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02
The "Lotus Festival" first arose during the Six Dynasties period
The earliest record of the birth of The Lotus birth of The Gate of Suzhou is in the Records of Wu County, which is cited in the fourth volume of the Guangqun Fang Genealogy written by The Kangxi Jinshi Wang Hao and other Feng Shu in the early Qing Dynasty:
"Lotus flowers swing outside the Gate, every year on the twenty-fourth day of June, the tourists are the most prosperous, the paintings are gathered, the dew is a thousand flowers laughing, the lifting of the clouds is chaotic out of the gorge, the fan is the stars and the moon are reflected, the song is thunderous, the Sioux people are traveling, and the sun is extremely high."
There are two people who check the "Outline of the Old Fang Zhi of Jiangsu", named "Records of Wu County": Jin Guyi wrote a volume of "Records of Wu County", which is found in the "Sui Book of Classics"; qi Lu Daozhan wrote a volume of "Records of Wu County", which is found in the "Outline of the Taiping Imperial Records and Classics and History Books". In addition, the Southern Dynasty Liu Song Dynasty monk Qian wrote the "Geographical Record of Wu County", also known as the "Record of Wu County", such as the Southern Song Dynasty's "Wu County", such as the Southern Song Dynasty's "Wu County" (剡録) 巻四 "Ancient Tomb of Dai Yun" (Dai Yong Tomb) In the north of the county, Wang Monk's "Record of Wu County" is known as '颙死尸尸剡中 (嵊县)'". These three kinds of "Wu Junji" are dated to the latest in the Southern Dynasty Song (420-479) and Qi (479-502), no matter which "WuJunzhi" is cited in the "Guangqun Fang genealogy", we can say that the earliest fengmen lotus birthday customs can be traced back to the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty period 1,500 years ago. This is the earliest known documentation related to the Lotus Festival on June 24.
Zhu Ziqing's "Lotus Pond Moonlight" said: "Picking lotuses is an old custom in Jiangnan, which seems to have existed very early, and the Six Dynasties were flourishing, which can be roughly known from poetry." "Wang Hao's "Guangqun Fang Spectrum" quotes the "To the Void and Miscellaneous Tricks" Yun: For twenty-four days in June, Xie Wenjun was alone and had no companion, and ordered Shen Junyou to make a song of picking lotuses to relieve his sad thoughts, and to help the pen stand up, saying: "Pingchuan Yingxiaoxia, the lotus boat floods the waves." The fragrance of clothes is far away from the shore, and the shadow of the lotus is oblique. The degree of hand leads the long handle, turning the maple to avoid the flowers. The return ship is not afraid of fullness, and the return road is suspected of credit. 'Thank you for a long time.
"To the Void Miscellaneous Tricks" is also written as "To the False Pavilion Miscellaneous Tricks", the author is unknown, the "Lang Huan Record" written by Yuan Yishizhen is cited here, and Tao Zongyi compiled it into the "Sayings" series of books in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, which was written by the Song people. Shen Junyou's "Lotus Picking Song" is included in the fifty volumes of the "Lefu Poetry Collection" compiled by Song Guo Maoqian, and is widely known, but few people know that it is related to the "Lotus Festival" on the "twenty-fourth day of June". Shen Junyou (沈君攸), a native of Wuxing, died in the twelfth year of the Reign of Emperor Tianbao of Liang (573) of the Southern Dynasty. Shen Junyou lived in the Southern Dynasty, similar to the date of the book "Wu Junji", and the story of Shen Junyou composing "Picking Lotus Songs" on June 24, on the other hand, confirms the possibility that the "24th day of June" contained in the "Wu Junji" is the "Lotus Birthday".
