<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="01" data-track="1" > Slieffen</h1>
German Field Marshal Schlieffen, who served as chief of staff in the German Army from 1891 to 1906, was a narrow professional soldier who prided himself on not paying attention to politics. He studied history, but did not really understand history, and wrote "The Battle of Cannes", a detailed analysis of the example of the carthaginian commander Hannibal's defeat of the Roman army in Cannes in 216 BC with the tactics of two wings. Schlieffen was fascinated by Hannibal and dreamed of recreating the Battle of Canny in the 20th century and winning world hegemony for Germany. Under his auspices, Germany drew up a strategic plan for world war I in 1905.
Alfred von Schlieffen
Hannibal
The central idea of the plan was a quick battle, and the strategic focus was on the western front, that is, to defeat France first, and then to attack Russia to the east. However , Schlieffen did not have sufficient troops on the Western Front to take a two-wing encirclement of France. Therefore, he switched to the right wing of the heavy army side to encircle. Finally, the left and right sides closed and annihilated the French army in one fell swoop. It can be seen from this that in the depths of Schlieffen's thoughts, he always vaguely hoped that after the right wing was successfully encircled, the left wing would launch a counterattack and achieve an authentic two-wing encirclement- the "great Canney War" he dreamed of. After Schlieffen's death in 1913, Moltke Jr. became chief of staff and made some changes to the planned deployment of troops, but the overall framework remained unchanged. World War I began in August 1914, and in early September, the Germans lost the Battle of the Marne, creating a standoff and the Schlieffen Plan was declared bankrupt
Little Moltke
Two thousand years have passed since Hannibal adopted the famous two-wing enveloping tactic against the Romans at Canny, and machine guns and cannons have replaced bows and arrows and projectiles, and it is unrealistic for Schlieffen to recreate the Battle of Canney in the 20th century. In addition, to say that he does not understand history is that he examines history one-sidedly, overestimates the role of the large-scale annihilation war of the Battle of Canney in the whole war, bets all his bets on the decisive battle, and forgets that although Hannibal won the Battle of Canny, Rome won the whole war.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="02" data-track="7" > the consequences of unsafe ammunition bases</h1>
During world war I, the German and French armies fought a 10-month-long general battle in the Verdun area, which cost both sides huge sums of money, fired more than 4 million shells, and lost millions of officers and men.
However, one of the factors that determined the outcome of this great battle was a French shell that was accidentally fired in the wrong direction. In early April 1916, during a protracted melee between the two sides, a French shell inadvertently hit the German secret supply base of ammunition, causing the largest explosion of the war, destroying all 450,000 large-caliber shells of the German army at once, and paralyzing many German artillery pieces on the position. The French army, which was originally inferior, immediately seized this once-in-a-lifetime fighter and shelled the artillery positions of the German army that lacked ammunition and had no time to move, one by one, destroying all the German 16.5-inch heavy artillery, and thus thwarting the German army's combat plan of "artillery pushing and infantry occupying". In the end, the German army was completely driven out of French territory, and the First World War moved in favor of the Entente.
In the early period of the First World War, due to the relatively well-equipped weapons of the German side, the high quality of the army combatants, and the strategic and tactical confrontation, the German army always occupied the initiative in the military confrontation with the French army. In this important Battle of Verdun, the Germans also had the upper hand, but it was only because of the later explosion of the secret ammunition depot that the German army turned from an advantage to a disadvantage. Ammunition is like the food or blood of the army, without which it is impossible to fight, so in order to ensure the victory of the battle, the manufacture, storage and transportation of ammunition must be given great importance. On the one hand, the big explosion of the German ammunition depot had the reason why the French army accidentally shot a stray bullet in the wrong direction hit the target, on the other hand, there was also the Negligence of the German Army itself on the storage of ammunition, such as the location was not very hidden, the ammunition storage was too concentrated, and so on. Thus, unexpected mistakes led to a fundamental shift in the posture of a major campaign. This lesson cannot but be remembered by the soldiers.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="03" data-track="11" > from the "cow-lee party struggle" to see the keju people</h1>
The so-called "Niu-Li Party Struggle" was a long political struggle between the two political groups in the Tang Dynasty, represented by scholars from the Imperial Household and scholars from the clan gate valve, and the focus of this struggle was the talent system.
The "Niu-Li Dang Controversy" began with the examination of the fourth year of Yuan He (809). In the examination countermeasures of the "Han Shi" cattle monks and children, Li Zongmin, and other test-taking countermeasures, they fiercely attacked the government, and the prime minister Li Jifu was greatly annoyed, but the chief examiner admitted them. Li Jifu believed that this kind of behavior was aimed at himself, so he complained to Tang Xianzong and accused him of cheating in the examination. As a result, the main examination was demoted to an official, and although Niu, Li and others were admitted, they could not be promoted for a long time. After that, the "Niu Party" headed by Niu Monks and Children and Li Zongmin and the "Li Party" headed by Li Jifu's son Li Deyu were formed in the imperial court, and the protracted struggle was fought, and the dynasties of Emperor Wenzong, Emperor Wuzong, and Xuanzong were formed, or one party gained power and expelled different parties; Or the two parties stand side by side in the DPRK, attack each other, and whenever the GOVERNMENT is discussed, it is not a swarm.
Most of the Cattle Party bureaucrats were all Scholars of the Shu ethnic group who were born in the Imperial Examination, and they maintained the Imperial Examination system and invoked each other through the Imperial Examination. Form powerful friends. The Bull Party bureaucracy even often intervened in the field and campaigned for elections, thus naturally attracting a large number of scholars. Li Deyu and Zheng Qin, the backbone of the Li Party, were both famous scholars in the Kanto region, their fathers and grandfathers had all served as prime ministers, and they were all bureaucrats who entered the imperial examination through the door shade, and they all had strong prejudices about the imperial examination system, believing that jinshi were endowed with poetry, and that Zong Shang was flashy and uncorruptive, and even repeatedly suggested that Tang Wenzong cancel the imperial examination.
In the seventh year of Emperor Wenzong of Tang 's reign ( 833 ) , Li Deyu appointed chancellor and ordered the jinshi examination to abolish poetry and revise the debate. However, only a year later, in September of the following year, the bull party Li Zongmin came to power, denouncing Li Deyu's actions and re-examining poetry. Emperor Wuzong of Tang took the throne and used Li Deyu as his prime minister, and he did his best to expel the Niu Party. In order to dispel the arrogance of the jinshi, Li Deyu also played a call to abolish the celebration of the new section of the jinshi, the worship of the lord of the throne, the Qujiang feast, the yanta inscription and other activities, accusing the jinshi of "attaching to the party and betraying the public and becoming protégés." However, after Tang Wuzong's death, the situation was reversed. Tang Xuanzong, who succeeded to the throne, was a fan of the imperial examination, and he once titled himself "Li Daolong, a township tribute to the jinshi", and he liked and envied the jinshi, and often asked the imperial officials whether they had ascended to the kodi, and they were particularly happy about the ascension. The bull party with jinshi as the main body immediately gained momentum. Bai Minzhong, the leader of the Niu Party and Bai Juyi's younger brother, served as chancellor, and Li Deyu was demoted to Yazhou on Hainan Island in the second year of Da Zhong (848) and died of illness the following year. The bull-lee party struggle that lasted for forty years finally ended with the failure of the Li party, which represented the clan, which can be said to be due to the trend of historical development.
