Foothills of the Jin Dynasty stationed in the Mountain, the real name is Laoye Mountain, during the Republic of China, some people carved "Phoenix Ridge" three big characters on the cliff, each word is 4 meters high, 3.2 meters wide, and the stroke into the stone is 0.12 meters. In the past, in order to seek feng shui, people often named the backer behind the cemetery with "phoenix", and there are many mountains named after phoenix in the Beijing area. In the past, the abbot of the local temple wanted to change the Phoenix Ridge to Phoenix Mountain, but due to the opposition of the people, they gave up, and the three characters of "Phoenix Ridge" were preserved.
The cultural landscape of Fenghuangling is rich and colorful, with both the imprint of religious culture and the traces of health culture, numerous relics, rich cultural accumulation, and natural landscapes complement each other, which together constitute more than 40 scenic spots in the north, middle and south. The Fenghuangling area is the source of folklore on the outskirts of Beijing, and there are a large number of moving legends, such as the Golden Bull Pulling Mill, the Hanging Temple, and the Cool Stone.
In 1928, the four-door pagoda-style stone Buddha hall was built.
Kowloon Mountain
Jinling Ruins, located near Yunfeng Temple in Dafangshan Foothills, Fangshan District, Beijing, is 48 kilometers away from the city. There are mountains and water here, the area is vast, the feng shui is very good, and it is the mausoleum of the emperors of the Jin Dynasty. Yunfeng Mountain, also known as Kowloon Mountain, is named after the nine ridges that run like Kowloon. A total of 17 emperors, concubines and kings from the jin dynasty to Zhangzong were buried, and it was the first imperial tomb in Beijing, about 200 years before the Ming Tombs.
The main mausoleum area of Jinling is on the ground of Jiulongshan Mountain, covering an area of about 65,000 square meters. The Shibi Mountain opposite Jiulong Mountain is jinling's "Shadow Wall Mountain", which is also known as "Chaoshan Mountain" and "Other Shore Mountain", there is a depression in the middle of Shibi Mountain, and people attach it to the place where the emperor puts pen during the rest of the official documents, so it is also called "Case Mountain".
For Jinling, there are not many historical records. The jinhailing king Yan Liang began construction in March of the third year of Zhenyuan (1155), and moved the tombs of Taizu Rui and Taizong Gong from Shangjing (Acheng, Heilongjiang) to be buried here. In the first year of Zhenglong (1156), the ten tombs such as the Ancestral Guangling Tomb, the Dedi Xi Mausoleum, the An Emperor Jianling Mausoleum, the Xianzu Hui Mausoleum, the Zhaozu An Mausoleum, the Jingzu Ding Mausoleum, the Shizu Yong Mausoleum, the Suzong Tai Mausoleum, the Kangzong Qiao Mausoleum and the Muzong XianLing Tomb were buried here. By the end of Emperor Zhangzong's reign, palaces and above-ground buildings had been built throughout Jinling. Jinling is divided into three parts: the Imperial Tomb, the Concubine Tomb and the Zhaoyu of the Kings. The boundary of the mausoleum was 78 km during the Dading period and 64 km during the Da'an period. The mausoleum is walled and earthen forts are built at regular intervals. After jin, the mausoleum was left unguarded, and the aboveground part was gradually destroyed. During the Ming Dynasty, due to the rise of the Later Jin regime, the Ming Emperor was confused by the warlock's theory, believing that the rise of the Later Jin was "related to the qi vein" of Jinling, so he demolished the above-ground buildings in Jinling. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some mausoleums were restored, and special tomb guards were also set up to offer sacrifices in the spring and autumn. It was repaired again during the Qianlong period, but it was later seriously damaged, and the above-ground part of Jinling was almost no trace. In 1986, a stele of "Tomb of Emperor Ruizong Wenwu Jiansu" was unearthed.
Keel Mountain
Dragon Bone Mountain is a well-known mountain in China and abroad, in the west of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, named after the abundant production of Traditional Chinese medicine keel on the mountain. Backed by the undulating Taihang Mountains, Keel Mountain faces the vast North China Plain, with streams flowing in front of the mountains, rich in natural resources and a warm and pleasant climate. About 700,000 years ago, the Peking Ape Man lived in a natural cave on this hill; about 100,000 years ago, the Xindong people lived here; about 18,000 years ago, the mountaintop cave people also lived here. The Peking Ape Man, the New Cave Man, and the Mountaintop Cave Man are all paleolithic primitive humans who spent a long time here, leaving behind a wealth of cultural relics, relics, and bones.
