□ Shen Zhiquan
Recently, the Qianjiang Evening News hourly news "Jiangnan Story" column published several small articles related to Xuanping, and some readers and friends asked: Where is Xuanping, when is there a county, and how can it not be found on today's administrative region map? To answer these questions, it is not clear what to say, because it is related to the first workers' proletarian uprising in Chinese history more than 500 years ago, the Xuanci Miners' Uprising, and the Taiping State it founded. For more information, and as I unveil the veil of history, I will tell you slowly.
"Passing through the Trailing Ridge, back to Fanling, the village chicken dog, the ping kuang Yanyi, the Tong Shu Muqiao, the ancient Dun quality, although xuan cut one of the Corners of Lishui, there is a great Taoyuan flavor." Pill mud seals the two ridges, dreams and frolic, drum belly song, dili where is it? For the villagers among them, they can listen to the water with their staffs and ask for hills; for the high hidden among them, they can wear stones and fish in the evening bells to forget the foreign affairs of the world; for the sake of the Jinli, they can collect medicine with yellow crowns, and the bears can stretch through the birds to engage in white snow and yellow buds; for the feathers of them, they can either find friends outside the mountains, look for lovers in the clouds, and carry wine to listen to the yellow orioles; they can sing wild songs and sing, and they can also be the wenxiong rioters among them. In short, although the earth is a projectile, the realm is a fairy country. ...... This is a true paradise, Yu Xiao Taikang fisherman can not be in this one step also. This is a passage in the preface written by Fu Mengling, an emissary of the Qing Dynasty' division of the domain, for Shunzhi's Xuanping County Chronicle. Under his pen, the Xuanping Realm has simply become a paradise of "Dili He", a fairy country on earth.
Overlooking the land of Xuanyang.
However, in China's feudal society, "under the whole world, can it be the royal land", where is there any paradise that Di li can't reach? In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, in this "True Taoyuan", that is, Xuanci Township, Lishui County at that time, tens of thousands of miners rose up because they could not bear the burden of the imperial court's taxation, and an armed uprising broke out for five years, which was called "Xuankou Rebellion" in the old history and is now called "Xuanci Miners' Uprising". Some historians believe that this miners' uprising was "the first in history to break new ground." (Feng Kecheng and Tian Xiaona, "The Complete History of China")
Now, the records of books such as "History of Ming", "Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong", "Chronicle of Ming History", "Records of Hongyou", "Chronicles of Chuzhou Capital", "Chronicles of Xuanping County", "Historical and Cultural Series of Xuanping Area of Wuyi County" and other books are synthesized, and the history of that time is restored as follows:
In the Ming Dynasty, Chuzhou (now Lishui), located in the Nanshan District of Zhejiang, was one of the main silver-producing areas in the country, while the NiutouShan Ridge Pit and Yugao Silver Mine in Xuanci Township, Lishui County, were the two main silver producing farms. Since the Ming Yongle period, the two mines have been required to pay the imperial court mining tax of 2331 taels of silver every year. During the Xuande period, the amount of silver in the two mines gradually declined, but the imperial court still levied taxes. In the autumn of the thirteenth year of orthodoxy (1448), the miners had to sell their property to pay taxes due to insufficient amount of mineral silver, so they had to sell their property to make up taxes, resulting in no livelihood, so they elected Chen Jianhu as the leader and Tao Deyi as a supplement to expose the uprising.
Chen Jianhu (一作 陈鉴胡), a native of Xuanci Township, Lishui County; Tao Deyi (一作陶德二, "Deyi" and "De'er" Xuanping dialect homophonous), Lishui County Yinghe Township people, both of whom are Langkeng silver mine miners. In October of that year, the rebels attacked wuyi county to the north and returned triumphantly. In December, the attack on Suichang failed, and Chen Jianhu and Tao Deyi led their troops to Qingyuan to join another miner and displaced people rebel army led by Ye Zongliu (also a Xuanci townshiper, a Qingyuan person), and on the way rendezvous with Ye Xiba at Yun and Lianyun Mountain, Fang knew that Ye Zongliu had died.