Generally speaking, the civil servants who were born in the imperial examination were mainly composed of Scholars of the Shu ethnic group, who came from the middle and lower classes of society, had a certain understanding of the sufferings of the people, and their means of climbing upwards were mainly through their own efforts and relying on examinations, and the authority and fairness of the examinations were mainly guaranteed through imperial power. Therefore, after they entered the ruling clique, they objectively expanded the ruling base of the feudal landlord class.
However, history is complicated, and when evaluating the Niu-Li Party struggle, we cannot simply affirm the Niu Party and negate the Li Party by the progressive nature of the examination system and the backwardness of the Shiyin system. The historical fact is that during the Niu Dang's reign, its performance was often mediocre and inactive, and although Li Deyu said that "the prominent officials of the imperial court must be the children of the secretaries of state", he was actually the most outstanding politician in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Politically, the Bull Party members were more concerned with connecting with various connections, consolidating and developing their power, and even colluding with eunuchs who had always been despised by scholars. In dealing with major social issues in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, such as the division of fanzhen and the invasion of Tubo, the Niu Party often did nothing, pursued a policy of appeasement and concession, and considered more from the interests of its own party; while during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of Tang, when Li Deyu was in power, he resolutely suppressed the rebellion of Fanzhen in shanxi, successfully lifted the threat of Northern Hui, and made the declining Tang Dynasty appear a rare revitalization atmosphere for a while. Moreover, the hypocrisy of the entrance examination he criticized was indeed an innate chronic disease that existed as soon as the imperial examination system was born, and for the sake of the stability of the country, Li Deyu also rewarded Gu Han, and did not blindly reject the Shu scholars. When he was later demoted to Yazhou by Yuanze, Jingshi even had "eight hundred lonely cold tears, looking back at Yazhou for a while." Perhaps it is precisely because he is a descendant of the clan who entered the world with a door shade, so that he spends less energy on the drill camp of his career, and has more vigor and courage to deal with a series of major problems inside and outside the Tang Dynasty.
The above-mentioned situation of the niu and li parties has made us realize the other side of the Keju people. After many hardships (including various harsh and ideologically binding examinations) to ascend to the throne, the Shu people climbed up the ladder with difficulty in the bumpy journey of the officialdom, and many people's wisdom and vigor were exhausted in the process, and when they reached the highest position, the mentality of Gou An Shoucheng often dominated their behavior as a person (many of them were indeed old when they ascended to high positions). They have a natural attachment and fear of the autocratic imperial power on which they depend. For example, during the Tang Dynasty, Chang Yan, who was born as a landlord of the Shu clan, was the prime minister. Chang Yan was strict with the law and did not dare to enter and employ one person on his own, and everything was subject to the examination of the imperial examination, and as a result, "the wise and the foolish were stagnant", and the talented and the talented were suppressed, and the government was abolished. Since the conquest of the imperial court, the autocratic imperial power has been strengthened, the ideological confinement has become more and more strict, and the Chinese feudal intellectuals as a whole have become more and more shrinking and weakened, and in terms of spiritual and cultural creativity, they have obviously declined. The Bull Scouts have foreshadowed this trend of bureaucratic examinations.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="04" data-track="17" > a mistake in the Song Dynasty's "literature-based" policy</h1>
The cultural and educational policy of the two Song Dynasties was an important part of the policy of the rulers of the two Song Dynasties to govern the country and the state, and the cultural and educational policy was determined by their general policy of governing the country and the state, and in turn served their general policy of governing the country and ensuring the state. The basic guiding ideology of the Song Dynasty's cultural and educational policy was to strengthen the authoritarian rule of the centralized power, and the basic points were: "to promote culture and religion, suppress military affairs", separate culture and force, and emphasize literature over force: in order to suppress the magnates, strengthen imperial power, attract intellectuals from the landlord class of the Shu ethnic group to participate in politics, improve the status of scholars, and expand the social foundation of the ruling class; Strengthen the control of political thought and strengthen the social function of feudal ethics and morality.
The determination and implementation of the "heavy text" policy began with Zhao Guoyin's "release of military power through a glass of wine." Zhao Kuangyin gained power by means of a "mutiny," and he was afraid that others might one day use a "mutiny" to seize power. At the same time, in view of the historical experience of the five dynasties of the late Tang Dynasty and the division of the five dynasties of the feudal towns and the self-respect of the army generals, he used political deterrence and material inducement to force the generals to surrender their military power, directed the historical drama of "a cup of wine and released the military power", and concentrated the military power in the hands of the emperor alone.
At the same time, the administrative organs are adjusted to limit their functions and powers. The Privy Council was established in the central government, and all the armies under the heavens and their establishment, the selection and appointment of officers, and all the administrative command powers of the armed forces were under the unified management of the Privy Council, and the power of the three marshals to unify the troops was separated from the powers and responsibilities of the Privy Council, and the strategy of using civilians to form the army was implemented, and it was clearly stated that "the prime minister must use a reader." In order to prevent the division of local forces, he collected his elite troops and selected them as the Imperial Forest Army, weakening the local forces. These measures have laid the foundation for the "heavy text" policy.
With the concentration of military power, the strategic focus of the Song rulers gradually shifted to the restoration and development of the economy and culture, and further attached importance to the role of ideology, culture, ethics and morality. When Emperor Taizong of Song replaced the original military attachés with a large number of civilian officials, he clearly advocated the policy of "promoting culture and religion and suppressing military affairs", he believed, "Although the establishment of a country depends on war and martial arts, it must ultimately rely on culture and morality to make the world rule." According to historical records, the Song Dynasty mainly relied on the study and mastery of literary and historical knowledge as the main content of the Jinshi Branch, which was the most popular subject among the various subjects of the imperial examination. Local officials at all levels also filled in as literati, which is the most prominent embodiment of the "heavy writing" policy.
Under the guidance of the policy of "heavy literature", the goals and standards for cultivating and selecting talents are based on literary behavior, school education, examinations for the imperial examination are generally valued, and reading and studying literature are specially encouraged. Song Zhenzong has a "Poem of Persuasion", which is a typical material that vigorously promotes the extreme importance and benefits of reading and learning literature:
Rich families do not have to buy good land, and there are thousands of bells in the book.
The house does not need to be erected with sorghum, and the book has its own golden house.
Marrying a wife does not hate the unscrupulous media, and there is a yan ruyu in the book. ”
There is no one to worry about going out, and there are many cars and horses in the book.
The boy wanted to fulfill his life's ambitions, and he read to the window diligently.
The reading and learning texts are emphasized to the extreme.
The Song Dynasty's policy of "rewriting literature" became the foundation and core of the entire cultural and educational policy, and had an important impact on the culture and education of the Song Dynasty. Attaching importance to the imperial examination, advocating the revitalization of studies, strengthening the research and publicity of academic ideology and ethics, and expanding the scope of popularization of literature and art are all direct manifestations of this policy. However, this kind of cultural and educational policy of "emphasizing literature" and neglecting force has also brought about a great negative impact and caused serious adverse consequences. On the one hand, it has seriously weakened the military strength of the whole country, from top to bottom of the government and the public, the military brigade is not strong, the martial arts are not prosperous, the armament is not repaired, external troubles are repeated, the weak are invincible, and they have to humiliate and make peace; at the same time, they have made the state apparatus bloated, the people are superfluous, the officials are superfluous, the administrative efficiency is low, the government is corrupt, and the government treasury is empty, so that the Song Dynasty has long been in a situation of redundant officials and expenses, poverty and weakness; On the other hand, exaggerating the function of education to the extreme also essentially negates the existence of education and its real social function, and puts education on the dead road of emptiness and formalization. School education does not practice martial arts, and the scholars "do not hear things outside the window with both ears, and only read the books of the sages", and fame and fortune have become the tonic of intellectuals and corroded the souls of readers. Specializing in literary words, empty talk about sexual theory, and becoming weak scholars who have no power to tie the chicken, are not diligent in their four bodies, and do not distinguish between grains, neither understand the service of the world, nor do they understand the wind and thunder battle, neither "overthrow the wisdom and courage of the first world", nor do they "open up the hearts of the eternal world", which created a real obstacle to the social development of the Song Dynasty, and the fundamental reason is that the "heavy literature" policy caused the separation of culture and martial arts, heavy literature and light weapons, and the reading scholars took reading as the purpose of forming an atmosphere of all kinds of inferior products, but reading high. Wang Anshi and Ye Shichen Liang and others have sharply criticized this and put forward the idea of educating people with both culture and martial arts, hoping to create "heroes of the first generation" who "have the will to save the time and the merits of eliminating chaos." It is precisely in view of the shortcomings of the "heavy text" policy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="05" data-track="22" > The French Pétain went from "national hero" to traitor</h1>
Henri Philippe Petain (1856-1951) was born into a peasant family in Corsi-árátour, France, graduated from the Saint-Cyr School in 1878 and later served as an instructor at the Army University.