The Beijing Ape Man Site, located in a deep cave halfway up the Keel Mountain, is known as the "First Place of Zhoukoudian". Discoveries began in 1921 and systematic excavations were carried out in 1927. In 1929, under the auspices of Mr. Pei Wenzhong, a Chinese paleoanthropologist and archaeologist, the first complete fossil of the peking ape skull was excavated at Dragon Bone Mountain, which shocked the world. In 1953, at the foot of Keel Mountain, the Museum of Paleoanthropological Sites was established.
Jundu Mountain
Jundu Mountain is the main mountain range in Beijing, belonging to the Yanshan Mountain Range, located at the junction of the Yanshan Mountain Range and the Taihang Mountain Range, adjacent to the Yanshan Mountain in the east by Gubeikou, and the western boundary is Juyongguan, which is opposite the Taihang Mountain. Jundu Mountain extends roughly in an east-west direction, more than 100 kilometers long and tens of kilometers wide, and is known as the northwest gateway of Beijing. The main body of Jundu Mountain is composed of two mountain ranges, the northern branch is Haituo Mountain - Buddha Ridge - Ouzhen Mountain, and the southern branch is Yanyu Mountain - Fengtuoliang - Yunmeng Mountain.
The reason for the name of Jundu Mountain, according to the historical "Hanshu Geographical Chronicle", "Jundu County belongs to Shanggu County. "In the town of Machikou in present-day Changping District, there is the ruins of the ancient city of Jundu, also known as Tucheng. The "Jundu Kao" compiled by Wang Xuanling, a native of Changping Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty, believes that "Jundu" is the transliteration of the two words "薰鬻". The ancient sounds of the three words "Hun", "薰" and "Jun" are the same, and the ancient sounds of the words "鬻" and "都" are also the same, so "Jundu" is actually "薰鬻". "Lavender" is a derogatory term for the Northern Xiongnu by the Han Chinese. The "Book of Jin and the Biography of Siyi Lie" says: "The Xiongnu land is bordered by Yan Zhao in the south, the desert in the north, Jiuyi in the east, and Liurong in the west. The world is a monarch and a vassal, and it is not a Chinese Zhengshuo. Xia Yue Xuan, Yin Yue Ghost Fang, Zhou Yue Fox, Han Yue Xiongnu. "Liu Dan, the King of Yan, the son of Emperor Wu of Han, migrated east to the Xiongnu and placed them in Yandi, from which the name of Jundu (Smokey, Hundu) was derived.
Yaji Mountain
Yaji Mountain, located in the north of Liudian Township, Pinggu District, is named Yaji Mountain because of its twin peaks towering and shaped like a bun. In the local area, the people also call Yaji Mountain "Dongda Mountain". Yaji Mountain is 361 meters above sea level, and the Bixia Yuanjun Ancestral Hall on Yaji Mountain is a famous Taoist temple in Jingdong, which was founded in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. According to the "Records of the Yanjing Chronicle", "The Bixia Yuanjun Temple of Yaji Mountain is in huairou county in the northeast of the capital. ”
Pinggu Yajishan Niangniang Temple.
The original Yunyan Temple in The Kotougou of Yaji Mountain, divided into two temples, was built in the Liao Dynasty and rebuilt many times. The temple is built on a cliff, and its scale and engineering danger are rare in ancient times.
The most famous of YajiShan is also the Yajishan April Temple Fair, which is known as one of the four major temple fairs in North China. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Yaji Mountain has been a holy place for people to worship and pray in the capital. From the emperor's concubines, the princes of the clan, the dignitaries and nobles, down to the literati and inkers, the villagers, all have the custom of visiting the Yajishan Temple Fair. During the temple fair, there was a surge of people, and good men and women from Beijing, Tianjin, Lu, Jin, Yu and other places came here to incense, as many as tens of thousands of people every day. According to the "Records of the Yanjing Dynasty", "Every April, from the first day of the first month, the temple is opened for half a month, and the prosperity is in Miaofeng, and the mountain scenery is too much." Everyone calls it Dongshan. According to the inscription of the Fifty-fourth Year (1715) of the Kangxi Dynasty on the mountain: "Every year of Mengxia, the people of the four directions will be here, or paper curtains, or incense candles, worship and climb the mountain, called Shenghui, shoulders stacked, innumerable." ”
Snow
Snow Mountain, formerly known as Boot Mountain, is located in the northeast of Nankou Town, Changping District, with an altitude of 118 meters, high on both sides, low in the middle, and looks like a horse boot in the distance, so it is called Boot Mountain, which was later renamed Snow Mountain. Although the mountain is not high, it has gained fame due to the excavation of Neolithic sites here in the mid-to-late 20th century.
