I just wrote an article about the Battle of Song-Jin-Tang Island, and in other words, compared to the Song-Jin, the dispute between Song and Liao is actually more protracted, and this Liao is exactly the Khitan mentioned in the title. Probably many people know,
China once had a name abroad called Khitan
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Why is it called that? Because some countries in the West, including Central Asia and West Asia, only know that there is a powerful empire in the far east, which coincides with the fact that the Liao State was once at its peak in history, they mistakenly believe that the powerful empire in the East is the Khitan and thus have such a wrong understanding. This shows from the side that the Liao state at that time was indeed very strong.
Many people are often confused about the nomadic people in the north, and always think that the Xiongnu is the Khitan or the Mongols, but in fact, it is not.
Khitan originated from Donghu Xianbei. In ancient times, the Xiongnu were called "Hu", and Donghu was a nomadic people living in the east of the Xiongnu
When Mao Dundan established the Xiongnu court in the unified steppe, he expelled Donghu,
The expelled Donghu lived in two directions, with the later Wuhuan in the direction of Wuhuan Mountain and the Xianbei Mountain becoming Xianbei.
Xianbei originally belonged to the jurisdiction of the Xiongnu and followed the Xiongnu to fight the Han Dynasty; but with the internal strife of the Xiongnu and the decline of the Xiongnu against the Han Dynasty, Xianbei also changed direction and submitted to the Han Dynasty, and then took advantage of the Eastern Han and the Southern Xiongnu to join forces to expel the Northern Xiongnu and conquered the Mongolian steppe, and began to prosper.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, they all heard of it,
The first regime of the Northern Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, was established by the Xianbei people
Later, Northern Wei split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei, and replaced the establishment of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou respectively, and finally the Sui Wen Emperor Yang Jian came out of nowhere, forcing Northern Zhou Jing Emperor Chan to give up the throne with himself.
Ending the chaotic era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Xianbei no longer existed as a nation and political subject
Although the Xianbei no longer exist as a separate political and ethnic subject, but are divided and integrated into the Han and other ethnic groups, the Xianbei still have a descendant, which is what we call the Khitans. After experiencing the great unification of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the rivers and mountains at the end of the Tang Dynasty were once again divided.
The khitan chief Yelü Abaoji took advantage of the chaos to break away from the li tang imperial family, and unified the Khitan tribes, establishing the Khitan state on the Luan River.
Yelü Abaoji was an ambitious ruler, he knew that the main body of the Han people was huge, and he also admired the Han culture, so he took advantage of the civil strife in the Central Plains and specially built many cities and pools in the style of the Central Plains to gather those people in the Central Plains who escaped the war; at the same time, he appointed a large number of Han ministers.
The Liao state developed in full swing in the north, but the countries of the Central Plains not only did not want to resist because of selfish desires.
Shi Jingyao of Hedong even called himself "Emperor Er", hoping that Emperor Taizong of Liao would help fight the Later Tang dynasty with the benefit of ceding the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun (present-day Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, and Shanxi).
What is luring a wolf into a house? That's what lures the wolf into the house.
Although Shi Jingyao destroyed the Later Tang and established the Later Jin Dynasty as he wished, Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures became a base for the Liao state to covet the southern region. Not everyone was willing to submit to the Khitans, at least not after the Jin Dynasty Emperor Shi Zhonggui was unwilling. But at this time, the Liao army was strong and strong, and it was just under this pretext to send troops.
After the fall of the Later Jin Dynasty, the Liao state gained a large territory. After the Liao army conquered Kaifeng, the Liao state was officially established
(The above establishment is khitan, don't look mixed).)
When was the heyday of the Liao State?
During the reign of Empress Xiao of the Liao Dynasty
Yes, it is the Empress Xiao that we often see in TV dramas that "Yang Jia will" resist. Although many of the stories of the Yang family generals are fictional, Yang Ye, the Prince of Yang, is real, and indeed a hero of the anti-Liao, and was eventually captured by the Liao State due to conspiracy, Empress Xiao appreciated Yang Ye's ability to make him surrender, Yang Ye ning died, and finally died of hunger strike.
However, although the Liao state was strong for a while, the leaders behind it did not give strength,
It was eventually destroyed in 1125 AD by the Sudden Rise of the Jin Dynasty, earlier than the demise of its old rival, the Northern Song Dynasty.
So after the Liao state was destroyed, where did those Khitans go? Which nation has it become? After the destruction of the Liao State, it was divided into the Eastern Liao and the Western Liao, the Eastern Liao in the present-day Jilin Generation, and the Western Liao in the Iranian Plateau Generation. However, with the establishment of the Mongol Empire, nothing liao ceased to exist.
Only some residents in Yunnan who still call themselves "I" are khitan descendants.
Also known as the Puman people, there are now about 150,000 people, most of whom are concentrated in Shidian County, while the rest are distributed in Dali and Lincang, and are divided into ethnic minorities such as Han, Yi and Brown.
This Khitan descendant was the former Khitan Expeditionary Force. After the fall of the Liao state, the remaining Khitan people were ruled by the Jin state,
They hated the Jin Dynasty, which had overthrown their regime, and defected to the Mongol Empire.
Later, when the Mongols invaded Dali in the south, these Khitans also came here and settled here, which is the only Khitan people left today.