In the pre-Qin period, in eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian, there was an archaeological culture with distinctive characteristics, unique styles, and a wide coverage area - the Floating Bin Culture. Such cultural relics have gradually gained recognition from the academic community through the study of archaeological discoveries in the past 20 years. Since the pre-Qin Dynasty, the "Chaoshan culture" in eastern Guangdong, which was strongly influenced by the Culture of the Central Plains, is being brewed and nurtured. The discovery of the floating culture has an irreplaceable role in studying the origin of "Chaoshan culture".
The outcropping of this culture dates back to the 1940s. At that time, the Italian priest Mai Zhaoliang, who was preaching in eastern Guangdong, once found a type of archaeological remains of glazed pottery Dakouzun and Shige in Haifeng, Jialing and other places, but because he could not understand its connotation, he classified it into the so-called "Jingzaiyuan culture". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, archaeologists also made occasional discoveries in archaeological surveys of wintering areas in the 50s and 60s. In 1974, archaeologists cleaned and excavated 21 vertical cave tombs at two sites, Tazai Jinshan in Fubin District, Raoping County, Guangdong Province, and Dingdapu Mountain in Lianrao District, and for the first time studied it as a cultural type that has always been able to be studied. Since then, similar remains have been excavated in Jieyang, Tai Po, Puning and Other Places in Nanjing, Pinghe, Nan'an, Yunxiao and other places in Fujian Province. Through a series of scientific excavations and research, especially the re-understanding of a group of bronzes excavated in 1974 in Nan'an Daying, Fujian Province, we have a relatively complete understanding of the combination and connotation of the Floating Bin Cultural Community, and then understand its nature and era.
A total of nearly 200 burial items were cleaned up for the 21 earthen pit tombs for the two purposes of Raoping Fubin and Lianrao, and the total number of artifacts excavated earlier before excavation reached more than 300. Judging from the list of relics listed in the archaeological newspaper, there are two major items: stone tools and pottery. Stone tools include tools such as go, spears, axes, chisels, gravel, weapons, rings, and juan; pottery includes large mouth zun, zun, pot, bean, cup, pot, cup, pot, pot, spinning wheel, etc. The materials of pottery are sand-filled red pottery, black pottery, clay gray pottery, etc.; some pottery is glazed with sauce color. Symbols or writings are engraved on the abdomen or shoulders of several pottery vessels, counting 17 of the 13 figures.
In the site that was named after the later Ukihama culture, it is a hill-type cemetery in the Ukihama district. There are 16 surviving tombs that have been cleaned, from which we can see the difference between the rich and the poor. For example, the largest one, Fubin No. 1 Tomb, is located in the middle of the top of the mountain, the tomb is huge, 4.2 meters long, 2.9 meters wide, 3.6 meters deep, and a two-story platform is set up in the vertical cave, and 36 artifacts are excavated, mostly placed on the second-floor platform. The funerary items are combined into stone tools, pottery, and ornaments, and there are only 16 pieces of large-mouth pottery and pottery, of which the largest one is glazed pottery with a height of 67 cm, large open mouth, wide shoulders, long neck, folded abdomen, oblique shoulders, three riveted mud cakes on the shoulders, straight stripes on the shoulders and abdomen, and a sauce-colored glaze of uneven thickness. The small tomb is shallow, 1.2 meters long and 0.6 meters wide, with only one or two burial items.
In the Ding Tai Po Shan Cemetery, in addition to cleaning 5 tombs, a bronze goat was also collected, 17.5 cm long, 13.3 cm long, aid narrow, ridge ridge with edges, even side with blades, no beard, aid and inner upper one each round wear. This piece of Ge is similar to the Shang Dynasty Bronze Ge of the Second Phase of Wucheng, Jiangxi. Bronze Ge was found in the cemetery, which is also very close to the stone Ge excavated in the tomb, and should be a relic of the same archaeological culture.
In the year of the discovery of the Fubin culture, a batch of bronze and jade from the tomb was found in the village of Daying in Nan'an County, Fujian Province. The excavated bronzes include 5 pieces of copper goat, 1 piece of copper qi, 2 pieces of copper dagger, 1 piece of copper spear, 2 pieces of copper gong and 8 pieces of small copper bells, a total of 20 pieces. The zhaishan shell hill site at this site is investigated as a floating cultural site. Therefore, the Daying bronze ware group can be examined as a bronze ware of the Floating Culture.
The discovery of the floating type cultural relics is completely different from the mountain hill sites widely distributed in the Chaoshan Plain containing geometric patterns such as cloud thunder patterns and 夔 patterns, which have the color of several Yellow River Basin Shang cultures and attract the attention of the Kagu scholars, who were called "floating coast types" at that time. With the accumulation of archaeological data, the floating bin type has been found in Chaoyang, Chao'an, Puning, Jieyang, Jiexi, Tai Po, Fengshun, Nan'ao and other places in Guangdong. In addition, it has also been found in Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Yunxiao, Zhao'an, Dongshan, Pinghe, Nanjing, Nan'an, Hua'an, Longhai, Quanzhou, Putian and other places in neighboring Fujian Province. At present, there are nearly 100 sites found according to incomplete statistics, and a branch has been formed across the two provinces of Fujian and Guangdong, distributed in the four river basins of the Rongjiang, Hanjiang, Jiulongjiang and Jinjiang rivers, and the cultural outlook is basically the same.
