Overview of Bimo and Bimo Culture
——Take Luo Wu's literature as an example
Li Jixiong (Ben Mu Nairo)
The word Bimo has many interpretations, and in summary, Bimo is an intermediary in inheriting the social knowledge of the Yi people; an intellectual of the native culture; it is a person who uses the rich knowledge of traditional Yi culture to solve doubts and puzzles for the public, communicates the relationship between man and god, man and all things, prays for people to eliminate disasters, and praises, prays, and sacrifices for people; is a professional of the Yi people who communicate and mediates the relationship between people and gods (ghosts) in the specific and ritual form of reciting scriptures; and is the creator, disseminator, host, and the master of the yi script classics It is the host who uses sacrifices objects and inserts divine branches as a medium, and realizes the communication between man and god (ghost) through the recitation of scriptures and certain ritual forms, so as to achieve the wish of eliminating evil. Bimo culture usually takes the form of Yi scriptures as a carrier and ritual activities as behavioral representations. In other words, the inheritance and transmission of Bimo culture is completed in the fusion and interaction of writing culture and oral tradition.
The long-term inheritance and wide dissemination of Bimo culture in The Yunnan, Sichuan, Qian, and Guiyi districts integrate the ancient language, writing, philosophy, history, genealogy, astronomy, geography, calendar, folklore, ethics, literature, art, medicine, agronomy, and diary art of the Yi people. From its origin, prosperity, prosperity and development, it has not only contributed to the fusion of the field of Consciousness of the Yi people, but also promoted the development of the Yi society, and penetrated into all aspects of the social life of the Yi people, with a very far-reaching impact, which can be called the "treasure house of knowledge" and "encyclopedia" inherited by the Yi people from generation to generation.
Oral communication and oral communication constitute a basic interaction, so Bimo's text speech at the presiding ceremony has the characteristics of activating ethnic memory, dynamically disseminating knowledge, enlivening ethnic communication, and strengthening cultural identity.
The daily specific ritual dissemination of Bimo culture integrates moral education, knowledge transmission and folk entertainment, and guides people to explore the value of human existence, dig into people's life thinking, and enhance people's spiritual height through complicated ritual procedures and symbolic ritual behaviors. Therefore, bimo culture and its ritualized oral transmission have the function of expressing national feelings, promoting social interaction, upholding cultural traditions, and also have the functions of condensing national identity, maintaining moral values and expressing folk aesthetic orientation. For the study of the entire national culture, the Bimo literature can be described as "pulling the whole body together". Bimo literature is a key to solving the mystery of the thousand-year inheritance of Yi culture. It can lead us step by step into the broad and profound spiritual world of Yi culture. Because the Bimo literature condenses the core essence of the traditional culture of the Yi people, it is related to the social structure, historical development, cultural inheritance, national psychology, national identity, world outlook, outlook on life and values of the Yi people, which can be called the "encyclopedia" of the Yi people.
Bimo literature is regarded by the Yi people as the "root spectrum" of history and the "soul treasure" of culture. Bimo literature is not separated from the context of oral cultural transmission, and its rituals are an important way for national memory, cultural traditions, and local knowledge to accumulate, spread and circulate. Therefore, bimo literature can be called the national documentary heritage of China's living form, and it is also a vivid carrier of human memory.
In 2005, the China Yi Bimo Culture Research Center was officially launched, which shows the country's high recognition and importance to the Yi Bimo culture. The establishment of the center has led and guided and promoted the in-depth research of the Yi bimo culture in various parts of the southwest Yi region. Dr. Bai Qingsheng, Secretary of the Party Group and Executive Vice Chairman of the China Folk Writers Association, believes that the Yi Bimo culture, regardless of the systematicness and uniqueness of its content, can be called a bright and wonderful thing of the Chinese national culture. Mr. Feng Jicai, a contemporary Chinese writer, painter, social activist, and the first proposer of China's intangible culture, said: If the Yi people do not have their own culture, they will not become the Yi people, and Naxi will not become Naxi without their own culture. The Han people have the "Thirteen Classics", the Yi have the great Bimo literature, and many other ethnic groups are beyond their reach!
