"Guangling San", also known as "Guangling Stop", is a guqin song with a more exciting tune. According to Liu Dongsheng's "Outline of the History of Chinese Music", "Guangling San" was produced around the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It is said that the famous song "Guangling San" originated because of Nie Zheng's assassination of Han Xiang, and died because Ji Kang was punished by the Great Punishment. Therefore, behind the ancient song "Guangling San", it actually contains two allusions to Nie Zheng and Ji Kang. The various sections of "Guangling San" are Jingli (Nie Zheng's hometown), taking Han, taking the body, Han Zhi, martyr woman, Shen Ming, throwing sword, Junji, and Wei Xing, which are roughly in line with the whole process of Nie Zheng's assassination of Han Xiang.
According to the Chronicle of History, Volume 86, And The Twenty-sixth Biography of the Assassins, Nie Zheng was a famous warrior of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, the Korean minister Yan Sui (Zi Zhongzi) and Han Xiang Han Golem (Zi Xia Tired) had a feud. Yan Zhongzi spent a lot of money trying to bribe Nie Zheng to assassinate Xia Tired. Nie Zheng was originally a "slaughter dog generation" in a city well, and because he wanted to support his elderly mother, he refused Yan Zhongzi's generous gift. Later, Nie Zheng's mother died, and after Nie Zheng buried his mother, he told Yan Zhongzi that he was originally a disciple of the city, and Yan Zhongzi, as the "secretary of the princes", drove thousands of miles to invite him with heavy money. Nie Zheng naturally wanted to reciprocate this courtesy, so he "used it for his confidante" and vowed to die to repay Yan Zhongzi. Yan Zhongzi said that his enemy was Han Xiangxia. He had always wanted to ask the Assassins to assassinate Hero Tired. However, Xia Ti is the uncle of the Korean monarch, the clan is prosperous, the surrounding defense is tight, and it is not easy to succeed. Nie Zheng immediately agreed to Yan Zhongzi's request.
Nie Zheng went to Eido, South Korea alone. After arriving in Yidu, Han Xiangxia was tired and was in the palace. Although Xia Tired had a large number of guards to protect him, Nie Zheng still assassinated Xia Tired like a probe. The "Chronicle of History" only uses a brief language to describe the thrilling assassination scene, "Nie Zheng went straight in, the upper-order assassination hero was tired, and the left and right were in chaos." Nie Zheng shouted incessantly, killing dozens of people in a row. Nie Zheng finally pointed his sword at himself, cut his face, cut his eyes, and cut his abdomen. Nie Zheng's purpose in doing so was to prevent someone from recognizing him and implicating Yan Zhongzi. Later, Nie Zheng was violently killed in the city, but no one recognized him. The Monarch of South Korea offers a hundred gold rewards for those who provide clues. Later, Nie Zheng's sister Nie Rong heard that an assassin had assassinated Han Xiang and was violently killed in the street, so she suspected that it was his brother Nie Zheng who did it, so Nie Rong immediately left for South Korea to inquire about it. After Nie Rong arrived at Nie Zheng's violent body, he recognized his brother and cried. Nie Rong said to the onlookers, "This is my younger brother Nie Zheng, who was entrusted by Yan Zhongzi to assassinate Xia Tired. In order to avoid connecting with me, I actually broke my face. I can't get into Nie Zheng's fame. Then Nie Rong mourned and died.
According to Suo Yin's commentary on the Records of History, Nie Rong apparently misunderstood Nie Zheng's intentions. Nie Zheng did this to protect Yan Zhongzi, and Nie Rong thought it was to avoid upsetting himself. But Nie Rong's main purpose in doing so was to "list his name" and avoid Nie Zheng from becoming an unknown assassin.
Nie Zheng's assassination of Xia Tired should have been a very influential political event at that time. When the people of the Jin, Chu, Qi, Wei, and other countries heard about this, they appreciated Nie Zheng's fearlessness of "a soldier who dies for a confidant", and also praised Nie Rong as a martyr's daughter, a weak woman, who did not hesitate to "go thousands of miles in danger", so that Nie Zheng could become famous in the world. At the same time, he also praised Yan Zhongzi for "knowing that people can get soldiers". No one expressed regret or sympathy for the death of the hero. Yan Zhongzi, who bought the murderer, is the mastermind behind the whole incident. Both the "Chronicle of History" and the "Warring States Policy" are very neutral in mentioning the contradictions and conflicts between Yan Zhongzi and Xia Lei. For example, in the "Chronicle of History, Volume 86", it is said that "Puyang Yan Zhongzi was the Marquis of Han, and Han Xiangxia was tired."
