#历史上有哪些颠覆三观的冷知识 #
Late Qing Mongolia
Author Lantai
How many Mongol princes were there in the Qing Dynasty?
The title system of the Qing Dynasty was divided into Clan Lords, Mongolian Lords, and Folk Lords.
The Mongol lord is the title system specially established by the Qing government for the Mongolian princes, and the Mongolian princes were unified under the administration of the Li Fan Yuan in the Qing Dynasty.
There are eleven titles in the Mongol lords, the highest title is "Khan", the second class is the prince, the third class is the county king, and the rest are Belle, Gushan Beizi, Zhenguo Gong, Fu Guo Gong, first to fourth class Zasak Taiji; and then with Gulun Frontal Donkey, Heshuo Frontal Donkey, County Lord's Frontal Donkey, County Lord's Frontal Donkey, County's King's Frontal Donkey, County's King's Frontal Donkey, and County's King's Frontal Donkey, which is all the titles of Mongolia in the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty divided the Mongol princes belonging to the Mongolian steppe into two, dividing them into Inner and Outer Zasak; Neizasak did not have a Great Khan, because the Qing Emperor also held the position of Inner Mongolian Great Khan, and "Outer Zasak" had a total of 4 Khans.
They were the four "Khans" of the Tushetu Khanate, the Zasaktu Khanate and the Chechen Khanate, and the Teguskuluk Khanate, and the annual salary was 2500 taels of silver, which was similar to the Beyler annual salary in the patriarchate.
Prince Heshuo of Mongolia was a second-class title and the highest title in Nezasak.
There are 4 princes of Nezasak, 4 princes of Zhasak in Khalkha Mongolia, 1 prince of Zasak in Mongolia of Alashan Erut, and 1 prince of Zasak in Mongolia of the old Turbat department of Ili.
In addition to the three Mongolian princes who were highest subordinate to the Qing Dynasty, Horqin Tushiyetu, Zhuoliktu and Darhan, who enjoyed the treatment of 2500 taels per year, the other princes only had 2000 taels per year.
There are 14 Mongol kings in Nezasak, 4 Mongol kings in Khalkha, 3 Mongol kings in Qinghai, and 1 county king in Hetao, totaling more than 22 people, hereditary replacement. The Mongol Counties King's Salary is 1200 taels of silver.
Late Qing Mongols
The remaining Mongolian Beyler, Beizi, Zhenguo Gong, and Fuguo Gonglu are 800--300 taels in turn, while the first-class Taijinian feng is only 100 taels, and the fourth-class Taiji is 60 taels.
In fact, in the Qing Dynasty, although these Mongol princes had their own territories, the economy actually continued to decline, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, each of the Mongol princes was economically bankrupt, and their common creditor was the merchants in the interior.
I will tell you a story here, you can have an intuitive impression of the economy of the Mongol princes in the late Qing Dynasty:
In 1919, Xu Shuzheng briefly restored the Republic of China's actual control over foreign Mongolia, and at this time, a large number of mainland merchants also approached Xu Shuzheng with IOUs, hoping that Xu Shuzheng would make decisions for them.
What is the Lord?
It turned out that while Outer Mongolia had announced "autonomy", it had also announced that it had lost all the money owed to mainland businessmen.
So how much money did Outer Mongolia owe?
As of 1913, the region of Outer Mongolia Kobdo alone owed 20 million rubles worth of cattle and sheep to the Jinshang, while in 1918 the annual revenue of the "autonomous" government of Outer Mongolia was only 1.77 million rubles.
In fact, the "Records of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty" (Xianfeng Records) records the donations of the Mongol princes during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, which is really too miserable and too pitiful.
The princes of Inner and Outer Mongolia did not want to donate enthusiastically, they were too poor.
Even the Xianfeng Emperor was embarrassed to accept the donated money.
He also played the Zhalafintai, khalkha trinity noyan, Zasaktu Khan, the two tribes, khans, kings, belles, beylers, gongs, Zasaktaiji, Hutuktu, etc., and were willing to donate silver to prepare military supplies. Petition for a fold. Khalkha, Sanyin Noyan, Zasaktu Khan, the Khan of the Two Tribes, etc., and the bandits rebelled. Petition for donation of more than 18,000 silver. Loyalty comes from sincerity. Joy. But the barracks should need two silver. It has been prepared. Foot compresses are used for support. And the Mongols, etc., the teeth of the day to live on the livelihood of the capital. Two silver donations. There is no need to reward. With the help of the Showsha plus benefit mongolia, the heart of the world's servants.