In 1958, the Site of Snow Mountain was discovered; in 1961, it was first excavated; in the early 1980s, it was excavated again. The site is distributed on the terraces in the southeast of Snow Mountain, with high terrain in the northwest and low in the southeast. The entire site area of l square kilometers, can be divided into three periods: the early cultural sites and the Central Plains Yangshao culture, the northeast of the Hongshan culture has similarities, dating back to 6000 years ago, pottery is mainly red pottery; the middle period belongs to the Longshan culture category, has belonged to the end of the primitive society, 5000 years ago, tree wheel correction age is about 5500 years ago. The social nature of the first and second phases of the cultural layer of the Snow Mountain Cultural Site is the primitive social stage, which is equivalent to the period of transformation from matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society. The late Xueshan culture is similar to the ruins of the lower Xiajiadian culture and the Shang culture in the Central Plains, dating back about 4,000 years. The discovery and excavation of the Xueshan site has unveiled the prelude to the survival of Neolithic humans in the Changping area, and also provided a benchmark reference for the genealogy of Beijing Neolithic culture.
Bullpen Hill
Niulan Mountain, also known as Jinniu Mountain, is located in the north of Shunyi District, Beijing, bordering Xiapotun to the east and Shijiakou to the northeast. Legend has it that there are golden bulls in the caves in the north mountain of the village, so it is called Niulan Mountain. The earliest inhabited date of Niulan Mountain is unverifiable, but Western Zhou bronzes were found here in the 1980s. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Niulan Mountain was already inhabited, and the Liao Dynasty once set up a niulan mountain capital commander here.
The well-documented history of drinking culture in the Niulanshan area can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty 3,000 years ago in China. Of the eight bronze vessels unearthed near the Niulanshan Distillery in 1982, including Ding, Zhen and Jue, five are related to wine. These bronzes have been analyzed and speculated by relevant experts and should be in China's Western Anniversary. The history of winemaking in NiulanShan Erguotou can be traced back to the Qing Dynasty, according to the "Shunyi County Chronicle": "Wine-making workers: about 100 workers (employed by eleven pots in Zhinei). The wine brewed is unusual, is a specialty of Pingbei, sold in neighboring counties or pingshi, quite popular among the population, and especially Niulan Mountain wine is the most important. ”
Today's Bullpen Hill.
Fox Slave Mountain
Hunu Mountain is located at the junction of Mulin and Beixiaoying townships in Shunyi District. Shunyi County began in the Western Han Dynasty, called Fox Nu, because it was placed under the Fox Nu Mountain, so it got its name.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Hunu County belonged to Guyuyang County. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuyang Taishou Zhang Kantun soldier fox slaves opened more than 8,000 hectares of rice fields, the first to plant rice in the Beijing area. According to the Later Han Shu Zhang Kan Biography, "Yuyang Taishou Zhang Kanzi Junyou ... Defeat the Xiongnu in Gaoliu and worship Yuyang Taishou. ...... The Xiongnu tried to ride into Yuyang with tens of thousands, and could lead thousands of horses to rush, breaking it, and the county boundary was quiet. It was the fox slave who opened more than 8,000 hectares of rice fields and persuaded the people to cultivate them, so that they became rich. The people's song is known: Mulberry has no branches, and the ears of wheat are discordant; Zhang Gong is the government, and the joy is unbearable. After eight years of seeing the matter, the Xiongnu did not dare to commit a crime. ”
There is a saying in the Notes on the Water Classics that "clear and not flowing slaves", so the name of Fox Nu Mountain may be closely related to water. Gu Yanwu's "Changping Landscape Record" records that Changping "Twenty-five miles in the northeast is the Fox Slave Mountain, the Water Sutra Notes, the water does not flow to the slave, and the name of the mountain is covered with the name of the mountain".