The Warring States Policy Han Ce II mentions, "Han puppets are more important than jun, and the two harm each other." Yan Sui pointed out the political deliberations and cited the fault of the Han puppets. Han puppets used it to treat the DYNASTY. Yan Sui drew his sword and rushed to save him. So Yan Sui was afraid of the curse, and died to swim, begging people to repay the Korean puppets. It can be seen that the two were incompatible at that time. But no one knows whether it is right or wrong, and no one knows that by the standards of modern people, the assassination of a political leader of a country is a very serious crime, and Nie Zheng may be one of the most murderous terrorists. According to the "Warring States Policy Han Ce II", Nie Zheng also stabbed the Korean monarch Han Mourning, who was in the Xia Lei Mansion at that time. When this incident is mentioned in the "History table", there is only one sentence, "The thief killed Han Xiangxia tired." Without mentioning Nie Zheng's name, it is simply "thief", which obviously has the meaning of degrading the assassin's behavior. However, Tai Shi Gong basically adopted a positive attitude toward Nie Zheng's deeds in the Assassin Biography. In addition, it is mentioned in the "Warring States Strategy, Tang Sui Does Not Fail in His Mission", tang Sui praised Nie Zheng as the "anger of the soldiers", and his arrogance was not weaker than that of the King of Qin's "anger of the Son of Heaven". Tang Sui also said, "Nie Zheng's thorn Han puppet is also a white rainbow. At that time, the sky was clear and the rainbow was a scene, and the sound outside the string was that Nie Zheng stabbed Han Xiang in accordance with the Mandate of Heaven. It can be seen that Nie Zheng's behavior was regarded as the behavior of heroic and righteous soldiers at that time.
The earliest appearance of the "Guangling San" piano song is about the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In Cai Yong's Qin Cao of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assassination became a folk tale. In this story, Nie Zheng killed not Han Xiang, but Han Wang. Nie Zheng did not assassinate Yan Zhongzi, but avenged his father. It turned out that Nie Zheng's father had forged a sword for king Han and was killed because he could not deliver it in time. So Nie Zheng became a widow. When he grew up, Nie Zheng met immortals in the mountains and learned the art of drumming and playing the piano. Nie Zheng also mastered the Transfiguration Technique and became known to no one. One day Nie Zheng was drumming and playing in the downtown area, "the spectators are in line, and the horses and cattle stop listening." When King Han heard about it, he immediately summoned Nie Zheng and ordered Nie Zheng to play the piano in public. At this time, Nie Zheng took out the sword hidden in the piano and assassinated the King of Han in one fell swoop, avenging his father. Later, it was not Nie Rong who wept on Nie Zheng's corpse, but Nie Zheng's mother. This story was named by Cai Yong as "Nie Zheng Stabbed King Han". This story of "Nie Zheng stabbing King Han" has instead become the plot of "Guangling San". Although there are too many discrepancies between the storyline and the records of the history books, the main content of the song "Guangling San", such as taking Han, dead body, Han Zhi, martyr woman, Shen Ming, throwing sword, etc., has not been diminished by the loss of the story.
Nie Zheng's era was about six hundred years later, and a brilliant and protracted figure in the Western Jin Dynasty made "Guangling San" a masterpiece in eternity. This person is the most influential celebrity in the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest",Ji Kang. Ji Kang was an outstanding thinker, poet and musician of the Wei and Jin dynasties. At that time, Sima Shi and Cao Wei were vying for power, and Ji Kang, who was "fierce and talented", sided with Cao Wei and always held a non-cooperative attitude towards Sima Shi. Ji Kang's resistance to the Sima clique eventually led to the scourge of death, and in 262 BC, Ji Kang was beheaded for the crime of "disorderly government". Ji Kang was once accused by Zhong Hui of being "the son of heaven who is not a subject to the heavens, and the prince who is not a prince", and his independence and unruliness made him pay the price of his life.