After the outbreak of World War I, Pétain became commander of the 33rd Army in 1914, and in May 1915 Pétain rose to fame at the Battle of Arras City, and was soon promoted to general. In February 1916, when the French army in Verdun was in critical order, Pétain was transferred to the command of the Verdun Blockade. He opened up the "sacred road", mobilized 3,900 vehicles, formed a 9,000-man convoy, broke through the enemy's blockade money, transported 190,000 reinforcements and 50,000 tons of military supplies to the front line within a week, and quickly organized a counterattack, thwarted the German offensive, turned the tide of the war in one fell swoop, turned the French army around the corner, and became a national hero known in the world. In May 1917 Pétain succeeded Niewell as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, and the following year received the rank of Field Marshal.
After the end of World War I, from 1920 to 1931, Pétain was Vice-President of the French Supreme Military Council, during which time he commanded the French army to suppress the Great National Uprising in Morocco. From 1931 to 1940 he served as Director of the Army, Minister of War and Ambassador to Spain, always sympathizing with and indulging the fascists and actively supporting the Fascist dictatorship of Franco in Spain. In May 1940, after the Evacuation of Dunkirk, Paris was in a hurry. Pétain was recalled to the country as deputy prime minister and pursued a defeatist policy. In June, after the fall of Paris, the French government moved to Bordeaux, and Pétain became prime minister, adopted a policy of non-resistance, advocated surrender to Germany, signed the "Armistice Agreement with Germany", and returned 2/3 of the economically developed French territory to the German occupation zone, and the remaining 1/3 of the area was a "free zone" controlled by Pétain. From 1940 to 1944, Pétain organized a government in Vichy, became president and prime minister, engaged in personal superstitions, demanded that all government officials swear allegiance to him, abolished the Constitution of the Republic, abolished democracy and freedom, dissolved parliament, arrested members of the resistance movement, imposed a fascist dictatorship, and actively defected to Germany. After the liberation of France in April 1944, Pétain was arrested, and in August of the same year he was sentenced to death for collaborating with the enemy, which was later changed to life imprisonment, and died of illness in prison in 1951.
The fundamental reason why Pétain went from being a "national hero" to a traitor who practiced fascist dictatorship was his desire for power, and in order to seize the supreme power of the country, he sold the country by all means to seek glory.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="06" data-track="25" > the death of Gandhi, leader of the "nonviolent non-cooperation" movement</h1>
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869--1948) was born in the Polbanda state of Katiawa Peninsula in western India. His father served as prime minister of two states. In 1837, after graduating from high school, Gandhi studied law in England and returned to His country in 1891 as a lawyer for the Mumbai High Court.
In 1893, he was hired to settle a debt dispute in Pritulia, the capital of the Transvaal of South Africa. After arriving in South Africa, he witnessed the discrimination of the local Indian diaspora by whites, and joined the local campaign against racial discrimination. At the same time, from his reading of the Bible, the Quran, and related writings, he believed that any political struggle should be aimed at the spirit of "benevolence", thus developing a theory of "non-violence", buying a piece of land (100 acres) in Africa and establishing the "Phoenix New Village" as one of the bases from which he led the non-violent struggle in South Africa.
In 1906, the Transvaal government issued a "black act" prohibiting Indian immigration to South Africa, to which Gandhi led the Indian diaspora to launch a non-violent resistance movement, and more than 2,000 workers and women launched a "peaceful march" into the Transvaal under Gandhi's leadership, which was supported by all sectors of society. Under the pressure of the mass movement, the British governor in South Africa was forced to give in, and the nonviolent movement achieved a certain victory. Gandhi returned to India in 1915. Because his socio-political ideas and tactics of non-violent struggle were appreciated by the Indian bourgeoisie and the masses, he soon became the de facto leader of the Congress Party. In World War I, in order to give The British autonomy to India after the war, he fully supported the British in the war. But after the war, the British did not give India autonomy, which shook Gandhi's belief in cooperation with britain. In November 1919, Gandhi formally advocated a non-cooperative approach to Britain. After the Amritsar Massacre, in September 1920, the Congress Party held a special session and passed Gandhi's resolution on the non-cooperation movement, which responded from all walks of life. In August 1921 and February 1922, 500,000 workers went on strike, and peasant demonstrations and clashes with the police brought the non-cooperation movement to a climax. At this important moment, Gandhi, believing that the movement had exceeded the scope he had stipulated, demanded a halt and announced the indefinite postponement of the national non-cooperation movement plan, causing strong dissatisfaction inside and outside the party.
Later, Gandhi opposed Jha Nehru's non-cooperation programme for India's "total independence" and negotiated with the British-Indian governor Owen in 1930 to sign a compromise agreement in exchange for a halt to the non-cooperation movement. The British authorities did not comply with the agreement and in October 1943 carried out mass arrests, arresting and imprisoning Gandhi and other Congress leaders before being released. Gandhi has always advocated unity and cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, and after the partition of India and Pakistan, Gandhi continued to work to calm the conflict between the two major sects. But Gandhi himself was shot dead on January 30, 1948 by fanatical Hindus.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="07" data-track="28" > Fan is late and not a villain</h1>
Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China, the founder of the Confucian school, and the founder of private learning, and his ideas ruled China for two thousand years and had a great influence. He is also a world-recognized ancient educator, he has accumulated a lot of teaching experience through his own educational practice, put forward many regular educational propositions, and revised the "Six Classics" to sort out and preserve the achievements of ancient culture. However, it is undeniable that Kong Qiu represents the interests of the slave owners and aristocrats, and the main purpose of the political and educational system he advocated is to maintain the system of ritual music of the patriarchal hierarchy, and we will leave aside for the time being that he first used narcotics by the feudal rulers to rule the people in order to maintain the rule of the slave owners and nobles, that is, to set aside his reactionary political stance and purpose, only as far as he is a world-famous great educator, there is also an indelible stain in the content and method of education, that is, the matter of "Fan Late Asking for Crops". (The Analects record that Fan Chi asked Confucius for advice on planting crops and cultivating the countryside, and Confucius admitted to his face that he was inferior to the old farmers and old nurses in this regard.) But as soon as Fan Chi went out, he pointed at Fan Chi's back and taunted him, sneering: "Little man, Fan Suye" and believed that as long as there is etiquette, righteousness, faith, etc., the world is not worried and incurable, how to use things like farming? This clearly shows Confucius's "gentleman" thinking of the ruling class that despises the working people, despises productive labor, and ignores the combination of education and productive labor. Of course, Confucius cannot be blamed for seeking perfection from the perspective of contemporary people, but Confucius obviously made two mistakes at this time: First, he should not think that agricultural production such as farming has nothing to do with governing the country, as if farming and other agricultural matters are not what students should learn, which is the regret of Confucius as a great educator and thinker; second, he should not talk about vilifying students behind his back and denouncing them as lowly "villains", as if noble "gentlemen" should not ask about this matter, and as an excellent teacher should not do so. This is the disadvantage of Confucius's teaching content and educational methods.
Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, education must be combined with productive labor, which has now become a recognized matter of man, as a teacher or educator to learn from the behavior of Confucius, "Fan Late ask for crops, not a villain", "crops" is a student should learn to understand, but also the future builders of a country should master the basic knowledge and skills. In educational activities, we should cultivate students' concept of labor, learn and master certain labor techniques, and make them popular and specialized materials for building the country.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="08" data-track="31" > rulin hell disguise</h1>
The imperial examination is a chain around the neck of a scholar, and it is also a stone pressed on the heart of a scholar, and it is the only way out for the reader. In order to hunt for fame, readers have to endure humiliation and bear all kinds of inhuman torture. Until the soul is twisted and heartbroken.
Pu Songling, the author of "Liaozhai Zhiyi", repeatedly failed the provincial examination and became a Gongsheng at the age of 71. With his personal experience, he exposed the Kodi exam as a hell, and painted a disguised picture of a "Rulin hell": when he first entered the examination room, he was barefoot (anti-shoe entrainment), carrying a basket (no packaging stationery, anti-entrainment) like a beggar when he was named, he was reprimanded by officials, and the servants insulted him like a prisoner; When they sit in the number room to answer the questionnaire, their heads are exposed from the window holes, and their feet are exposed from the bottom, (to prevent cheating), like the cold bees living in the beehive in the late autumn; Out of the examination room, the look is confused, the heavens and the earth are different, like a sick bird that has just come out of its cage; When waiting for the list, the grass and trees are shocked, it is difficult to sleep and eat, and the dream is difficult to distinguish between true and false, like a monkey caught from the mountain; Suddenly the flying horse came, but there was no newspaper from me, and the look suddenly changed, like a fly that ate poisonous food, the look was numb, there was no feeling, and I couldn't wake up; When I first lost my mind, I was discouraged, scolded the examiner for not knowing talents, and waited until my heart gradually calmed down, and the examination skills were itchy, and like a small dove that had just broken out of its shell, I had to build a wooden nest and start from scratch. In order to become an official and improve their social status, they must also fight for a meritorious name in their old age. The so-called "noisy house grinding people are not free, the hero will ask for it."
In the Qing Dynasty, the children should take the county examination, which was divided into two groups, the crowned (adult) and the unvaled (juvenile), and the title of the crown group was divided into many texts, so people with middle age or older, even those who did not have the crown test were willing to yield. There was an old man in his fifties who had taken the county exam more than thirty times, and had not yet been crowned, and wrote a poem to himself: "The day of the county exam has returned to the west, and the old wife has helped her staff down the stairs, and she is wearing clothes and whispering in her ear. Its bitterness is overflowing with words. Wu Jingzi's "History of Ru lin wai" can be said to depict the disguised Ru Lin group of elephants under the imperial examination system, in which Zhou Jin and Fan Jin, two old examinees, although only artistic images, typically summarized the path of intellectuals in that era and the evils of the imperial examination system that corrupted talents, corrupted morale, and social atmosphere. Zhou Jin should be tested to be sixty years old, his beard has been gray, he is still an old boy, he only got Xue Jiaji to teach the village school, and he was ridiculed by the new talent Mei Jiu and despised by Wang Hui, and finally he could not even keep a teaching job. Therefore, when he went to visit the gongyuan (examination hall) in the provincial city by chance, the bitterness contained in the half-life made him "crash headlong into the number board, stiff and unconscious, and when he woke up, he rolled on the ground and cried loudly." However, once he won the move, Lian Jiecheng Jinshi, after becoming a Guozi Supervisor, Mei Xiucai, who had once ridiculed him, pretended to be his student, and the couplet he wrote in the village school in his early years also became "the handwriting of Zhou Da's grandfather", which had to be taken down and framed, and this poor old man who had been despised for many years was offered up with an immortal tablet written in gold. Fan Jinyuan was a relatively honest and bullied poor student, from the age of twenty, he took more than twenty exams, until he was more than fifty years old, with a gray beard, and he was still a child. Before participating in the township test, he borrowed the road fee from the brother-in-law Hu Butcher, and was scolded with a dog blood sprinkler. After returning from the exam, the family had been hungry for two or three days, so they had to hold an egg-laying hen to sell. But he never expected that this exam would be lifted by the examiner's sympathy, and when he saw clearly that the post of the annunciation was indeed hanging in the room, and the decades-old wish had finally become a reality, he went crazy due to excessive excitement, until the Hu butcher slapped him hard. From then on, he ascended to heaven on a flat foot, and many people who had looked down on him and insulted him in the past came to flatter him, and in less than two or three months, the field property houses, the slaves and servants had all been there. He also befriended the official gentry and eventually became a hypocritical, vulgar bureaucrat.
The imperial examination system is not only a talent selection system, it is first and foremost a ruling tool of authoritarian politics, and its main function is to restrain the thinking of scholars, select and cultivate slave talents, so at the beginning of the establishment of the imperial examination, when Tang Taizong quietly came to the examination room and saw a large number of scholars coming out of the examination room one by one, he said excitedly: "Ah, the heroes of the world have entered my pocket!" In the scientific expedition, after enduring many tortures, only a very small number of people can be admitted, and they have also twisted their souls, lost their conscience, and are full of servility, while the vast majority of intellectuals can only spend their lives in the pile of old papers, which is the darkest and invisible place in the history of Chinese education.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="09" data-track="37" > the "old champion" in the scientific expedition</h1>
The imperial examination is to pay anesthetics, fame and fortune are just a temptation, it makes many people with lofty ideals go through hardships in the pile of old papers, consume a lifetime of youth, and finally get nothing, leaving a lifetime of regrets. There is a poem in the second volume of the "Supplement to the Jianjiao", which specifically writes the "old" of the old zhuangyuan: "The first person in the three hundred, the palace flower obliquely inserts two hairs, the Dan Qi alone pairs three thousand words, and the five-colored cloud is shocked." The robes were brocade with horizontal gold and jade, leading the group of immortals Xie Zichen. When the people were late, the dragon head belonged to the old age." Although the head has been invaded by "two hairs" (gray hair), it is still considered to be infinite glory. In fact, in the middle of the old age, there are always many bitterness of life, the era of the imperial examination, there is no age limit for the entrance examination, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, as long as the local government inspection is qualified, in order to raise the child to explain, you can go to the capital to participate in the examination. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was necessary to obtain the qualifications of talent and talent in turn before they could participate in the examination. If you have obtained the qualification for the examination in youth and middle age, and only in the old age can you go to high school, there must be many setbacks in the period of being ranked as a grandson, and if you do not obtain the qualification for the examination until the old age, then, in the process of obtaining this qualification, it is necessary to experience the pain of many failures.