Jinding Mountain (Langshan)
Jinding Mountain (Langshan) is a lonely mountain, 140.5 meters above sea level, located in the middle of Shijingshan District. The mountain is composed of sand and shale, with exposed bedrock, severe weathering, poor soil and sparse vegetation. The mountain is in the shape of a "Ya" character, and the three ridges extend to the south, east and northwest respectively, forming three low peaks with an altitude of 108.9 meters, 120.2 meters and 120 meters. In the north of the mountain there is Langshan Village, in the east there is Langshan Nursery, and the people in the north of the mountain call it Langshan (Wolf Mountain); the south of the mountain is jindingshan village, and the people in the south of the mountain call it Jindingshan, and the "jindingshan" is the name of the late.
According to the tombstone of Jiang Xing, a hundred households of Jinyi Wei during the Ming Jingtai period unearthed in the north of Langshan Village: "Buried in the original wolf mountain in western Beijing. "It can be seen that the name of Wolf Mountain has a history of more than 500 years. During the reign of Qing Yongzheng, Chong'an the Prince of Kang (after King Li) set up a shaft in Shannan, which was called the "Royal Burial of Jinjing". At that time, "wolf" was considered to be an ominous word, so it was changed to "Jinjing Mountain", which was later called "Jinding Mountain". For elegance, the name of the village was also changed from "wolf" to "lang". Wolf Mountain is the patron of the ancient city of Shijingshan in the ancient city of the Han Dynasty, facing the north gate of the ancient city, and there are Han Dynasty relics on the top of the mountain.
Thrush Mountain
Thrush Mountain, located in the hot spring town of Haidian District, has the famous Black Dragon Pond and Dragon King Temple on the mountain. Some people say that a small hill in the east of Taizhouwu Village is Thrush Mountain, according to the "Chenyuan Zhiluo" record: "Thrush Mountain, from Jinshankou Duling to Lengquan Village, after TaizhouWu", "Black Dragon Pond in Thrush Mountain".
Thrush Mountain is not high, the mountain is lush with green trees, and the famous Black Dragon Pond and Dragon King Temple in western Beijing are here. Black stone is produced on Thrush Mountain, the texture is delicate, and it is said in the "Great Ming Dynasty Chronicle": "Wanping County produces stone, black and not strong, grinding like ink." Most of the people of Jinshigong are known as thrushes, known as eyebrow stones, also known as Daishi. The "Imperial Scenery and Materials" also records that Thrush Mountain "produces stone, ink color, floating and greasy, and enters the Golden Palace as an eyebrow stone, also known as Daishi also". During the Jin Dynasty, daisy stones were quarried for the palace women, so this mountain was called Thrush Mountain. According to the analysis of red scholars, Cao Xueqin named Lin Daiyu that year, and was also inspired by thrush stones.
Haidian District Hot Spring Town Black Dragon Pond Dragon King Temple.
Hsien Loong Mountain
Xianlong Mountain, is a small hill in the remnants of the Great West Mountain, located in the western suburbs of Beijing, the hot spring town of hot spring village, the altitude is only 102 meters, the legend that the Great West Mountain is a dragon, here is the dragon head, so it is also called Longtou Mountain. There used to be a quarry on the mountain, so it was also called Tangzi Mountain.
Haidian District Hot Spring Village was originally called Shiwo Village, next to the village Xianlong Mountain is a Ming Dynasty quarry, and there are many cliff carvings on the mountain. A painting carved 500 years ago during the Ming Hongwu period, the text: "Left Guard Former Halogen Stone Hall, Hongwu Twenty-seven Years", the fall: "Fifty master stonemasons opened the mountain". Another painting is carved in the ming dynasty (1445), with a total of two lines of "Mountain God King" and "Carved Stone General", which is a physical material for the study of ancient masonry.
Climbing up the Xianlong Mountain Path, not far away is the largest cliff carving in western Beijing, "Water Flowing Clouds", written for Mr. Yingzhi when he brought his wife and children to visit his relatives in the hot spring in 1912, and asked someone to engrave it here, taken from Du Fu's poem "The water is not competitive, the cloud cares is late".
Feng Yuxiang built the Xinhai Luanzhou Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Garden here, leaving a large cliff stone carving, the content of which is a passage of "The Journey of the Avenue, the World is Public" in the "Book of Rites and Fortunes". At the top of the mountain is a seven-story memorial tower, the yang side of the tower is engraved with Feng Yuxiang's inscription "Spirit does not die", and the yin side is engraved with "Haoqi Eternal Existence".
Author 丨 Wang Hongbo and others
Edited by 丨 Wang Qing
The introduction part of the proofreading 丨 Wei Zhuo
Source: Beijing News