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China is a multi-ethnic country, and national culture exists as a carrier due to its specific geographical factors. Production protection and life protection emphasize from different aspects that culture should become a living body, rather than relying solely on documentary records to preserve.
Yu Jinxiu, a researcher of world religion at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a religious expert, believes: "A prominent feature of the Yi Bimo literature is that the strong worship of ancestors is the most special and profound. It can be said that without ancestor worship, there can be no glorious splendor of archaeology. But a lot of it is embodied by dead things dug out of the ground, and the Bimo ritual of the Yi people is alive.
The Yi Bimo documents are relatively ancient in both writing and content, difficult to read, obscure language, long history, the most primitive, precious heritage, living fossils, and very high academic value. Bimo culture is a synthesis of primitive culture, Luowu Bimo literature as a carrier of culture, the content is very rich, involving philosophical thought, historical geography, literature and art, medicine and health, astronomical calendar, human ethics norms, military strategy, agriculture and animal husbandry, etc., is the Luowu Yi people have been using for thousands of years "encyclopedia", it is like other Yi district literature, in the world is rare, has high academic value, but also has profound practical significance. Because he is not foreign, but his own culture, is an unrepeatable and non-renewable cultural resource, and is rare in the world!
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Mr. Li Shaoming, a well-known ethnologist, believes that Bimo culture is the essence of the traditional culture of the Yi people, which is not only the culture of Bimo itself, but also the concentrated embodiment of the traditional culture of the Yi people. It covers the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. The Bimo classics are not classics in the sense of religion, but "encyclopedias" of the traditional culture of the Yi people. If a nation loses its culture, it loses its soul. The Bimo culture disappeared very quickly, and the Yi Bimo literature was passed on through the special way of the Bimo ritual. If the skin does not exist, the hair will be attached? Mr. Luo Qingchun, an expert of the Expert Committee of the Sichuan Provincial Folk Cultural Heritage Protection Project and a professor at Southwest University for Nationalities, believes: "The Bimo culture of the Yi nationality and its oral tradition are the core achievements of the ancient civilization and traditional cultural knowledge of the mother tongue of the Yi people, and are an important text that combines the written history and oral speech of the Yi people. It is an oral and intangible heritage heritage, and the Yi Bimo culture and its oral tradition also undertake some cultural missions such as the education of the Yi mother tongue culture, the cultivation of national self-confidence, the strengthening of national identity, the adherence of national cultural life, the maintenance of national spiritual independence, and the exploration of the integrity of national historical life. Thus highlighting its irreplaceable comprehensive humanistic value.
Bimo culture is also a comprehensive primitive culture, which is the core culture of the Yi people created by the Yi people. It has the characteristics of intangible culture, meets the relevant identification standards, and should be included in the intangible culture protection system, and a reasonable legal protection mechanism should be constructed. On February 22, 2010, Liangshan Yi Literature was selected into the List of Chinese Archival Heritage, which belongs to the third batch of selected projects. Liangshan's "Nimu Tsobi Sacrifice", "Bimo Music", "Bimo Painting" and so on were also selected as national intangible cultural heritage projects in 2014. Therefore, as a descendant of Luowu who grew up in the land of Luowu, we should fully understand the important value of the Culture of Luowu, further understand its historical status and practical significance, and strive to devote ourselves to the rescue, collection, collation, research, excavation and application of the Culture of Bimo, so that the Culture of Bimo will reappear in the glory of the Land of Luowu, drive the folk culture tourism industry, and produce due economic and social benefits. Finally, tourism development is an effective way of non-genetic inheritance and protection. On the contrary, non-genetic inheritance and protection can effectively promote the development of tourism on one side. When he arrives at a place, the tourist wants to see the local culture of the place, even if it is more soil, he just likes to see it. Instead of imitating or half-understandingly copying foreign cultures, even if he learns it like it, he is not rare.
November 28, 2021
Source: Li Jixiong (Ben Nairo)