The old leader who can find the exact age should first recommend Yin Shu of the Tang Dynasty. He was trapped in the field house for a long time, until he was more than seventy years old, and only because of a chance, he introduced himself as a champion. In the eighth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Xiu, a native of Fuzhou, was in the middle of tanhua, and although he was not a champion, he also entered the list of "Three Dingjia". When the name was roll called, the white hair attracted the attention of Song Gaozong, who specifically asked, "What is the qingnian year?" He replied, "The minister is seventy-three years old." Emperor Gaozong asked again, "How many sons does Qing have?" he said with great embarrassment: "The subject has not yet married." Emperor Gaozong was moved by compassion and immediately gave him a young palace girl surnamed Shi as his wife and gave him a lot of dowry. In this matter, when people regarded it as a laughingstock, they made up a poem and said: "If the newcomer asks Lang what year is it?" Fifty years ago twenty-three" (see "Song Barnyard Banknotes ● Section Names" 18) During the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty, the famous scholar Jiang Chenying was also seventy-three years old when he explored flowers. During the Jiaqing period, there was another Hangzhou man, Wang Yan, who passed the test at the age of eighty, but died in the future.
Elderly people often make many sophisticated jokes. After the good news was issued by Zeng Yan and Zhongzhuangyuan in his sixties in the Ming Dynasty, some people heard that Zhuangyuan was already the age of Ear Shun, so they laughed and said: "Zhuangyuan was originally a sleepy man." In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a man named Chen Zhao, who was over sixty years old and had only been admitted to the Jinshi, but at this age, he married the daughter of an old Confucian with the glory of a new jinshi. On the wedding night, chen Yu wrote a poem in front of the old husband and young wife to explain and ridicule, "Peng Zushang is eight hundred years old, and Chen Zheng is a child." In his sixties, he also forced himself to claim to be a child, trying to make up for the youth that had disappeared during the scientific expedition. During the Ming Dynasty, there was a Xu Shiyang, who was admitted to the examination at the same time as a young man named Zhang Yicheng, and called each other "the same year", which was considered to be a peer. Zhang Yicheng's son Zhang Anpan also called Xu Shiyang "Nian Bo". Later, Zhang Anpan's son and the elderly Xu Shiyang were admitted to the jinshi at the same time, and the two became successful again
"The same year". Therefore, Xu Shiyang had no choice but to call Zhang Anpan, who used himself as his uncle, as "Nian Bo", which was a big joke at that time.
There are also people with lofty ideals who waste their time in exams and fail to make a difference. Chen Liang, a famous patriotic poet and political commentator of the Southern Song Dynasty, did not have the opportunity to pass the entrance examination until he was fifty years old and became a champion, but before he could take office, he died of illness.
There are also some people who read books, obsessed with the name of merit, again and again to take the exam, and again and again to fall off the list, until they are unable to enter the examination room again, the so-called "youth is endowed, hao shou poor scriptures", even if it becomes a champion, it is of no use. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a Shanghainese Fan Xiang, who won the Xiucai at the age of thirteen, and after that, Gongsheng became an instructor, and after Zhi Shi, when he reached his seventies, he suddenly re-examined from Xiucai and continued to take the exam until he was eighty-three years old, but he still did not give up. He said that I naturally have no hope in this life, but I hope to leave "Hui Gen" in this way, and fly early in the next life. There are also older ones. In the fourteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Guangdong Gongsheng Huang Zhang was a hundred-year-old in The Examination of Shuntian, and when he entered, his great-grandson led the way with a lantern, and the lantern was specially written with the four characters of "100-year-old Viewing Field". During the Qianlong period, Wang Jianhan of Panyu (present-day Guangzhou) took the Xiucai examination at the age of ninety-nine, which surprised the examiners. There was also an old boy named Xie Qizuo, who began the township examination at the age of eighty-nine and did not pass the examination until the age of ninety-eight, and said that this was a breath for the old show talents. After he passed the examination, he wrote "The Old Woman's Marriage Poem", which was cited in the metaphor of marriage: "Ninety-eight years old, I am not ashamed to marry, I look in the mirror and peanuts, and I hold a comb full of snow." Knowing the true virginity, people laugh at the old style. Greetings to the young girl, Hugh boasted of his early good fortune." It's so strange. When he was 102 years old, the Qianlong Emperor specially appointed a Hanlin Academy to edit. By the age of one hundred and sixteen, he had traveled from Guangdong to Beijing to take the examination, but he still had not passed the examination. (See "Qing Barnyard Banknotes ● Geriatric Family Names")
The imperial examination has deformed many people's spirits, lost value, and even gone mad. Tang Gao of the Ming Dynasty was an excellent diplomat and an elderly ruler. He once wrote a "Song of Persuasion", expressing the regret of the old masters: "Life has been less in seventy years, first except for the youth and then the old, and when there is not much time in the middle, there is more heat and trouble." There is no end to the officials in the DPRK, and the world cannot earn more money. Officials who have a lot of money turn to worry a lot, and they end up in their own homes early."
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="10" data-track="42" > Yinghai Kyushu and failed to detect it to the end</h1>
The Biography of Xun Qing of Mencius records the biography of Si Yan in the biography of Si Yan, which records Si Yan's macroscopic speculation on world geography. Using the method of thinking of "a priori small things, pushing them to be large, and as for the boundless", he speculated that the China mentioned by Confucianism, the name Ofi County, Shenzhou, is only one-hundred-oneth of the world; There are Kyushu within China, and outside of China, there are also "Kyushu" in the world. There are small seas between the states, and the people and birds and beasts cannot communicate with each other. Outside Kyushu, "there is a great YingHai ring outside it", which is the edge of heaven and earth. This speculation is close to the seven continents of the world today, and it should be said that China is one-hundred-one of the world's eighty-first, and it is also close to reality. Our ancestors speculated about the world, but also had new and wonderful imaginations and wanderings. For example, in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", imagine that there are new and strange overseas countries, the gods and immortals yearn for the Three Immortals Mountain under the sea, and "Zhuangzi" and "Huainanzi" have a getaway trip to the world and the world. When we arrived in the Qin and Han Dynasties, we finally had a long journey, and Qin Shi Huang sent Xu Fu to the Three Immortals Mountain on the sea to find the elixir of immortality, although the medicine was not found, but it found ancient Japan, confirming that there were indeed countries overseas. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, it probed northwest and opened up the Silk Road to the western region, from Asia to Europe. In the East China Sea, there are closer contacts and more understanding with Japan. In the Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan's western expedition to Asia and Europe was a military expedition, but it also expanded his understanding of the world to a certain extent. In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He went to the West, and it was a great voyage, understanding the maritime countries of Southeast Asia and reaching Africa. This is enough to show that since the pre-Qin Dynasty, in the period of healthy development and when the country was strong, we have been working hard Chinese to explore and understand the world from land and sea, and have already had a preliminary understanding of the three continents with large populations and developed economy and culture. It was only in modern times, due to the decline and backwardness of the Qing government and the policy of closing the country to the outside world, that the discovery of other continents in the world fell on the shoulders of Westerners, so that China's exploration of Yinghai and Jiuzhou failed to persist to the end.
The road of scientific exploration is long and lasting, and to achieve the goal, it requires perseverance, strength and unremitting efforts from generation to generation. The backwardness of modern world exploration is precisely the loss of the above three "forces".