In the Sixth Book of the New Language of the World, it is recorded that "Ji Zhongsan (Ji Kang) was in the eastern city of Punishment, and his spirit was unchanged, and Suo Qin played it, playing "Guangling San". At the end of the song, it is said: "Yuan Xiaoni tried to learn this dispersion, but Wu Jin Gu did not cooperate with it, and the Guangling San" is now extinct!' Three thousand students went to the book, please think of it as a teacher, not allowed. King Wen also sought remorse. Even if three thousand students wrote "Please think of themselves as teachers," Sima Zhao would not allow it. In order to eradicate dissidents, the Sima clan had already exterminated eight famous families such as Cao Shuang and He Yan, so how could they not do anything to Ji Kang, a famous scholar?
"Guangling San" is a song that has a long history. It sprouted in the Qin and Han dynasties, and by the Wei and Jin dynasties it had gradually taken shape and finalized. Its name is first recorded in Wei Yingxuan's Book with Liu Kongcai: "Listen to the Dispersion of Guangling". The piano pieces mentioned in Wei Jikang's "Qin Fu" also include "Guangling Stop". "Scatter" is the meaning of "scattering" and inducing music, that is, "scattering music". In the pre-Qin dynasty, there was already sangaku, which was a kind of folk music, which was different from the gagaku during court banquets and sacrifices. During the Han and Jin dynasties, "Guangling San" was circulated as a xianghe song. Song Guo Maoqian's "Collected Poems of Lefu" lists "Guangling San" as a Chu tune, probably due to the popularity in the Chu region at that time.
Before the Sui and Tang dynasties, "Guangling San" and "Stop Breath" were still two songs. In the Tang Dynasty, it was first said that "Guangling San" was called "Guangling Cessation". Tang Li Liangfu wrote a volume of "Guangling Stop-Breath Spectrum", which is 23 paragraphs, which is found in the New Book of Tang and Lezhi; Tang Lüwei wrote the Guangling Stop-Breath Spectrum in one volume with 36 paragraphs; During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the Guangling San has been increased to 44 paragraphs.
Ji Kang is known for playing this song well. The Book of Jin says: Uncle Ji is not happy to advance at night, Chung will assume the power of Virtue with Kang, and Sima Jiezhi will be. Kang Lin tortured Gu Rijing, and Suo Qin played the "Former Yuan Xiaoni often scattered from my learning Guangling. Every time the Jin Dynasty was scattered, it was now extinct. "The circulation of "Guangling San", according to the "Magical Secret Score", its upper volume "Taigu Zhi Cao" is "the secret that the past did not pass on", the volume contains the "Guangling San" song, and notes this song "There are two scores in the world, and the one who takes it now, the score received in the Sui Palace, the Sui dynasty died and the people were in Tang, the Tang dynasty was exiled to the people for a year, and during the Song Gaozong Jianyan, he re-entered the imperial palace, and after 937 years, this score was correct, so it was taken." It can be seen that the "Guangling San" contained in the "Magical Secret Spectrum" is the original appearance of the ancient spectrum.
"Guangling San" is associated with the story of Nie Zheng and first appeared in the poetry of the Song and Yuan dynasties. The scale, mode, and title of the music are more or less consistent with the "Guangling San" score seen today. The existing "Guangling San" music score was first found in the "Magical Secret Score" (1425) compiled and printed by Zhu Quan in the Ming Dynasty, and also in the "Feng Xuan Xuan Pin", "Xilutang Qin tong" and the Qing "Qinyuan Xin Chuan Complete Compilation", "Banana An Qin Score", and "Qinxue Chujin" scores. But there are three main versions: one is the Ming Zhu Quan's "Magical Secret Spectrum"; In addition, there are two different notations in Ming Wangzhi's "Xilutang Qintong", called A and B scores. These three different scores have been studied by pianists, and the "Guangling San" of the "Magical Secret Score" is the earliest and more complete, and it is the version often played today.
Later generations have added segmented titles to "Guangling San", some of which are named after the plot corresponding to the story, and the emotions expressed in the music do have a lot in common with this tragic legend. The "Guangling San" contained in the "Magical Secret Score" has a total of 45 musical sections, which are divided into six parts: the opening finger (one paragraph), the small sequence (three paragraphs), the large sequence (five paragraphs), the positive sound (eighteen paragraphs), the chaotic sound (ten paragraphs), and the post-sequence (eight paragraphs). Among them, the first and last parts seem to be gained by posterity, while the three parts before and after the positive sound are likely to retain the forms of Han Dynasty phases and large songs. Zhengsheng used to mainly show sympathy for Nie Zheng's unfortunate fate; After the positive voice, it shows the praise and praise of Nie Zheng's heroic deeds. Zhengsheng is the main part of the music, focusing on the development process of Nie Zheng's feelings from resentment to indignation, and profoundly portraying his will to take revenge without fear of violence and rather than die. The whole song always runs through the interweaving, ups and downs and changes of the tones of the two themes. One is the main tone of the orthot, which is found in the second paragraph of the "orthopedic voice", and the other is the main tone of the chaotic voice that appears first at the end of the prologue. The main tone of the orthotone is mostly at the beginning of the section, highlighting its dominant body use. The main tone of the chaotic voice is mostly used at the end of the music section, which reduces the various changed tunes to a common tone, and has the function of marking the paragraph and unifying the whole piece.