Tao Ancestral Hall in Tao Village, Taoxi Town, Wuyi County.
Chen Jianhu, Tao Deyi and Ye Xiba, two rebel armies of tens of thousands of people stationed in Lianyun Mountain for more than a month, short clothes and lack of food, so the three of them discussed: "It is inconvenient to plunder in the mountains, but if you plunder the city from Lake Mi, you will be stationed in Bao Village, take the goods from Yiwu, and plunder people in Songyang." Although the officers and troops were numerous, they could not cross feng gongling and force each other. (Ming Gaodai's "Hongyou Lu Pingchu Zhou Kou") plotted to move the village of Bao, and used this as a base to attack Yiwu and Songyang, replenish supplies, expand the troops, and hold the natural danger on the Canggu Road- Feng Gongling, and then occupy Chuzhou and Wenzhou, echoing the peasant rebel army of Deng Maoqi in Shaxian County, Fujian Province, forming a strategic situation of division and confronting the Ming Dynasty.
Statue of Tao Deyi in front of the ancestral hall.
Under the guidance of this strategic vision, tens of thousands of rebels went out of the Bihu Plain to attack the capital city of Chuzhou, and the prefect Zhang You abandoned the city and fled. The rebels entered the city and captured a large number of weapons, grain and other materials, and then marched northwestward, capturing Baocun, Taocun and other places in one fell swoop, occupying the territory of Xuanci, Yinghe and the two townships, and establishing a base area centered on Baocun. In the first month of the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), the rebels announced the establishment of political power in Baocun, "The name of the country is Taiping, and the jianyuan Taiding is established." The puppet generals besieged the prefecture and plundered the counties of Wuyi, Songyang, Longquan, Yongkang, Yiwu, Dongyang, and Pujiang. (Qing Zhang Tingyu et al., "Biography of Ming Shi Zhang Jilie")
Tao Deyi led the main force to besiege the capital city of Yueyu, withdrew his troops to lure the enemy to the Broken Bridge Gorge, cut off the garrison of Geng Ding, captured wang Sheng, and annihilated more than 1,400 enemies. Du commanded Shen Ren to flee back to Chuzhou City, where he and the prefect Zhang You (張佑) could not hold the city to death.
At this time, Du Yushi Zhang Kai had already led troops to suppress the seven rebels of Deng Mao in Fujian, and Emperor Ming Yingzong immediately ordered him to move from Fujian to Zhejiang and lead all the officers and soldiers to clear and suppress the "Chuzhou Kou". When Chen Jianhu heard that the officers and men of various walks of life had entered the prefecture, his heart was flustered, and he credulously believed the promise of Zhang Ji, the young secretary of the Dali Temple, and led his men and horses to surrender, and was later taken to Beijing to be beheaded.
Chen Jianhu descended to the light, "But Tao De'er did not care for the second, killed the messenger, and entered the mountain as chaotic as ever." When Fourteen Years of April also. (The Biography of Ming Shi Zhang Jilie) Tao Deyi killed the envoys of Zhao'an, led the rest back to Bao Village, and continued to build the Taiping Palace, which was completed at the end of April. At the beginning of May, Tao Deyi was proclaimed king of Taiping by the generals, using the "Taiping" state name and the "Taiding" era name, with Zhu Yue'er as the auxiliary minister, and Xu Haoba, Fu Longjiu, and Chen Yuncai as the generals. With the order of "destroying the Dog Officials of the Ming Dynasty and Opening up the World of Peace", soldiers were recruited, and the ranks of the rebels grew rapidly. In order to boost morale, Tao Deyi's army led by Liu Si and Chen San sneaked into the Ming army stationed at Qishan and killed shen Yuan, who was the commander of the capital.
The former Taiping State base area, Xuanping County Zhibao Village (present-day Wuyi County Liucheng) a complete view.