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="11" data-track="45" > just want to do not do, the robot is not done</h1>
The Liezi Tang Questions recorded the ideal of making robots in ancient times. King Mu of Zhou was one of the earliest famous travelers in China, and when he returned from a trip to Kunlun in the west, he met a performing artist on the road. King Mu asked, "What skills do you have?" The Yanshi said, "I can make anything." However, I have made something, and I would like the king to watch it first. King Mu said, "All right." The next day, when Yan shi came to see him, King Mu asked, "Who is it that came with you?" Yan Shi said, "This is the singer I made." Mu Wang was shocked, this actor walked and pitched, just like the real person, what a coincidence! Shake its head, then the song is in unison; Hold his hand, and the dance should beat to the beat. Whatever you want, it's ever-changing. King Mu thought it was a real person and watched it with Princess Sheng Ji and concubines. Towards the end of the performance, this actor used his eyes to attract the concubines left and right of King Mu, and King Mu was furious and wanted to kill Yan Shi. Yan Shi was horrified, saying that it was a robot, and immediately dismantled it for Mu Wang to see. Mu Wang looked closely, and sure enough, it was made of leather, wood, glue, lacquer and black and white paint. King Mu watched carefully again: the liver, gallbladder, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, intestines, and stomach were complete, and the outer muscles, bones, limbs, knots, skin, hair, teeth, and hair were all prepared, just like the real body tissue. Combined again, it is the same as the real person just now. King Mu tried to remove his heart, but his mouth could not speak; Remove its liver, then the eye can not see; If his kidney is removed, he will not be able to walk. King Mu was only then overjoyed, and exclaimed, "Man's ingenuity can really be combined with creation!" Because of the fate of the car.
The robot mentioned above is not really a thing, but the ancient philosophers were inspired by the construction of cloud ladders and mozi wood kites, thinking of building robots, which is a great idea, more than two thousand years earlier than the modern Western robot idea, but unfortunately it is not done, there is no generation of development, otherwise it will make great contributions to machine manufacturing, medicine and biology.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="12" data-track="48" > luban and public losers</h1>
The Tang Dynasty literary scholar Liu Zongyuan once said in Wang's Bozhong Singing and Poetry Preface: the axe in the ban, the gate of Yin, and the ear of Si Qiang. "Banmen axe" became a common idiom for those who show off their skills and behave shallowly in front of connoisseurs. Banmen refers to the gate of Luban. Lu Ban is a famous carpenter in ancient Chinese legends, and the carpenter's shop still regards him as his grandfather. Legend has it that the tools used by carpenters such as saws, planers, drills, shovels, and curved rulers were invented by Lu Ban. Even legend has it that the stone grinding was invented by Lu Ban. But who Lu Ban is is is a mystery. As early as the Han Dynasty, people did not know much about Lu Banqi.
During the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, there were craftsmen called Gong Ru, who were good at making siege equipment - cloud ladders, and also made wooden magpies, which Mo Zhai recorded in his book "Mozi". Mencius, the Warring States Policy, and even the Book of Rites also record and praise his people and deeds. Mencius Day: "Away from Lou Zhiming, the public loses the skill of the son, and it is impossible to form a square circle without rules." In this regard, the Han Zhao Qi note day "Gong loses the son Lu Ban, Lu Zhi Qiao also." Or thought to be the son of Lu Zhaogong. The "Warring States Policy" records: "If the public loses, chu will set up an opportunity and will attack the Song Dynasty." In this regard, the Han people were highly tempted: "Like a public loser, the number of Lu Ban is also." Therefore, posterity thought that Lu Ban was just a public loser. However, in the Han Dynasty there were different opinions on this statement. The poem "Han Le Fu" has "Who can do this?" Public defeat and Luban" sentence. Ming Ming pointed out that Gong Wan and Lu Ban were originally two people.
It can be said that whether luban or public lose, they are all inventors of ancient China. Their inventions played a huge role at the time and in later generations. Unfortunately, it is difficult for people to know their lives. In order to express people's longing feelings, Quan and luban are regarded as one person, and it is not indispensable, and many dictionaries are explained in this way. However, why are there so many emperors and generals, their surname achievements, and the history books that are tirelessly recorded in detail, but they are very stingy with Ze by the founding family of thousands of generations, and refuse to give a certain space? The key lies in a traditional concept: governing the country and the people is a great skill, and scientific and technological invention is the last skill of the trail! Since ancient times, people have ignored that scientific and technological invention is the driving force for promoting the development of social production and the strategy for revitalizing the national economy, so although there are many scientific and technological inventions in ancient China, they are all self-destructive. The name of its inventor is silent. Because of this, China has not become a big country with developed science and technology, can this lesson be said to be very painful?
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="13" data-track="51" > Sharbrizin passed by the Nobel Prize</h1>
Charbryzin is a well-known expert in inorganic materials in the Soviet Union, in 1978, he took the lead in synthesizing lanthanum copper oxide, and found that the substance has the characteristics of decreasing resistance when the temperature drops, which is an important discovery, Charbryzin published this experimental fact in domestic journals, and discussed the composition and structure of lanthanum copper oxide crystals. The following year, his thesis was translated into English, which was later due to lack of funds. He interrupted the experiment for a time and did not resume research until 1980.
In a 1981 experiment, when Charbryzin lowered the temperature to an absolute temperature of 40 K (-233 ° C), the resistance of lanthanum copper oxide suddenly disappeared. He wondered why the resistance of lanthanum copper oxide had disappeared. He should have seized on this anomaly to continue to explore and figure it out, but he did not investigate it deeply. He told another physicist at the institute about this, and did not pay attention to it, and the expert listened to his account casually and said casually: "This may be a superficial phenomenon." Charles Brizin did not delve deeper into "this superficial phenomenon", and the research was abandoned halfway.
In April 1986, Swiss physicist Carl Müller and German physicist Johannes Bernoz changed the transition temperature of superconducting materials from 23. The increase of 2K to 30K, the most significant discovery since the discovery of superconductivity in Onnes in 1911, laid the foundation for the search for high-temperature superconducting materials with wider application value, and the two scientists won the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of new superconducting materials.
When Charles Brizin learned that the two scientists had discovered a new superconducting material, he was very upset, and if he seized the opportunity of the 1981 experiment and studied on it, this honor would not fall on the two of them.
Carelessness and carelessness are taboos for scientists. As long as there is a little spark of thought, a little novel discovery, it should be grasped. Think, think, think again; Research, research, re-study; Ask a few more whys, whys, and whys? After a fierce chase, in one place to punch the eye, you have to try to find out the treasure.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="14" data-track="55" > Ma Jun's assumptions</h1>
Ma Jun during the Three Kingdoms period was an outstanding mechanical manufacturer in China. He invented the rollover, which played a huge role in promoting agricultural production.
Ma Jun was very good at the study of weapons, at that time, the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, Wu were constantly in war, once, Zhuge Liang went out to attack Wei, using a new type of crossbow, which could fire dozens of iron crossbow arrows in a row, and the power was much greater than that of the old crossbow. Later, Wei Jun picked up a crossbow, and Ma Jun looked at it carefully for half a day and said: "It is a coincidence, but there is still a problem, if it is improved, the efficiency will increase by five times!", but his innovation plan did not attract the attention of the wei rulers, he just talked about it.
At that time, there was also a siege weapon, called "stone car", you can throw stones to hit the enemy, but the problem is that the speed of the stones thrown is low, and can only be fired single shots, can not be fired continuously, Ma Jun after careful study of the "stone machine", designed a new siege weapon rotation type continuous stone thrower, he envisioned, with a vertical can rotate around the axis of the large wooden wheel, around the rim of the wheel with a rope to hang dozens of stones, and then use the mechanical drive wooden wheel and the hanging stone rotation until the rotation speed is very large, according to a certain rhythm to disconnect the rope, The stones will continue to fly towards the enemy city. Ma Jun has done experiments with wheels and dozens of bricks and tiles, which fully meet the requirements, and the bricks and tiles can fly hundreds of steps away (one step is about 1.45 meters). But this invention, also due to the rulers did not pay attention to, did not manufacture and promote.