As we all know, the lotus flower has a close relationship with Buddhism and is one of the "Eight Treasures" of Buddhism. Buddhists refer to the Sutra as the "Lotus Sutra", the Seat of the Buddha as the "Lotus Seat", the Monk's Room as the "Lotus Room", the Robe as the "Lotus Dress", the Buddha Kingdom as the "Lotus Realm", the Dharma Mudra as the Lotus Lotus Palm, and so on. The Buddhist scriptures record that when Buddha Shakyamuni was born, he took seven steps away from the mother's body and gave birth to a lotus flower step by step. Therefore, Buddhists refer to the Lotus as a Buddha, and call Shakyamuni the "Lotus Prince" and so on. The first Buddhist classic translated in ancient China, the Forty-two Chapters of the Sutra of the Buddha's Sayings translated by the Eastern Han Dynasty' Gaya Moten and Zhu Fa lan, is the cloud " I am The Shamen, in the turbid world, when like a lotus, not polluted." The Book of Wei, the earliest account of the history of Buddhism in China, says:
"Emperor Wei Ming once wanted to destroy the Palace Offita (Futu), and the foreign shamen was a golden pan filled with water, placed in front of the temple, and cast it in the water with the Buddha's relics, but there were five colors of light, so the emperor sighed: 'Self-non-spiritual, Anderhu?' So he migrated to daoque and made a hundred rooms in the Zhou Pavilion. The buddha figure (stupa) is chiseled into a pond and planted with hibiscus (lotus flowers) in the middle. ”
During the Six Dynasties period, Buddhism has been introduced to the south, and Du Mu's "Jiangnan Spring" has clouds :"Four hundred and eighty temples in the southern dynasty, how many buildings are in the smoke and rain." "The Biography of Prince Mao of Nanshi QiJin'an records that when (ZiMao) was seven years old, his mother Ruan Shuyuan was critically ill and asked the monks to walk. There are those who offer lotus flowers to the Buddha, and the monks use copper poppies to stain their stems with water, and they want the flowers not to wither. Zi Mao wept and prayed to the Buddha: "If the aunt is thus reconciled, may the Buddhas make Hua fast without withering." "After the seven-day fast, Hua is more bright red, and there is a slight root whisker in the poppy, which is called filial piety in the world.
This is the earliest record of the art of lotus flower arrangement. However, looking at the literature, the "Lotus Festival" actually originated from the lotus viewing custom of Suzhou's Fengmen Lotus Dang, which is one of the traditional festivals produced in China and has nothing to do with Buddhism.
03
Song Dynasty "Lotus Festival"
The "Wu Junji" does not directly state that the 24th day of June is the "Lotus Birthday" or "Lotus Festival", but only that the lotus flowers on this day of the year are "the most popular for tourists". The term "Guan Lian Jie" first appeared in the Song Dynasty. The Qing Jia Lu quotes the "Collection of The City from the Grass Hall": "The twenty-fourth of June, called the lotus birthday, is really nothing." However, the Vipassana Rishu: "It is the day of the Lotus Festival, and Chao Cai and her husband each give each other lotus seeds." Volume IV of Wang Hao's Guangqun Fang Genealogy quotes the Vipassana Rishu as "The twenty-fourth day of June is the Lotus Festival, and Chao Cai and her husband each take lotus seeds as a gift." The author of the book "Neiguan Rishu" is unknown, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Tao Zongyi was compiled into the "Shuoguo" series, and The Ming Tao's re-compilation of "Shuojiao" had the title "A volume of "Neiguan Rishu", written by Song Queming. It can be known that this book was written by the Song people, and the custom of "Guan Lotus Festival" was formed in the Song Dynasty at the latest.
Lu You (1125 ~ 1210) "Jiannan Poetry Draft", "June 24 night and night dream Fan Zhineng, Li Zhiji, You Yanzhi Tongji Jiangting" has clouds "White Han Xiang first rained, red dragonflies weak can not help the wind." The poem "White Lotus" is the White Lotus, and this poem also shows that June 24 is the Lotus Festival. Ye Mengde (1077~1148) wrote the "Summer Escape Record" volume: Ouyang Wenzhonggong in Yangzhou as a Pingshan Hall,...... Every summer, he took the guests to travel in the early morning, sent people to Shao Bo to take more than a thousand lotus flowers, and inserted hundreds of pots with painting pots, and between the guests, when encountering the liquor store, he sent a prostitute to take a flower to pass on the guests, to pick their leaves for the second time, and drink alcohol everywhere, often invading the night and returning home with the moon.
04
The story of Ouyang Xiu inserting a hundred pots of lotus flowers and flying flowers was passed down as a beautiful talk
Mingtian Rucheng wrote "West Lake Tour Zhiyu" Volume II "Imperial Capital" article: During the Southern Song Dynasty, the eunuch Dong Songchen was "extremely good at greeting ,...... If you enjoy the lotus flowers, that is, take the potted lotus in the West Horse, put it in the big pool, the clouds are golden, and tomorrow it will be restored. It is recorded here that during the lotus viewing period, there was no lotus in the "big pool" of the Southern Song court, and Dong Songchen borrowed potted lotus flowers and buried them in the pool to please the emperor, but it only needed to be arranged for one day, "tomorrow to return it." This is one of the earliest records about the art of lotus bonsai. It can be seen that Song Lizong's "lotus viewing" is only carried out on a specific date, and after this day, there is no need for "pot lotus". This specific lotus reward date should be the "Lotus Festival". In this way, the "Lotus Festival", which originated in Suzhou folk, was introduced to the Hangzhou court during the Southern Song Dynasty.