Finally combining the relevant archaeological materials, it can be confirmed that the Fubin culture refers to an archaeological culture distributed in the eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian regions characterized by a combination of long-necked large-mouthed figures, circle foot beans, flowing pots, glazed pottery, straight inner no-fence stones, triangular stone spears, and concave-edged stone stones. The Fuhama people owned a small number of bronze weapons, bronze production tools, and used simple characters inscribed on pottery. Fubin people have developed pottery industry, mastered the wheeling technology, and created the earliest glazed pottery in Guangdong. The Fubin people are in an era of frequent wars, in addition to using some bronze weapons, they also use a large number of exquisitely made imitation copper stone weapons, such as straight inner no fence stone gothic, triangular stone spear and so on. A tomb in Raoping County unearthed 33 pieces of stone ge and 7 stone spears, accounting for 9% of the total number of stone tools; a tomb in Sanfengling, Nanjing County, unearthed 10 pieces of stone ge, including several middle and late periods, the lower limit of which may reach the Western Zhou.
In recent years, we have successively conducted human investigations in the Han River and RongJiang River basins in eastern Guangdong, and have made many discoveries and new understandings of the floating culture.
1. In an archaeological survey in Nan'ao County in 1991, it was confirmed that Dongkengzai in Longdong Township of the county was an early settlement site of the Floating Bin culture type. In addition to the large mouth zun, tezerry pottery pieces and glazed pottery pieces of the floating coastal culture collected in the site, production tools such as stone axes, stone hammers, net pendants, spinning wheels, concave stones and 7 pieces of square pottery were also found, and shell layers mixed with pottery pieces and stone tools were found on the hillside northwest of the site.
Second, Jieyang in the Rongjiang River Basin is an area where more floating cultural relics have been found, and there are 33 of the 114 pre-Qin era remains, which can basically be divided into 5 site clusters such as the Baita Group = The Jade Lake Group, the Huangqi Mountain Group, the Xianqiao Group, and the Sangpu Mountain Group. Among them, there are as many as 12 floating cultural relics in the Huangqi Mountain Group, and the Rongjiang Plain is likely to be the central area of the "Floating River Kingdom".
Third, during the investigation of the Rongjiang River Basin, fengshun, Jieyang, Jiexi, Puning, Chaoyang and other cities and counties found no remnants of floating culture. In the territory of Jieyang, as mentioned above, the remains are extremely rich. Xianqiao Town, on the east side of the Rongjiang River, is also a densely distributed area of Floating Bin culture. Among the excavated relics in the village of Xianqiao Mountain Isan is 2 pieces of stone yazhang, which is the most important archaeological discovery of the floating culture in the Rongjiang River Basin. It coexists with stone ge, triangular stone spear, stone hammer, glazed pottery, folded bean, checkered concave bottom pot, and flow-in concave bottom clay pot. Derived from the jade tooth zhang of the Central Plains, it is an important ceremonial instrument of the well-known Shang culture and one of the hungry religious artifacts in the sacrifice. With the expansion and spread of the Central Plains culture to the surrounding areas, this ceremonial vessel has entered Lingnan during the Fubin culture period. Therefore, Shizhang has also become an important artifact of the floating culture.
In 1995, archaeologists excavated the niubogongshan site in Puning Xiajiashan Town, and in addition to obtaining a number of Fubin cultural relics, they also found the living relics of the Fubin people, the earth kiln, and the water storage facilities. In the past, most of the excavations of the floating culture were tomb materials, but this excavation revealed for the first time the settlement form of this culture, which is of great significance. At the same time, the 14C dating data of a batch of specimens were also determined through stratigraphic sampling, and the annual range of 6 specimens was within 2870-3390 years. The determination of absolute dating confirms that the previous view that the floating culture was defined as the middle and late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty is basically credible.
There are still many different views on the nature and origin of the ukihama culture. Through the accumulated history of archaeological phenomena, it is not difficult to see that at the time of the Shang Zhou Dynasty, in order to plunder the copper mines, salt and treasures produced in the South China Sea as circulating currency in the South China, the slave-owning dynasty in the Central Plains expanded the South of the Yangtze River and Fujian and Guangdong. The development of the economy, the plundering of wealth, but also the exchange of cultures. There is a Central Plains culture based on Wucheng in Qingjiang, Jiangxi, which traces the Ganjiang River upwards and influences the Zhangchao tide through southern Fujian. On the one hand, this Shang culture of southern Zhejiang not only integrates the local indigenous culture, but also accepts the influence of the indigenous culture and mutates, perhaps those minnan dialects that are interspersed with the Central Plains pronunciation have begun to be indiscriminate. In this way, the floating culture in eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian that was different from the Zhuyue culture was produced. The "Seven Fujians" that existed on the southeast coast of the Western Zhou Dynasty or earlier, vaguely mentioned in the Zhou Li Zhi Fang Clan, is precisely this knowledge acquired by the Central Plains people in the process of colonization. The Fubin culture is inextricably linked to the Shang and Zhou cultures in terms of bronze, pottery, stone tools and burial customs, while the indigenous characteristics of the Fubin people are reflected in terms of concave stones, printed pottery, striped brown glaze gray hard pottery, and sectioned copper tungsten. The time for the integration of Chinese culture and indigenous culture was greatly advanced. We have reason to believe that the "floating culture" that shone for the first time in the land of eastern Guangdong that shone with the brilliance of the Central Plains Shangzhou culture should be the bottom layer and its origin of the accumulation of "Chaoshan culture".
Author: Zeng Qi Qiu Licheng
Source: Guangdong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University
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