This passage is saying that all the princes and ministers of the Zasaktu Khanate and the Chechen Khanate of Outer Mongolia donated a total of eighteen thousand taels of silver, and the Xianfeng Emperor was not embarrassed.
Some people will ask, is this the Mongol prince deliberately crying poor? From the fact that the Mongol princes owed so much money to the merchants in the interior, we knew that the Mongol princes were really poor and really did not have much cash in their hands.
On the contrary, donating people, donating horses and camels, the Mongolian princes are OK, and from the "Record", the Mongolian princes donating horses and donating people are really not stingy.
The Qing Emperor toured Mongolia
In fact, it is very clear from the Records of Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty that the Mongol princes had a hard time at the end of the Qing Dynasty, because the Qing Dynasty had sent flag officials (consuls) and garrisons (Kobdo) in Mongolia, so the Xianfeng Emperor had a number of thoughts about what kind of days the Mongol princes and ministers lived:
However, the Mongols, etc., this silver two livestock used to make a living; and this year there was more rain and snow, the roads were slippery, and the military camp needed camels, which was not very effective. Zhangjiakou is far from the tribe. It is really unbearable to reward and reap the rewards of the heart. He wrote Zarafintai et al., and wrote the Mongolian Hutuktu and so on. The donation of silver is two camels. There is no need to reward.
Moreover, the Mongolian princes and princes are not stingy, and can only say that they do not have money on hand:
According to the former commander of the three leagues of Jeremu Drosotu Zhaowuda, etc., the military affairs of Israel have not been spared. It is willing to prepare a thousand soldiers each and go to the barracks. The leagues of Nezasak Jerimu, Chosotu, Zhaowuda, Xilin Gol, Ulanqab, and Ikezhao were selected and prepared by Xiaojian officers and men within the forty-nine banners under their jurisdiction.
In fact, even a prince like Nezasak, like the monk Gelinqin, could not raise many soldiers and horses.
In the spring of 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), the anti-rent struggle of the Mongolian and Han "tenants gathering the masses" gradually formed a climax in the long-simmering banner of the left wing of the Zhelimu League of Horqin in eastern Inner Mongolia. This anti-rent struggle was led by the Banner of Wang," "Wu Baotai and Wang Bailing, tenants of hegemony and resistance." About 4,000 to 5,000 Mongolian and Han peasants participated, "filling the streets and alleys, rushing to their apartments, and seeking rent reduction."
Monk Greenqin
This was the territory of the monk Gelinqin, but he simply did not have enough military ability to solve the tenant resistance incident in the territory, and could only ask the Qing court for help.
The Cabinet of Ministers, the Li Fan Yuan, the King of Horqin Zasak Doro County, the monk Greenqin, and the leader of the Banner Taiji Albatu and other thanksgiving. And present Chen Song, the banner Changtu farmer Wu Baotai, etc., resist not paying rent. Confuse the crowd to amass money. Please send a commissioner. Lead officers and men to investigate and deal with it. Silver two is required. It is preferable to be rented by Yi within two silver and prepared according to the number.
Why was the Mongol princes of the Qing Dynasty generally impoverished?
There are two main reasons.
First, the Qing Dynasty fixed the territory of the Mongol princes and did not allow them to attack each other, resulting in population reproduction, and the Mongolian steppe economy was simply not enough to feed so many people, thus causing widespread poverty.
Second, the interior could not consume as many cattle and sheep as Mongolia, but at the same time, Mongolia could not rob the interior like the Ming Dynasty, (even if the robbery was unsuccessful, at least the reduction was completed).
In fact, this also proves that in peacetime, the steppe economy was very fragile; the skill of burying one's head in development or "farming" belonged only to the farming peoples, and for the steppe peoples, stopping expansion and plundering was, in ancient times, equivalent to chronic suicide.
Therefore, we see that during the Xianfeng period, the Mongol princes were already economically embarrassed, and the two Khans and several princes and kings could only make up more than 20,000 silver in cash.
It was really tears for the hearers, sad for the viewers, and even the Xianfeng Emperor was embarrassed to ask them for this little money.
This can also explain why during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Mongol princes failed to "enter the King of Jingqin", not because they did not want to, but because they really could not do it economically.
END