The literary scholar Fu Xuan was very supportive of Ma Jun's innovative ideas, running for him in many ways, hoping to find an opportunity to try production, Xuan had recommended this invention to Marquis Cao Xi of Anxiang, but Cao Xi did not agree to let him try it on the grounds that Ma Jun was not good at words and could not tell the profound truth. Fu Xuan relied on his three inches of uncorrupted tongue, and under his patient persuasion, Cao Xi conveyed the trial to Cao Shuang, the Marquis of Wu'an, who presided over the military. However, Cao Shuang took this matter as a side-by-ear and did not take it as a thing at all, so Ma Jun was never able to turn his ideas into reality. In this regard, Fu Xuan said with emotion: "It would have been extremely easy to test it, but skilled craftsmen like Ma Jun have not yet been taken seriously, let alone those who are not famous!" Future generations must take it as a warning!"
Feasible and valuable scientific design or research results, to become a reality, in practice to be applied, need to have a good external environment, need to provide favorable conditions, otherwise, even the best design will fail, no matter how valuable research results can only stay in the laboratory. People could only sigh like Ma Jun.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="15" data-track="60" > the encounter of Ma Jun, a generation of skillful craftsmen</h1>
During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun of the State of Wei had many important inventions in mechanical manufacturing, so posterity called him "ingenious and unique". At that time, there was a kind of weaving weaving machine with 50-60 knitting (pedals for manipulating warp threads). It is laborious and inefficient to operate. Ma Jun improved it to 12 stomps, which increased the efficiency of weaving silk by four or five times, and soon spread it. Once, Ma Jun saw a slope in Luoyang, which could have grown vegetables, but it was deserted due to difficulty in watering. So he invented a tool that can continuously carry water and water the field- the overturning car (keel water wheel), which is light and flexible, even children can use it, and the efficiency is very high.
Ma Jun also remade a lost guide car, using mechanical transmission, so that the wooden fingers on the car can always point to the south.
Ma Jun also designed and improved the crossbow invented by Zhuge Liang, which could increase its power several times. However, such a talented inventor was rejected and depressed in the DPRK. When he proposed to build a guide car, the powerful ministers Gao Tanglong and Qin Lang insisted that there was no guide car at all. And sarcastically he said: Your name is Ma Jun, the word Deheng. Jun is the model, and scale is to measure the weight of the item. You can't even weigh the weight, what model do you want to do?
He tried to make a siege weapon, a stone machine, turning the wooden wheel on the machine, which can continuously throw stones out and attack the enemy. However, this invention could not be formally tested, and could only be tested with wheels and bricks. Pei Xiu, a "man of the kingdom" who could speak well, also seized on the shortcomings of Ma Jun's bad words and debated with Ma Jun, satirizing his invention and preventing him from experimenting.
The literary scholar Fu Xuan was very upset with Ma Jun. Later, emperor Wei Mingdi, in order to have fun for himself, asked Ma Jun to make a mechanical hundred opera people propelled by water. Fu Xuan said indignantly: Ma Jun's failure to be a worker, his inability to display his talents, and the use of people without exhausting his talents are really hateful!
Ma Jun told people with his own experience of not encountering talent that belittling talent, suppressing talent, and wasting talent is a historical mistake of misleading people, wrong oneself, wrong country, and wrong people. A person, a society, and an era must be worthy of history, worthy of heaven and earth, and worthy of the people, they must give flying birds a shade of green, give thousands of miles of vast wilderness, let people do their best, make the best use of them, make the best use of their strengths, and never do what they can do, they must not use it, they should not use it, they should not use it properly, they should not use it for small purposes, and they should not use stupid things that they should not use.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="16" data-track="68" > should not be regarded as vulgar</h1>
There is an idiom in China called "Qiren is worried about the sky", which means that there are people in the Country who are afraid of the sky falling, and even feel uneasy about eating and sleeping, and they are sad all day long. See "Liezi Tianrui": "There are people in the country who are worried about the collapse of the heavens and the earth, who have died, and who have wasted their sleep and eaten." Liezi's record here is not pejorative, and from the perspective of the development of scientific thought, it should also be admitted that the question raised by this nonsense is very natural, and at the level of scientific understanding at that time, it should be said that this is a scientific frontier problem, which can be covered by both China and foreign countries. In order to answer the question of "why doesn't the sky fall", the western ancients proposed the answer supported by several stone pillars as early as the ancient Egyptian era, and later proposed the concept of the crystal ball in the Greek period. In order to answer this question, ancient China first proposed the "Gaitian Theory", believing that the sky is round, the earth is square, and there are several mountains supporting the round heaven. The discordant nature of the existence of Gaitian theory prompted later generations to put forward the "theory of relying on heaven", and later there was "Xuanye theory" and "Hun Tian theory". The question of "why doesn't the sky fall" has deepened people's understanding of the universe and effectively promoted the development of ancient astronomy. Therefore, it should be fair to say that the "qiren" who worried about the sky was a veritable ancient scientist, and his answer to the question of "the sky falling" was his answer to the question of whether the sky would fall. Unfortunately, under the influence of traditional Chinese scientific thought, this worried "Qiren" not only did not get the evaluation it deserved, but became a typical representative of the mediocre, and "Qiren Worrying About heaven" has also evolved into an idiom, which is specially used to compare those unnecessary and unnecessary worries ("Cihai" and various dictionaries explain "Qiren Worrying about the Heavens") in Li Bai's poems. This evolved view seriously hindered the study of ancient Chinese astronomy and was an important reason why ancient Chinese astronomical research did not evolve into a modern theory of gravitation! As long as you look at the history of the evolution of Western scientific thought, this point is very clear: "Why does the sky not fall" The question has always been the driving force for the progress of ancient Western science, the previous theory of the crystal ball model needless to say, Ptolemy's "geocentric theory" was directly established under the influence of the crystal ball theory, the difficulty of the model led Copernicus to put forward the "heliocentric theory", and finally the "gravitational theory" proposed by Newton, which fundamentally solved the problem of "why the sky does not fall". In China, by describing the discussion of this question as if there was nothing to do, the direction of ancient Chinese astronomy was reversed and the internal dynamics of scientific development were interrupted. Today, it is time to restore the reputation of the "Qiren", who is a great ancient scientist, and everyone who understands the history of the development of science should no longer regard the Qiren as a philistine.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="17" data-track="71" > Zhang Zhongjing and his writings</h1>
Zhang Zhongjing (150-219) was a native of Nanyang Commandery (南阳郡; present-day Nanyang County, Henan). A famous medical scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Emperor Ling of Han held up filial piety and served as the Taishou of Changsha. His books include "On Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", which once became a classic work of medicine at that time. After his death, the original book has been scattered and incomplete, and the Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Shuhe re-collected the old treatises and compiled them into two books: "On Typhoid Fever" and "Outline of the Golden And Jade Letters". In the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever", the dialectical treatment of fever-based diseases is described, and there are 397 treatment methods and 113 prescriptions. The "Outline of the Golden Jade Letter" describes the miscellaneous diseases of various systems such as digestion, breathing, urinary, nutrition, etc., and has demonstrated and treated various diseases. These two books summarize the medical achievements before the Han Dynasty in China and are the classics of Chinese medicine in China.