In mid-May, Zhang Kai led his troops to Chuzhou. "When the officers and men were on the flat ground, tens of thousands of thieves went out of the mountains to fight. The officers and men were divided into three formations, the thieves attacked the Chinese army, Kai and other orders returned, and the horse army shot ,...... Left and right combo... The thief was defeated, beheaded more than 600 people, and captured more than 100 people. (Qinggu Yingtai, "Ming History Chronicle at the End of the Book of Pingzhe and Fujian Bandits")
After the Taiping Army lost the first battle, Zhang Kai sent people to persuade him to surrender, and Ye Xiba, Yang Xi, Tao Binglun, and others led their troops to surrender, "Kai and other thieves listened to more than 9,000 households and more than 20,000 men and women before and after the thieves. Tao Deyi surrendered falsely, prepared for war, and at the end of June led more than 20,000 Taiping troops to besiege the capital city of Chuzhou. The two sides fought fiercely for ten days without making any progress. One night, the officers and soldiers succeeded in sneaking attacks, Tao Deyi commanded the generals to retreat, and on the way set up an ambush in the Broken Bridge Gorge, and the whole annihilated the Ming army commanded the cavalry battalion led by Tongzhi Degang, who was also hacked to death by a knife. Tao Deyi withdrew to Bao village to garrison the division, built fortifications in Sisai, and actively prepared for battle.
In August, the "Tumu Fort Rebellion" occurred, and Emperor Mingying's Zhu Qizhen was taken captive by Wa La, and his brother Zhu Qijue took the throne and changed his name to Yuan Jingtai. Zhang Kai and other imperial court officials were urgently recalled to Beijing. Tao Deyi took the opportunity to gather soldiers, went west to conquer Suichang, beheaded the Ming army to command the bow ceremony, the county cheng Zhang Zhi, indulged the prisoners, the local gold and silver miners joined the rebel army, and expanded the army by tens of thousands of people at a time. In the spring of the first year of Jingtai (1450), Tao Deyi's division attacked Songyang, Longquan, Qingyuan, and Qingtian from the south, and the soldiers pointed directly at Yongjia and Wenzhou, and then returned to Bao Village. The local governments urgently reported to the Beijing Division, the Ming court was shocked, Zhang Kai was dismissed, and Sun Yuanzhen, the left attendant of the military department, was ordered to lead the troops to Chuzhou. In May, Tao Deyi led the Taiping Army north to attack Wuyi, and Tsubasa commanded Tao Cheng, the deputy envoy of Zhejiang Province. Attack Yongkang, Jinyun and other counties and return to Baocun.
In the autumn of the first year of Jingtai, Sun Yuanzhen commanded tens of thousands of soldiers in the three provinces of Fujian, Zhejiang, and Gansu, and marched by land and water to reach Chuzhou. Tao Deyi chen tens of thousands of soldiers on the Bihu Plain, confronting the Ming army led by Sun Yuanzhen. At the beginning of the great battle, Sun Yuanzhen bombarded intensively with artillery fire, and the Taiping Army suffered heavy losses. Tao Deyi's troops lowered Xu Haoba and Wang Mengshao to lead more than 3,500 people, and Tao Deyi led the rest of the troops to retreat to the Broken Bridge Gorge fence. Officers and soldiers marched from Fanling, a fortress in the northern part of the Taiping Kingdom, and captured Baocun, the base of the Taiping Kingdom, and then advanced into the Broken Bridge Gorge in three ways, and several unsuccessful attacks were made. Later, under the leadership of the rebel general Wang Mengshao, officers and soldiers inserted themselves behind the rebels to sneak attack, and the bridge gorge was lost. Tao Deyi and Zhu Yue'er led the remnants to Dongyan Jiezhai to defend it, and the Ming army besieged Dongyan, attacked for 18 days, and the village was broken. More than a thousand Taiping troops jumped off the cliff to go to righteousness, and only Tao Deyi and Zhu Yue escaped from the siege and escaped into dongqu mountain. Tens of thousands of Ming troops searched and arrested, and in February of the second year of Jingtai (1451), Tao Deyi was captured and taken to Beijing and killed.
