Why was the Qing Dynasty able to build a strong army in the backward northeast at that time? Conduct research centered on logistics
In ancient times, those who managed military affairs were well aware of the serious impact of proper planning of military affairs on the national economy and people's livelihood, and once the military planning and operation were improper, it was inevitable that the country would be weak and the people would be poor. There are many variables in the aircraft decisive battle, but military quarter planning is related to temple calculations and personnel, especially campaign logistics and tactical logistics, and whether personnel can do their best, get the help of the system, and are not delayed by the military logistics system and operation can naturally play a great role.
In this regard, the leaders of the Manchu Qing Dynasty dominated the policies and laid the tradition and tone, the imperial power debugged policies and created the system in the heyday, and the imperial power in the transition period was based on the system and tradition, although every time there was an attempt and or could be used to remedy the poverty of the system, it was confined to the system and could not bear the heavy responsibility of leadership and renewal of the system, and finally the military was repeatedly frustrated by the strong enemy because of the lack of personnel repair.
Section 1: Pre-clearance and establishment of a strategic logistics system
The Nurhaci period and the early reign of Emperor Taiji and the years of Mandate of Heaven and Tiancong were the embryonic periods for the construction of Manchuria's military logistics system. At this stage, the general principles of the Manchu clan strategic logistics system gradually sprouted and established: the tribe principle (TribePrincipia), the principle of territoriality (ApanagePrincipia), the principle of direct cost minimization, and gradually established the tradition of imperial power as the core of the system.
It is generally believed that the clan standard established in the early Manchurian period had a fundamental impact on the planning of its military logistics policy and the establishment of its system. 'Qing Taizu promulgated the "Book of Training and Tactics" before the war in April of the third year of the Mandate of Heaven, and today broadcasts its contents, mainly for the emphasis of tactical principles, the preliminary provisions of combat discipline, military rewards and punishments; However, its content not only involves the "method of field warfare", but also roughly reveals the rationing and base number of weapons and equipment of the Manchurian Army, and indicates that the Manchurian Army has a system of manufacturing, keeping, and using light and heavy equipment based on cattle records (c.k., clan standards): each cattle is recorded from Izumo Ladder 2 and A 20 to prepare for siege.
From the political point of view, compared with the establishment of strategic logistics ideas and systems that require the cooperation of a more stable and effective management system, the campaign logistics construction and tactical logistics construction in the early days of Manchuria's military use occupy a more important position in the Manchurian military logistics system, which is related to the severe military situation and the clan-based management system in the early days of Manchukuo, and also proves diachronically that the high efficiency of the mobilization of the aristocratic groups themselves in the early days of the Manchurian aristocratic system can compensate for the defects in the low radiation surface of the mobilization system of the management system. Avoid lagging behind in campaign logistics and sudden logistics construction. ’
From the military point of view, Manchuria's use of troops, with cavalry as the elite and backbone, has an important impact on the establishment of Manchuria's military logistics system. When Manchuria attacked the Liaodong of the Ming Dynasty, the Emperor of Manchukuo gradually began to consciously carry out strategic and logistical planning. The Manchukuo emperor began to consciously plan the number of troops, estimate the scale of the war, and open up natural lines of communication. And within the reach of Manchurian manpower, build a reserve base that can guarantee supply and prepare military supplies.
Section 2: Military Capture and Land Revenue in the Early Qing Dynasty
The important element of strategic logistics is the planning of military supplies, and one of its important items is the issue of military food for Manchurian soldiers. As soon as the war began, the military supply relationship immediately became deformed, and it was difficult for Manchuria and Han agriculture to support unlimited military consumption. Not to mention that the road is long, the transfer is difficult, and the cost is high.
As far as the relationship between the capture of the spoils of war and the strategic material reserves of the Jin Dynasty is concerned, the state reserves have actually been distributed equally between the royal family and the eight banners for a long time, and the imperial authority has to take into account the tribal principle based on the "Cattle Record and the Eight Banners" and the so-called "public house that cannot be rewarded, the private room that must be cut into the private room, the people must be divided among the eight families, and the land must be divided by eight families... Although there is a false name of sweat, it is no different from a whole yellow flag Baylor.
The commercial income and tax revenue of Manchukuo's native products were an important means of accumulating wealth.
Manchukuo's industry and mining industry was also able to sustain its war on the basis of the supply of servitude on the basis of cattle supply and labor management, and on the basis of inheriting the economy of Hanbian
Consumption of material manufacturing.