05
Seasonal explanation of the origin of the "Lotus Festival"
Although the lotus viewing custom of Suzhou Fengmen Lotus Dang can be as early as the Six Dynasties period, but as a folk festival and traditional custom, it also contains richer cultural connotations, examining the literature, we believe that the origin of the "Lotus Festival" is mainly related to two factors: one is related to seasonal flower letters, and the other is related to character stories. Let's start with the issue of seasonality. Flowers bloom at the same time, just like trustworthiness, called "flower letter"; the wind that should be blown during the flower period is called "flower trade wind". Song Cheng Dachang (1123~1195) "Yan FanLu" Volume I, Gao Xiangsun (1158 ~1231) "Wei Luo" Volume VI cites Southern Tang Xu Kai (920 ~ 974) "The Chronicle of the Years is known as 'March Flowers Bloom, Famous Flowers And Trade Winds.' Qing Jiang Yibin's "Qianjin Qiu" volume 1 quote "Chronicle of the Ages:'The first plum blossom, the final neem flower, where twenty-four flowers trade winds. The Jingchu Chronicle of the Jingchu Chronicle by Liang Zongyi (502-565) of the present-day Southern Dynasty does not have this language, and should be from Xu Kai's "Chronicle of the Years of Guangji". Song Zhouhui's "Qingbo Magazine" Volume IX: "From the early spring to the first summer in Jiangnan, there are twenty-four wind letters, the plum blossom wind is the first, and the neem wind is the last." ”
Another theory is that there are two flower trade winds per month and twenty-four flower trade winds a year, see Ming Yang Shen's "Twenty-four Flower Trade Winds" quoted the Southern Dynasty Liang Yuan Emperor's "Outline":
"In January, the two flowers are trade winds, the yin and yang are cold and warm, and the winter is timely, but the first day, there is wind and rain and a slight cold." Its flowers: goose, magnolia, plum flower, poplar flower, alder flower, tung flower, golden cherry, astragalus, neem flower, lotus flower, betel nut, manberry, rhombus flower, hibiscus, osmanthus flower, reed flower, orchid, indigo flower, peach blossom, loquat, plum blossom, daffodil, camellia, Ruixiang, its name exists. ”
Among them, the trade winds of the lotus flowers in the early summer should be the seasonal factor of the origin of the lotus festival, no later than the Liang Yuan Emperor, which is consistent with the era of the Lotus Flower Dangsu people in the "Book of Wu County". Volume 784 of the Quan Tang Poetry contains the poem "Answering People" of the Taishang Hermit, which says, "There is no calendar day in the mountains, and the cold does not know the year." Su Shi's poem "Gifting Liang Daoren" says: "There are no calendar days in the cold mountains." Cheng Yuwen, a talented man of the Ming Dynasty, did not think so, and he listed the calendar by month according to the flowering period of various flowers in the mountain, called the "Flower Calendar", also known as the "Flower Moon Order". Its "Flower Calendar" prologue cloud: "Flowers have blossoms and falls and are cool, and they must not be without calendars." The secret collection "Moon Order", quite in line with the times, is more edited to replace the position of the pot. Counting white and red, who is the mountain without calendar? Cheng Yuwen's "Qing Idle Offering" "Moon Ling Performance" Tian Yun: "June... Lotus Birth Twenty-four. Another "flower calendar" strip cloud: "June... Lotus for lotus. "Ming Wang Xiangjin's "Qunfang Genealogy" "June" article quotes the "Flower Moon Order" "Is the moon also ... Han Yu Bai Zi. Volume IV of the Guangqun Fang Genealogy quotes the "Increased Qing Idle Offering": "June... Twenty-fourth Birthday. ”
"Lotus Birthday" is "Lotus Birth", so the sixth month of the lunar calendar is also known as "Lotus Moon", as the name suggests, it is the time when the lotus flowers first bloom. Lotus flowers are also known as "Han Li" and "Hibiscus". The Yun "has not been issued as a hibiscus, but has been issued as a hibiscus." Erya Shicao: "Lotus, Fleur,...... Its lotus, in fact, the lotus, its root lotus. "Interpretation" Yun: "The words of the lotus are he also, and the load is said to be large." "Chu Ci Departure": "Making Qianhe thinks that he is dressed, and Ji Furong thinks that he is dressed." Hong Xingzu added: "Materia Medica Yun: Its leaf name is Lotus, and its Hua has not been issued as a han, but has been issued as a hibiscus." Jin Guopu's "Erya Note": "He, alias Furong, Jiangdong people huhe." Song Xingyu's "Eryashu": "All are the names of lotus stems, leaves, hua, and reality." Hibiscus, not issued as Haram. "Northerners take the lotus as a lotus." It is said that "lotus" is both a general term and can also refer to lotus flowers, lotus stems, and lotus leaves, respectively; northerners call the "lotus" called "lotus" in Jiangdong.
