This "Jade Drawing" was painted by Li Chengyuan in the Qing Dynasty. The album contains a total of twelve colored drawings, which record and depict the main steps of traditional jade making: sand pounding, pulping, opening jade, piercing, punching, grinding, digging, flowering, drilling, penetrating flowers, striking eyes, wood and leather, each picture with text description, and the book is attached to the map of jade mining in Xinjiang. This is a picture book of the seventeenth year of Qing Guangxu's preface.
This album not only depicts the scene of the jade maker's labor operation, but also indicates the names of important tools. It is divided into thirteen processes, of which "sand pounding diagram" and "pulping diagram" are combined into one, and the eleven processes from three to thirteen are one for a total of twelve. In the middle of each painting is the main screen, and there are three vertical columns on the left and right sides, and the first line of the process number and process name are written. Explanatory text in the back letter.
▌ Jade drawing sequence
▌ Directory
▌ The Sand Smashing Diagram says: Although there are many jade attacking tools, most of them cannot exert the ability of their own nature, but they can help the ability of stone sand ears. Chuanyun, black, red, yellow and other stone sands are produced in Zhili Lu County, Yunnan and other places. Shaped like a very broken ballast, it must be pounded with a pestle such as rice grits, and then sieved with a very fine sieve, and then the thickness of the sand is measured to remove its pulp, and the net sand is soaked in water to apply.
The pulp drawing says: Polishing should be ground extremely fine yellow sand to de-sizing and soaking in water for application.
【Tool Description】Mortar, black stone sand is very strong; red stone sand, this red sand is softer than red sand; treasure material; for glazing, sex like sand.
▌Kaiyu diagram said: The instrument is made of poly steel bars and soaked black stone sand, and where the jade body is extremely heavy, it is advisable to use the formula drawn in this figure to open it. If the jade is twenty or thirty pounds, it will be hung with a scale, and then opened with a ruler six circles. On the jade produced in the landscape, its original body has a stone skin, now want to use its jade, must first remove its skin, if peel the peel to take its kernel, so yun kai jade. This attack on jade first work also.
【Tool description】Dafa strip saw, poly steel strip. This black stone is extremely hard and sandy, and the basin is black stone sand.
▌ The ZhaQi diagram says: The Zha Gong uses wood as a shaft, steel as a disc, and the edge is very thin, like a knife, and the name is called Zha Zhao. With water-soaked red sand, the original jade of the stone skin is cut into pieces or square strips, and then the material is used as a tool, and it is ground with a punch to form the shape of its vessel. If the weight of the large jade material is hung by the scale, if it is small, it is held by hand, and the scale is not used.
【Tool Description】Boarding, wooden shaft, piercing, small iron hammer, small iron hammer, iron hammer are all used to clean up the uneven place of the piercing.
▌ Chong Qiao diagram says: 碢 with four or five or two or three points thick steel ring), the circle is horizontal with a thick bamboo board, and then connected to the wooden shaft head with lac, and the red sand is soaked in water to wash the edges and corners of its square jade, so it is called Chong Gong. The edges and corners of the jade are gone, and the shape of the instrument is formed. If there are still small sand marks on the skin of the jade body, it is advisable to grind it to grind it. Wood, glue, and leather are bright.
【Tool Description】Punching, bamboo board, tail ding, board board.
▌ Grinding chart says: Grinding with two or three thick steel plates, wooden shafts, different sizes, about six or seven, both after the punch should be ground, so that the jade body is delicate. The grinding work is finished, it is advisable to spend flowers, drill, dig the hall, and open the eyes, and then do its own work.
【Tool description】Boarding, turn rope, tail ding, wooden shaft, lac joint shaft, steel grinding.
▌ The digging chart says: The digger goes to it and the empty one is also said. Where there is an empty hall for jade, it should first be a steel reel to dig out its hall, and when the work is completed, the center of the jade must leave a jade pole, then use a small hammer to hit the steel hammer to vibrate it, and this jade is the most skillful technique in the inner head. If the mouth of the jade is small and the hall should be large, then use the flat cone head with a bend to dig the water and sand to dig out the hall.
【Tool description】Bends, iron shafts, leather tapestries, iron shafts, steel reels have grooves two or three for the storage of fine sand.
▌ The flower picture on the top says: Press: Jade is made of flowers, with small round steel plates, the edges of the plate are very thin, like a knife, the name is dingzi, the whole shape is like a round hat dingzi, so the name is. Or use a small steel pillar named rolling. These appliances can be changed at will, and the size is convenient for application. Where the jade is large or small, no matter how large or small, there should be a pattern on the outside, and those who should use such tools to grind the flowers above.
【Tool Description】Boarding, iron shaft, size dingzi, small hammer; for the positive Dingzi fault; for the ding into the iron shaft hole, small qi.
▌ Drilling diagram says: Jade is suitable for flowers, then first use gold and steel drills to penetrate the flower eye, called drilling, and then with a curved bow saw, on the fine stone sand to search for flowers, through the flower work, and then apply the flower polishing work, then the instrument is completed.
【Tool Description】Drop, movable wood, gold steel drill, curved bow, dip sand basin.
▌ The flower-through diagram says: Where the jade piece is suitable for the flower-penetrating person, the jade piece is first drilled through the round hole with a steel drill, and then the bow is bent and the steel wire is bent, and when it is used, the steel wire is dissolved, and the silk head is passed through the jade hole, and the silk head is compounded on the bow head, and then the pattern is searched with water-soaked sand, just like the wood bending saw to search for flowers. There are vertical wooden tables or horizontal wooden tables on the table in the picture to stabilize the jade.
【Tool Description】Horizontal wood pole, vertical wood pole, steel wire, search bow, steel wire, bow back in the wire unraveling type.
▌ Eye-punching diagram says: All small jade objects such as smoke pots, ban fingers, cigarette bag mouths, etc. can not be held, all use a seven- or eight-inch tall bamboo tube, filled with water, and press several pieces of wooden boards on the water, their shapes are different, or there are holes or slots, all like jade shapes, when working, the jade is pressed in the plate hole or groove, and then hold the small iron cup in the left palm to press the tail of the gold steel diamond, and use the right hand to pull the bow to help the gold steel drill to hit the eye.
【Tool Description】Several pieces of stable jade wood used in the large bamboo tube. There are perforated plates, large bamboo tubes, iron cups, and gold steel drills.
▌ Wooden pillar diagram says: Although the steel pillar grinds the jade body, it is still not bright, that is, the wood and water-soaked yellow sand, treasure material or grind it with various colors of mortar. If a small piece of jade cannot be ground with a wooden stake, or if there is a very fine pattern, it is not possible to grind it with a wooden stake, then use a dried gourd piece as a small piece to grind it.
【Tool Description】Wooden pillar, iron shaft, wooden shaft, turn rope, board.
▌ Pi Qiao Tu said: This series of leather grinding bright light figure also, indeed is the cowhide for it, wrapped in wooden stakes to take the hemp rope, the large one is more than a ruler, the small one is two or three inches, all are ground with water-soaked treasure material. After the skin is illuminated, the jade body is bright and warm, making the connoisseur's love infinite, and then the thinking is over.
【Tool description】Board, rope, wooden shaft, leather.
▌ Map of jade mining in Xinjiang
Li Chengyuan, a painter of the Qing Dynasty, was born and died at an unknown age. Li Chengyuan had close contacts with the famous British physician and orientalist Bushell, who was active in China in the late Qing Dynasty, and the "Jade Illustration" was made at the request of Bu Shili.