Section III: On the Logistical Supply of Manchurian Soldiers
The combat rations of Manchurian soldiers are mostly fried noodles, which are naturally easy to make, easy to carry, long-lasting, and easy to eat, and this kind of military food has long become the standard military ration for Qing Dynasty soldiers during wartime.
As far as tactical logistics are concerned, individual soldiers are limited to carrying capacity, and during the battle march, according to the situation of the place of soldiers, they will collect food or hunt on the spot to make emergency remedies. In terms of the food structure of the early combat rations of the Manchurian soldiers, in the Manchukuo era, the establishment and expansion of agricultural production, and its crops were mostly spring wheat, millet and other miscellaneous grains.
The daily food of its ordinary residents is more than grains such as millet. The cultivation of cotton, as well as the profits of fish and salt, made its inhabitants sufficient for daily subsistence without relying on foreign commodities to avoid the scissors difference in trade and the difficulty of dividing their wealth compared with those of the Qing Dynasty, but the staple food of Manchurian soldiers seemed to be not only pasta, but also difficult to ensure the adequate supply of pasta during the battle march.
Section 4: Weapons of manchurian soldiers
The cold weapons and light weapons used by Manchukuo soldiers were the responsibility of the Manchurian soldiers. "The heavy equipment supply of the Manchurian Army can be manufactured separately by materials and technology nearby, and its equipment is independently responsible for each ox record, and is manufactured, kept and used by each ox record, and at the tactical level, it is also carried and transported with each ox record, but it is ultimately transferred to the emperor Taiji of the military dictatorship. However, Huang Taiji controlled the manufacture and technology of Manchurian firearms, as well as the new troops using firearms, and thus initially strengthened the attack power of the Jin army.
As far as weapons and equipment and military technical forces are concerned, Manchuria has evolved from a simple cold weapon armed with heavy firearms to use heavy firearms, and the manufacture of heavy firearms is no longer confined to the Eight Banners and the right to dispatch is in the hands of the Manchurian imperial power. As far as the supply of military supplies is concerned.
On the one hand, Emperor Wenzong strengthened the strength of the Eight Banners Clan to cultivate the fundamentals to strengthen the overall strength; One side began to systematically surpass the resource and management system of the Eight Banners Tribe, and planned the reserve and integration of strategic resources under the imperial control. The logistics communication line of military supplies and the logistics communication line, which is one of the components of military communications, have the phenomenon of functional substitution in the implementation organs and space coverage. Moreover, the characteristics of the construction of this logistics and communication system and military communication system can especially show that at the time of the long-term struggle with the Ming Dynasty, the construction of strategic logistics that the Manchurian Army was committed to was deeply influenced by the Ming Dynasty's management system and old settings in Liaodong.
Section 5: Transportation traffic in Manchurian logistics
The Manchurian Army's military route in the direction of Liaodong Jin and Yi was one of its strategic logistics lines of communication, the "Uiju Route", and the "Uiju Route" also served as a tactical logistics support communication line. Its other military line of communication seems to be "Quang Ninh one niu zhuang one Yao zhou one sheng jing one hun river one jin, righteousness" orientation. The manchurian army's traffic route in the Liaodong Peninsula was roughly the traffic route of "Shengjing, Anshan, Haizhou, Gaiping, and Muchangshuo".
Naturally, it is also due to the old system of Ming Dynasty Road Station. The transportation route from Manchuria to Korea basically adopted the old Korean tribute road set up by the Ming Dynasty. Relatively speaking, the waterway traffic line in Manchukuo is relatively backward, basically an inland shipping waterway. Military logistics tools, the Eastern Liaoning region is still roughly still large carts, that is, ox carts, unicycles, and cut wood for boats. The power source also basically relies on human and animal power, and the use of hydraulic power does not hold an important position in the entire power source because of its northeast seasonal reasons and the lag of waterway transportation.
summary:
All of the above evidence shows that before Manchuria entered the customs, the construction of the empire and the expansion of the system had gradually begun before the Tiancong period, and this construction and expansion naturally included the military logistics system; And even the construction of this military logistics system itself benefited from the excellent leadership and strong execution of the Manchu Qing Imperial Power, but also was deeply influenced by the tradition of clan construction at that time, inheriting the old system of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and other construction elements. ??????
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This system of military logistics, based on the successful functioning of the old civilization and the characteristics of the vigorous nationality, successfully guaranteed and supported the establishment of the system and the expansion of order in Manchuria. It can be said that the success of the Qing Dynasty is inseparable from this kind of logistical construction, and without such logistical construction, there would be no achievements in the Qing Dynasty's eventual entry into the Central Plains. ??????