"Shijing Zheng Feng Shan You Fu Su" "隰有 Lotus", is called its flower; "Chen Feng Zepi" "There is Pu and Lotus", Zheng Xuan notes: "Fuqu no Stem Also", is the stem and leaf. "Pi Ya": "Lotus, the general name is also, Hua, Ye and other names have many meanings, so the question of 'not knowing' is called Heye." Generally speaking, the single name "lotus" specifically refers to the lotus fruit or lotus seed; and the single name "lotus", it is somehow why, so the name "lotus" is the harmonic sound of "He", which is the reason why the lotus leaf and lotus flower are named "lotus" in the "Piya". Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" explains that "lotus" is a "load" of lotus: "The 'load' leaves on the lotus stem, and the 'load' flowers on the leaves, hence the name. The commentary on the passage of the "Sayings" is also interpreted as follows: "The big leaf of the cover is frightening, so it is called a lotus." "Is a harmonic sound that uses "lotus" as "frightening".
In short, "Lotus Birth" has a clearer meaning than "Lotus Birth", "Lotus Birth" is prone to ambiguity, I don't know whether it refers to the first birth of lotus leaves, or the first birth of lotus flowers, or the birth of flowers and lotuses. If it is the first birth of a lotus flower, it is easy to remind people of the scene of "the little lotus only shows its sharp horns" (Yang Wanli's poem). The "lotus birth" is not ambiguous, that is, it refers to the scene where the lotus flower has just opened and revealed the lotus canopy inside, that is, when the lotus seed is born. Cheng Yuwen's "Flower Calendar" contains June "Han For Lotus", "Han Li Bai Zi", etc., which refers to the season of the birth of the flower and the lotus, not the time when "the little lotus shows its sharp horns".
The author of the "Flower Calendar" Cheng Yuwen is a native of Shexian County, Anhui Province, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, whose life is unknown, and his "Flower Calendar" preface is called the ancient "Moon Order" flowering period, which is quite in line with the seasons, which is very easy to understand, because the "Moon Order" system from the "Book of Rites" and "Lü's Spring and Autumn" reflects the phenology and seasonality of the northern Central Plains, of course, it is impossible to conform to the southern climate; in the same way, Cheng Yuwen's re-edited "Flower Moon Order" cannot be suitable for the northern region. The "Lotus Moon" in the south is not necessarily the "Lotus Moon" in the North, and the "Lotus Birthday" around the 24th day of the sixth month of the southern lunar calendar is likely to be delayed by about a month to the Northern Beijing-Tianjin region.
The "Flower Calendar" and "Flower Moon Order" evolved to later form the "December Flower God". During the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory made the "December Linghua God Cup" (referred to as the "Twelve Flower God Cup" or "Flower God Cup"), with blue flowers, five-colored and enamel varieties, and painted the December Moon Ling Flowers (Flower God) on 12 small cups shaped like a bell, accompanied by Tang poems, one cup and one flower and one verse in January, and the word "appreciation" was printed at the end of the poem. Huashen Cup integrates porcelain craftsmanship, calligraphy and painting, poetry and printing, and is a famous product in the Kangxi and Yongzheng official kiln porcelain of the Qing Dynasty, which has been imitated in Guangxu, the Republic of China and modern times. Among them, the combination of poems and flowers comes from the book written by Kangxi in the forty-seventh year (1708) and the "Guangqun Fang Spectrum" written by Wang Hao, so the firing of the flower god cup was followed. The Kangxi Twelve Flower Cups are sorted, generally headed by daffodils, magnolias, peach blossoms, peonies, pomegranates, lotuses, orchids, osmanthus flowers, chrysanthemums, hibiscus, moon seasons, and plum blossoms. The lotus flower is the god of the June flower, and the accompanying verse "The root is the jade in the mud, and the heart bears the dew under the pearl" is selected from Tang Li Qunyu's "Lotus Leaf" (Quan Tang Poems, vol. 570, 4th). The "Flower God Cup" group painting only has a combination of poetry and flowers, and there are no characters. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the "Yang Liuqing" New Year painting began to appear in the "Flower God" group painting, taking the legends and historical figures of the Tang and Song Dynasties as the flower gods, but unfortunately it has been lost. Since then, the "December Flower God" has been widely circulated in the folk.
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Tips
Now it is the 24th Lotus Festival of the Yuanmingyuan, please visit the garden in a civilized way, watch it in a civilized way, do not pick lotus flowers, lotus leaves, and lotus poncho, and share the beauty of the Yuanmingyuan.
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Zhao Lei
Public account ID: yuanmingyuanpark
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