Qing Guangxu's "Xuanping County Chronicle" county territory map.
In the third year of Jingtai (1452), Sun Yuanzhen accepted the advice of Gongsheng and Zheng Yili, a Caomen man of Baocun Village, on the grounds that Xuanci and other townships were far from Lishui County and difficult to manage, "To analyze Ruiandi to increase Taishun, to analyze Lishui and Qingtian counties to place Yunhe, Xuanping, and Jingning Siyi, to establish officials and put them in charge, and to put the thieves to rest." ("Ming Shi Sun Yuan Zhen Lie Biography") Imperial Court Quasi-Music, Analysis of Lishui Xuanci Township, Yinghe Township and Yide Township in the northern part of the county, taking the meaning of "Xuankou Pingding", the county name "Xuanping", county Zhibao Village.
In December of that year, Zhu Yue'er sneaked back to the Ridge Pit Silver Mine and gathered miners to sneak into Bao Village in Xuanping County on the night of Chinese New Year's Eve. When the incident was leaked, the government immediately dispatched troops from Chuzhou to suppress it, and Zhu Yue er fled into the mountains when he heard the news. In the first month of the fourth year of Jingtai (1453), more than 3,000 officers and soldiers were rounded up in the mountains, Zhu Yue'er was captured, more than 160 of his subordinates were killed, and the Xuanci miners' revolt, which lasted for five years, finally failed.
Xuanping County is one hundred and twenty miles northwest of the prefecture, one hundred and sixty miles wide from east to west, and one hundred and forty miles from north to south. (Qing Guangxu's "Xuanping County Chronicle") it borders Jinyun to the east, Lishui to the south, Songyang and Suichang to the west, and Wuyi and Jinhua to the north. The county seat was originally named "Bao Village", originally there was no city wall, kangxi fifty-five years (1716) spring, the county order Zhang Tinghu to enlist the people around the county to plant willow, "leave four doors through the entrance and exit, after three years, Liu Zichengwei", so renamed "LiuCheng", and continues to use today. There is still a area in Liucheng City called "Taipingfang", which is rumored to be the location of the Taiping Palace built by the Taiping Kingdom in that year. In 1958, the State Council revoked the establishment of Xuanping County, and the original Xuanping territory was merged into Jinhua, Lishui, Wuyi, Suichang, Songyang and other counties and cities, and Xuanping County, which had existed on the administrative map of China for 506 years, disappeared.
Thousands of acres of lotus flowers bloom.
Xuanping, in Chinese history, because of the Xuanci miners' revolt, first established the Taiping Kingdom, and then the Ming Dynasty set it up as a county. Although the county has been withdrawn for more than 60 years, the people of this land still maintain the unique language and customs of Xuanping, and the ancient style still exists. Here, blue sky and white clouds, green water and green mountains, Trailing Ridge, Fanling Control Choke North and South, including Cangshan Mountain, Xianxia Ridge Arch Guard East and West, there are good fields, spring can see ten miles of peach blossoms, summer can enjoy thousands of acres of lotus flowers, autumn can overlook the layers of forest dyeing, winter can be observed alpine rime, there are Niutou Mountain National Forest Park, Yanfu Temple Thousand Year Ancient Temple, Yuyuan Taiji Astrological Village dotted among them. When people are tired of the hustle and bustle of the city, return to nature, step into the Xuanping Mountains, "support the staff to listen to the water, ask the valley to find the hill", "look for friends outside the mountain, look for the clouds, carry wine to listen to the yellow oriole", perhaps they can really appreciate the "Taoyuan flavor" written by Fu Mengling.
About author: Shen Zhiquan, professor, has published or published more than 2 million words of novels, essays, essays, monographs, and currently lives in Hangzhou.
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