【Chairman Mao comments on the Qin Shi Huang of the emperors of previous dynasties】
Chairman Mao liked to read history all his life, and he also had a very classic evaluation of the emperors of all generations, and the history inn came to do a series - "Chairman Mao commented on the emperors of the past", and today I will first introduce the first emperor: Qin Shi Huang.
In The history of China, Qin Shi Huang was a very special figure, some people said that he was a wise monarch, some people said that he was a tyrant, and some people called him an emperor throughout the ages.
Chairman Mao held Qin Shi Huang in high esteem, and once spoke highly of him, saying: "China's feudal monarchs in the past have not yet surpassed him." ”
One of the most important reasons why Chairman Mao admired Qin Shi Huang was that Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms.
On June 24, 1964, Chairman Mao said when receiving foreign guests: "Qin Shi Huang is much greater than Confucius. Confucius was an empty man, and Qin Shi Huang was the first figure to unify China, not only politically, but also unifying China's writing, weights and measures, and some systems have been used since then. China's feudal monarchs of the past have not yet surpassed him. ”
Moreover, in Chairman Mao's eyes, Qin Shi Huang also had three indelible achievements.
The first is that Qin Shi Huang knew people well and was good at discovering talents, and used Li Si, Wei Ji, Wang Qi and others to finally unify the Six Kingdoms and complete a great cause.
The second is that he was good at innovation and had the courage to reform, created a series of political systems different from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou capitals, formed a centralized system, and established a county system at the local level, all of which were directly appointed and dismissed by the emperor, and strengthened the central government's management of the localities.
The third is that Qin Shi Huang paid special attention to agriculture and cultural construction, and all peasants had to report to the government how much land they occupied, and then the government set out how much grain rent to pay according to the land you occupied.
These systems were later adopted by successive dynasties to varying degrees, and played a very important role in maintaining the unity of the Chinese nation, and Qin Shi Huang can be said to have made indispensable contributions.
In 1958, Chairman Mao, attending a meeting on the Yellow River water conservancy issue, said: "The princes of Qi Huan and the Nine Princes have concluded five treaties, of which one of them is water conservancy, which will not work. Qin Shi Huang unified China to make it work. Qin Shi Huang was a good emperor. ”
Tao Ludi, former secretary of the Shanxi Provincial CPC Committee, also recorded a passage that Chairman Mao said in his book "A Provincial Party Secretary Recalls Chairman Mao": "It is too arbitrary to say that Qin Shi Huang did not do a good deed. Qin Shi Huang was the first to unify China, unifying the original weights and measures, the same track of the car, the same text of the book, and the change of the division and sealing system into a county system. Can these major events concerning the prosperity of the Chinese nation be said to be not good things? ”
In chairman Mao's later years, he also told Egyptian Vice President Shafi: "I am in favor of Qin Shi Huang and not in favor of Confucius. Because Qin Shi Huang was the first to unify China and unify the script, to build a broad road, not to engage in state-in-state, but to use the centralized system, the central government sent people to various places, changed in a few years, without the hereditary system. ”
Guo Moruo once wrote a "Book of Ten Criticisms", which had many bad evaluations of Qin Shi Huang, and Chairman Mao specially wrote a poem "Reading < Feudal Theory> Presenting Guo Lao" -
Advise Jun Shao to scold Qin Shi Huang and discuss the cause of burning pits.
Zu Long's soul is still dead, and Kong Xue's name is Gao Shi Chaff and Chaff .
Hundreds of generations have practiced Qin politics and law, and ten batches are not good articles.
Familiar with the Tang feudal theory, Mo Congzi hou returned to King Wen.
Of course, although Chairman Mao greatly admired Qin Shi Huang, his evaluation of him was not entirely affirmative, but was divided into two. For example, he once told people: "Qin Shi Huang's progressive role in the process of historical development should be affirmed, but after the unification of the Six Kingdoms, he lost the enterprising aspect, was satisfied, indulged in pleasure, sought immortals, repaired the palace, cruelly oppressed the people, wandered around, spent years, and was very bored." ”
Chairman Mao also said: "Qin Shi Huang is a man of great talent, but after he unified the Six Kingdoms, he lay down in the book of merits and began to be fascinated by his own merits." ”
Later, Chairman Mao also made an inventory of the problems that arose after Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms on different occasions, which roughly had three aspects.
The first is that he built a large number of civil engineering, a fang palace requisitioned 700,000 laborers, and later built the Great Wall, and transferred 400,000 laborers, at that time China's population was only a thousand, and the two laborers drawn were enough to make a large number of fields deserted and the people were not happy.
The second is that his taxes are too high, one after another in various names, and it is quite difficult for the people to survive under such heavy taxes.
The third is that his punishment is too cruel, and even some of the punishments have gone to extremes, and the common people will be punished at every turn, and in the long run, they will definitely not do it, and only later did Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rise up.
Throughout the life of Qin Shi Huang, he should be most criticized for "burning books and pit Confucianism", and in history, he has basically held critical opinions on this matter, but Chairman Mao has a different view on this matter.
Chairman Mao once said to Tao Ludi, secretary of the Shanxi Provincial CPC Committee: "Qin Shi Huang had the evil deed of burning books and pit Confucianism, so he was regarded as a great tyrant and a great bad man. Of course, the book burning pit Confucianism is a bad thing, and it has frustrated the vivid situation of the hundred schools of thought that have flourished and developed. But we should analyze everything, and Qin Shi Huang did not burn all books without asking, nor did he not ask any Confucian pits. He burned books that were 'ancient rather than modern', and pit The Confucians of Mencius' school, in fact, there were only four hundred and sixty people. ”
Of course, Chairman Mao was also critical of this matter, saying: "Of course, I do not approve of Qin Shi Huang's indiscriminate killing of innocents. At that time, it was impossible to change from a slave state to a feudal state without practicing dictatorship, but it was too much to adopt the method of burning books and pit Confucianism against Mencius' faction. ”
At a meeting in April 1959, Chairman Mao said in response to the problem of whether orders do not work and prohibitions do not go on in his work: "We must study and learn from Qin Shi Huang's good at concentrating forces in the main direction of attack, and at the same time we must learn to follow the mass line, that is, to unify centralized and unified leadership with the mass line." Anything that is not good for the masses is not good for the state, and nothing is good for the masses and not for the state. Qin Shi Huang is not without fault, and to overturn the case for Qin Shi Huang, we must see that he still has major faults. The historical Qin Shi Huang engaged in autocracy and dictatorship, which is fundamentally opposed to the mass line, and now we need Qin Shi Huang who takes the mass line. ”
This is Chairman Mao's evaluation of Qin Shi Huang, and in many places the views of his predecessors have been subverted, but the starting point is also very clear, and it is also what Chairman Mao has been advocating and adhering to, that is, "Things that are not conducive to the masses are unfavorable to the state, and there is nothing that is beneficial to the masses and not to the state." ”
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