The main melody of the whole song of "Guangling San" is intense and indignant. The opening finger is a paragraph of calm and freedom, which can be regarded as the introduction of the whole song. The small and large sequences arrange the prototype of the main melody of the right and the chaotic sound in a relatively stable atmosphere. Zhengsheng is the main part of the music, which highlights the emotional development process of Nie Zheng from resentment to indignation, and focuses on portraying his indomitable spirit and hard character. After the main key of the positive tone is revealed, the main melody is further developed, and the music at this time shows a mood of "resentment and misery". The slow and calm lyricism has a nostalgic contemplation, while at the same time bring turmoil and uneasiness. The music then enters the rapid bass and develops into an aggressive, thrilling scene that forms the climax of the whole song, that is, the battle atmosphere of "brilliant and spear-wielding". The music then shows a grand, heroic, deep and generous atmosphere. The chaotic sound and the post-sequence are relatively short, mainly reflecting a warm and cheerful feeling, thus ending the whole song.
The tune of "Guangling San" is beautiful and narrative. The sound of percussion instruments in the low time zone sets off the sonorous rhythm, suggesting the drama of the story. The music roughly matches the content of the title. The "Positive Sound" part is the essence of the whole song. "Guangling San" is a "slow commercial tune". Slow quotient is a kind of tuning method of the piano, that is, lowering the second string quotient tone so that it is the same as the first string palace tone, so that the bass melody can be played on these two strings at the same time, achieving a strong acoustic effect. This method of tuning the strings helps to express the impassioned emotions of "Guangling San" and the sense of solidity and grandeur. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Guan Pinghu, a famous guqinist in China, sorted out and scored according to the tunes contained in the "Magical Secret Score", so that this wonderful guqin music returned to the human world.
"Guangling San" is the only surviving guqin song in China with the atmosphere of ge spear killing and fighting, which directly expresses the spirit of struggle of the oppressed against the tyrant, and has a high ideological and artistic nature. Perhaps Ji Kang also saw this spirit of resistance and the will to fight of "Guangling San" and loved "Guangling San" so much and had such deep feelings for it. The Ming Dynasty Song Shuba's "Taigu Relics" said: "Its voice is angry and impatient, and it must not be disciplined." "Qinyuan To Record and Stop The Preface" Yun: "Resentment and Misery", the tune is poignant and brittle; Where "Buddha Yu is generous", there is also the momentum of "thunder and rain" and "spear crossing". This song is deep and majestic, with rough and rustic beauty, and is a very outstanding piece of music at that time. "'Guangling San' is now extinct!" The pianist explained the music with his life, and the music became the masterpiece of his life. However, true art is immortal, and for more than a thousand years, the song "Guangling" has continued to resound all over the world. The remnants of Han and Tang music, the structure of traditional big songs, and the techniques of qinqu retained by the music provide extremely rich reference materials for future generations, and have immeasurable artistic value and historical value.
Although "Guangling San" has "an exquisite tone", some people have always criticized "Guangling San" as "the most unpeaceful", "angry and impatient", and has the so-called "image of a subject and a king". Presumably, Ji Kang used this song on the execution ground to express the grievances accumulated in his chest. Ji Kang, who wrote "The Theory of Sound without Sorrow", has always advocated that sound comes from the essence of nature and has nothing to do with subjective emotions such as mood and sorrow. When Ji Kang was about to be executed, his aura remained unchanged. But the song is the voice of the heart. I wonder how Ji Kang, in the face of the punishment of the Great Liberation, showed the momentum of "thunder and rain" and "spear and spear" in the "melancholy and generosity", so as to use this song as the final resistance to the power? Listening to this song again after a thousand years, I can't help but think of Nie Zheng and ji kang from afar.