Unfortunately, although Zhang Zhongjing's medical achievements developed to a high level in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he made great contributions to the relief of disease suffering for the people at that time, and he himself became the founder of medical dialectics and treatment in our motherland. However, due to the backwardness of production and the low level of economic development at that time, the feudal ruling class did not attach importance to the development of medical science and technology, so that his original medical works have been lost and have not been all passed down to this day, which is a major loss to the research of Chinese medicine in China. There were many scientific and technological achievements of invention and creation in ancient China, and the reason why they failed to spread and carry them forward is also because of this.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="18" data-track="74" > huatuo's unfortunate ending</h1>
Hua Tuo was an outstanding physician in ancient China, a native of PeiGuo County (present-day Bo County, Anhui) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who lived between the first year of The Han Chong Emperor Yongjia (145 AD) and the thirteenth year of The Han Xian Emperor Jian'an (208 AD). He has a deep understanding of internal, external, gynecological, pediatric and other subjects, has made outstanding contributions in disease diagnosis and treatment and sports health care, and he is the first person in the world to apply general anesthesia for abdominal surgery, making a major contribution to world civilization.
Hua Tuo treated the people's illness, not to be an official, and repeatedly refused to be an official. Because of his excellent medical skills and enthusiasm for treating the masses, he has a high reputation in the folk. At that time, Cao Cao suffered from "head wind disease", frequent seizures, and was in pain, and many treatments did not improve. When he heard that Hua Tuo was very wise, he sent someone to summon him, and Hua Tuo cured his illness with a needle. Later, Cao Cao was afraid of the recurrence of the old disease, so he forced Hua Tuo to be his attendant. However, Hua Tuo was bent on practicing medicine in the folk, and did not want to live in the official palace for a long time, so after a while, Hua Tuo even pretended that his wife was sick and returned to his hometown on leave and went to the folk to practice medicine.
Hua Tuo never returned, and Cao Cao wrote to him many times urging him to return, but he never returned, and later Cao Cao went to visit Xuan Shi and said that if his wife was really ill, he could give Xiao Dou forty Hu and extend the holiday. The man came to Hua Tuo's hometown, found that his wife was not sick at all, and returned to report truthfully. Cao Cao was furious and imprisoned Hua Tuo for deception, and later killed him.
Before his death, Hua Tuo had written a variety of medical works on his rich experience in practicing medicine, and before his execution, he handed over a medical manuscript he had sorted out to the prison guard and told him, "This can be a living person." But the cowardly and fearful jailer did not dare to accept it, for fear of being implicated, Hua Tuo burned it in extreme sorrow, and the precious medical works were reduced to ashes. Therefore, Hua Tuo's medical skills have not been passed down in special writings.
"Respect for knowledge, respect for talents" can be said to be a hot topic since ancient times, if it is only used as a slogan, without implementation, it is difficult to give play to the subjective initiative of talents, so that knowledge can not better benefit society. Hua Tuo's murder and the loss of his writings are a major regret in ancient Chinese medicine and should be used as a reference for respecting knowledge and talents today.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="19" data-track="77" > Wei Jinfu Shifeng is not light</h1>
In ancient China, there was a grotesque phenomenon of taking "five stones", especially during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, many scholars and doctors advocated serving stones, and this custom lasted for nearly two or three hundred years. "Five stone scatter", also known as "cold food scatter", is a kind of powder composed of five kinds of mineral medicines of a strong nature, including stalactite, stone sulfur, purple quartz, white quartz, red stone fat, made of a certain proportion, of which sulfur is the most poisonous. The fashion of serving scattered originated in the late Han Dynasty, after the Shang Shu He Yan served and advocated by Cao Wei, it actually formed a fashion, the Jin emperor Fu Mi said: "He Yan is lustful, he began to take this medicine, his heart is cheerful, his physical strength has become stronger, and his master is calm, and he has been taught by each other, and he has been trapped for many years." None of them will eventually heal. ”
After yan death, "the one who takes it is complicated, and does not quit at the time", after taking this powder to a certain time, the body will be feverish, feverish, irritable and unbearable, must be "cold drinking, cold food, cold lying, extremely cold and good", so it is called "cold food scatter", when the "five stones scatter" medicine is attacked, the person who takes the powder is hot, sitting restlessly, and even appears crazy as if he is insane, this situation is called "scattered", to the moment of "distribution", wide coat, delirium, speech chaos running around, Informal, this state is called "Xingsan", and some scholars and doctors in the Wei and Jin dynasties did not accept dispersion, but they also pretended to be like this to flaunt themselves as people in the upper class. At that time, this custom was directly related to the social phenomenon of advocating "clean talk" and delaying good voice, but the drawbacks and toxic effects of taking "five stones and scattering" were extremely serious, the so-called "everyone was happy with the near benefits, but did not see the consequences", and some people "shrunk their tongues into the throat" because the poison was too deep. Some people died of "ulcerated spine" sores.
Sun Simiao, a famous physician of the Tang Dynasty, emphasized in his "Thousand Golden Formulas": "Since Yu Had his own knowledge, he has seen people in the government and the opposition, and there have been different victims. Therefore, it is better to eat wild kudzu than to obey the five stones, knowing that it is very poisonous, and must not be careless, and those who have knowledge encounter this party must burn it, and do not stay for a long time!" There was an official named Zhao Gonglie, six of his relatives were killed because of taking food, and he himself was killed in the end due to improper consumption, and even Emperor Fumi himself was seriously ill because of his service, and he was so distressed that he wanted to commit suicide to end his life. The cause of the strange social phenomenon of serving the five stones is that the life of the ruling class in this period is corrupt and the ideology is decadent, and they are lustful and deceitful, believing that the "five stones" are a unique way of life in high society to elevate their identity; And it is used to fill the spiritual emptiness and the defects in sexual function, this habit has gone through hundreds of years, died countless people, and the approaching profit eventually led to great harm, and was only paid attention to. Social ills like this should also inspire people in modern society to fully understand its profound lessons.
<h1 class="pgc-h-decimal" data-index="20" data-track="82" > poor "borer"</h1>
There is a slender-waisted wasp called the scorpion. Ancient legend has it that the grasshopper is only male, not female. It flew into the vegetable patch, took a larva called a borer into its nest, and wished it, "Like me!" Like me!" The borer becomes the son of the worm.
In china's ancient poetry collection "Book of Poetry", the "Xiao Wan" section has such a verse: "The moth has a son, and the worm bears the burden." In ancient times, when science was not developed, people believed in this saying, and also called their adopted sons "borers". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the secret of the moth Yoshiko was revealed by the scientist Tao Hongjing.
Once, when he read the verses about the grasshopper in the Book of Poetry, a series of question marks appeared in his mind, why did the borer become a cockroach win? How can two things that are not at all the same become the same? If it can change, what is the process of change? If it can't change, where will the borer go?
Tao Hongjing searched many books, and all the statements were the same as those in the Book of Poetry. He thought that the only way to find the right answer was to see for himself. He found a nest of grasshoppers in the courtyard, used a small stick to open the nest, and saw that there were borers in the nest, and there were small flesh worms. At this time, several grasshoppers flew in, and he found that there were not only males, but also females!
The next day, Tao Hongjing went to observe again and found a small insect biting a borer, which had been half eaten. When he went again two days later, the borers in the nest had all been eaten, and the small flesh worms had turned into pupae. In two days, the pupa turned into a small grasshopper and flew away!
"Ah! That's the way it is!" Tao Hongjing suddenly realized. "Cockroaches also have their own offspring, and borers are fed by the offspring of worms." He couldn't help but find it funny, poor 'Yoshiko,' who had been given a snack by a scorpion to his children. The worm first stabbed the borer half to death with a needle in its tail and brought it back into the nest, and the borer became a victim. This mistake, which had been circulating for thousands of years, was corrected by Tao Hongjing.
It is better to believe in books than to have no books, and we must dare to question them, and practice is the best way to dispel doubts. The taste of pears can only be known by tasting them yourself.