Yingcheng City, Hubei Province, is located in the east-central part of Hubei Province and southwest of Xiaogan City. It is bordered by Yunmeng County to the east, Anlu City to the north, Tianmen City and Jingshan City to the west, and Hanchuan City to the south. It is located in the northeast of the Jianghan Plain.
Yingcheng is the land of ancient Pusao.
One of the "Pusao" was first mentioned in the Zuo Zhuan.
The Eleventh Year of the Duke of Huan (701 BC): "Chu Qufeng will be allied and defeated. The Yun people's army will be in Pusao, and will be with the Sui, Hang, Zhou, and Chu divisions. ”
PuSao belonged to the State of Yun in the Spring and Autumn Period. The location is just northwest of present-day Yingcheng City, Hubei Province.
Yingcheng was founded in the first year of the southern dynasty Song Xiaowu Emperor Xiaojian (454 AD), and the southern border of Anlu County was established. With "Pusao as the place where Yingyi should be rushed, this place should be placed as a guard", so it is named Yingcheng County.
In May 1986, with the approval of the State Council, yingcheng county was set up as a city. It is now a county-level city under the administration of Xiaogan City.
Yingcheng dialect belongs to the second pronunciation area of Hubei dialect, that is, the typical Chu dialect area, in the "Hubei Dialect Investigation Report" compiled by Zhao Yuanren and others.
In the "Hubei Dialect Survey Report", Yingcheng belongs to the second district
The Atlas of the Chinese Dialects of China classifies the Yingcheng dialect as the Huang Xiao tablet of the Jianghuai dialect.
Yingcheng is located in the Atlas of the Chinese Dialects of China at the westernmost point of the Huangxiao tablets of the Jianghuai dialect
The Yingcheng dialect is quite different from the neighboring Anlu, Yunmeng, and Xiaogan dialects, and the highlight is that there is no tongue curling. There are also differences with Hanchuan, Tianmen and other places, and you will know it when you hear it.
Until now, there has not been a special systematic research work.
However, in the Ming Dynasty more than 400 years ago, there was a Yingcheng person who wrote a special work on the words of the Yingcheng dialect, which made a pioneering contribution to the study of the Yingcheng dialect.
This is Chen Shiyuan and his "Miscellaneous Characters for Vulgar Use".
Chen Shiyuan (1516-1599), a native of ChenLing (present-day Chenhe Town), Xixiang, Yingcheng County, Hubei Province, in the Ming Dynasty, was a chinese poet. Jiajing twenty-three years (1544 AD) Jinshi, familiar with the study of characters, rhymes, and exegesis.
He served as a governor of LuanZhou (滦州, in present-day Luanzhou, Hebei).
Later, he resigned from the government and returned to Li, and devoted himself to writing for more than 40 years, composing more than 400 volumes, including "Guiyun Beiji" and other legends.
The General Catalogue of the Four Libraries says: "The wealth written by Shi Yuan is almost in contrast to Yang Shen and Zhu Mou. ”
Chen Shiyuan's Miscellaneous Characters for Customary Use was compiled during the Ming Jiajing period, appended to the Guiyun Beiji's "Outline of Ancient Customary Characters", listed as the 25th volume, first published in the ming Wanli Yan wei year (1583 AD).
The whole book takes the Hubei Yingcheng dialect as a reference, and collects 310 articles of folk spoken language from ancient rhyme books and character books, indicating the meaning of words one by one, and some of them are also phonetic, reflecting the phonetic and vocabulary of the Yingcheng dialect in the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty scholar Jiao Zhu included the full text of this book in the 11th volume of his "Errors in The Publication of Popular Books", with slight additions and deletions.
Because Jiao Zhu was very famous, many scholars after the Ming Dynasty did not discriminate and gave Jiao Zhu the copyright of "Miscellaneous Characters for Common Use", which was obviously wrong.
This book is also included in the Collection of Ming and Qing Colloquial Dictionaries (Series 1) of the KikoKu Academy in Japan.
It is also included in volume 238 of the Continuation of the Four Libraries.
After the "Miscellaneous Characters of Common Use" was written, it was cited by later scholars. For example, zhang Zilie's "Orthographic Tong" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and Zhai Hao's "Popular Compilation" in the Qing Dynasty and other books have absorbed some entries from them. This shows its influence at that time.
The "vulgar characters" of the "Vulgar Miscellaneous Characters" refer to the folk spoken language, and the trade-off is roughly based on the Yingcheng dialect as a reference point.
Some of the dialect words compiled in the "Miscellaneous Characters for Common Use" are not found in the records of traditional character books and rhyme books, but they are consistent with the phonology of modern Yingcheng dialect words.
Let's look at two.
For example, the book records: "The common name is coughing, ka-chi, ka-in-ke." The lurkers called Ka ka for ken. The people of Yingcheng still call the cough "Ken" now.
Cough called "Ken"
Another example: "Cooked food is cooked over fire and then boiled, and the sound is secret." "Yingcheng people now heat up the leftovers and eat them, also called 燘, pronounced "will".
Most of the vocabulary recorded in the "Miscellaneous Characters for Common Use" is recorded in the calligraphy books and rhyme books before the Ming Dynasty, and has been used until now, and still lives in the spoken language of the Yingcheng people.
For example: "Advancing into the Yue (扌双), 竦竦." "Ji Yun , Swollen Rhyme": "(扌双), push also." "Yingcheng dialect still calls pushing people to chunk.
"Will" and "竦"
Another example: "Go to the slag, yinbi." "Jade Chapter, Mizube": "Decanting, de-juice also". Yingcheng dialect still calls the filter dregs "滗" and pronounces "pen".
In addition, the vast majority of the words recorded in the "Miscellaneous Characters for Common Use" have Zhuyin, which reflects the pronunciation of Chen Shiyuan's era, that is, the Yingcheng dialect in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which is also very interesting compared with now.
For example: "Jinshi uses Kumurotsu 鋊, Yin Yu." "Now the people of Yingcheng still use the knife for a long time and are not sharp and call it "Yu".
Another example: "Hidden language puzzle, yinmei." Now the people of Yingcheng still pronounce "enigma" as "mei". Young people may be influenced by Mandarin and read it as "fan".
Read "enigma" as "mei" sound
Another example: "Hand-to-hand hair, tone." Sound submersion, and sound search. Now after the people of Yingcheng kill the chicken, they boil it with boiling water and then go to the hair, which is still called "seeking", and the sound "heart" (two sounds).
The "Miscellaneous Characters for Common Use" records the Yingcheng dialect of the Ming Dynasty, and compared with today, four or five hundred years later, it is found that most of the vocabulary and pronunciation are still the same.
For the study of our dialect today, especially the study of yingcheng dialect, there is undoubtedly important documentary value.
The version of the book we are looking at today is an engraving of the Qing Dynasty's Daoguang 癸巳年 (1833 AD). After the "Outline of Ancient Folk Characters" attached to the Guiyun Beiji, it is listed as volume 25