"Jinling is lonely at night and the cool breeze is blowing, so I go up to the tall building alone to look at Wu Yue."
"The dragon pan and the tiger are in the imperial state, and the emperor Jinling visits the ancient hills."
"In the old days, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people."
In the 1930s, after the famous literary scholar Mr. Zhu Ziqing traveled to Nanjing, he wrote this evaluation: "Visiting Nanjing is like visiting an antique shop, and there are some traces of erosion of the times everywhere." You can speculate, you can hang, you can leisurely reverie..."
Nanjing, also known as Jinling, Jiangning, Jiankang, Jianye, Stone City, etc., is one of the four ancient capitals of China and one of the six cultural ancient capitals in Chinese history. There were Successively Eastern Wu, Eastern Jin Dynasty, Southern Dynasty Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Southern Tang, Ming (early), Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, republic of China built the capital in Nanjing, so Nanjing is known as the "Capital of Ten Dynasties".
For thousands of years, the rushing Yangtze River has not only bred the Yangtze River civilization, but also gave birth to Nanjing, a Jiangnan city. Nanjing is a hilly area, dominated by low mountains and gentle hills, belonging to the northern subtropical humid climate, the water area of more than 11%, is the first batch of national historical and cultural cities, an important birthplace of Chinese civilization, has long been the political, economic and cultural center of southern China. Nanjing had ancient human activities as early as 1 million to 1.2 million years ago, and 350,000-600,000 years ago, there were Nanjing ape people living in Tangshan, with a history of more than 7,000 years of civilization, nearly 2,600 years of city building history and nearly 500 years of capital construction history.
In 229 AD, Sun Quan declared that the emperor established Eastern Wu, and moved the capital from Wuchang to Jianye, which was known as "Zhongshan Dragon Pan, Stone Tiger", opening the history of the capital city of Nanjing.
After the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, in 282 AD (the third year of Taikang), it was rebuilt as Jianye, and in 313 AD (the first year of Jianxing), it was rebuilt as Kang. Only thirty years after the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, he died in the Yongjia Rebellion.
In 317 AD, Sima Rui, the head of the Jin Dynasty, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang, and the population of the north moved south. During the Great Northern-Southern Split of about three hundred years, Jiankang became the seat of Zhengshuo in China.
After the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD, the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen successively built the capital in Jiankang, together with Eastern Wu and Eastern Jin, known as the Six Dynasties. Jiankang during the Six Dynasties was quite prosperous, and it is said that during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liangwu, the number of households in the city reached 280,000, the first peak in the history of Nanjing. In 548 (the second year of the Taiqing Dynasty), the Hou Jing Rebellion broke out, and Jiankang was hit hard, and Jiankang was restored after the establishment of the Chen Dynasty.
In 589, after the Sui army destroyed Chen, all of Jiankang City was destroyed into farmland, and only Jiang Prefecture was set up in Stone City, and the first prosperity in Nanjing's history ended here.
In 1842, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in the First Opium War and was forced to sign the Treaty of Jiangning (historically known as the "Treaty of Nanjing") with chen bing on the Jiangning River.
In 1853, after the Taiping Army captured Jiangning, it established the first peasant class regime and changed its name to "Tianjing".
On New Year's Day 1912, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Sun Yat-sen was sworn in as Provisional President.
On March 24, 1927, the Northern Expedition of the National Revolutionary Army captured Nanjing. On April 18, the National Government of Nanjing was established, making Nanjing the capital and nanjing a special city in the same year. The decade from 1927 to 1937, when Nanjing was the capital, is known as China's "Golden Decade", during which Nanjing carried out large-scale capital construction, laying a good foundation for the development of Nanjing's modern city.
On December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the Japanese army carried out a large-scale massacre in Nanjing and nearby areas for more than 40 days, known as the Nanjing Massacre.
At 9 o'clock on September 9, 1945, the three auditoriums of the Central Army Officers' Academy in Nanjing held the First Form of Surrender in the Chinese Theater of World War II, and Japan announced its unconditional surrender.
Ancient education flourished in Nanjing, and the earliest recorded school was established by Danyang Taishou in 30 AD (the sixth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty). In 258, Emperor Sun Xiu of Eastern Wu issued an edict establishing Guoxue. In the Song Dynasty, Maoshan Academy in Jiangning Province was one of the six major academies at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing set up the Guozijian, which was the highest national institution of learning in China at that time. Nanjing has been a city of reverence for culture since ancient times, known as the "Heavenly Hub" and "the first school in southeast China", and more than half of the titles of Ming and Qing China are from the Nanjing Jiangnan Gongyuan.
Nanjing was the center of the literature of the Six Dynasties. In the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (409 AD), the poet Xie Xie's "Song of Entering the Dynasty": "Jiangnan Jialidi, Jinling Imperial Prefecture, with green water, and Zhu Lou" reflects the rich prosperity of the Jinling Imperial Capital during the Six Dynasties period and the enterprising spirit of the heart of merit. Prince Zhaoming compiled the Anthology of Literature here, and Liu Xun wrote the Wenxin Carved Dragon here. Some scholars believe that Nanjing is the first choice for studying the literature of the Six Dynasties today.
During the Tang Dynasty, Nanjing, as an abandoned former imperial capital, attracted many literati. Li Bai stayed in Jinling for the longest time, and his poems about Nanjing are nearly 200 poems, among which the famous poems are "Long Gan Xing", "Dengjin Ling Phoenix Terrace", and "Jinling Liquor Store Farewell".
At that time, the world's largest encyclopedia, the Yongle Canon, was compiled and copied into a book in Nanjing Guozijian. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, the largest medical work in ancient China, was also edited and published in Nanjing.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Jingzi settled in Nanjing and wrote the "History of Rulin", which has a large number of detailed descriptions of the scenery of Nanjing and the activities of the literati. Cao Xueqin, the author of "Dream of the Red Chamber", was born in Nanjing, and the 12 main female characters in "Dream of the Red Chamber" are named "Jinling Twelve Chao".
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Kong Shangren's famous drama "Peach Blossom Fan" is set in Nanjing during the transition of dynasties in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, depicting the love story of Hou Fangyu, a fushe scholar, and Li Xiangjun, one of the eight Yans of Qin Huai.
Historically, Nanjing has benefited from and suffered from its unique geographical location and extraordinary feng shui, and has suffered many disasters from soldiers [xiǎn] in the past, but has also repeatedly rebuilt its prosperity from the rubble and smoke. Nanjing is regarded as the land of the revival of the Han Chinese and has a special status and value in Chinese history. Therefore, after comparing the four ancient capitals of Chang'an, Luoyang, Jinling and Yanjing, Mr. Zhu Wei [xiè] said: "Among the four capitals, the prosperity of literature, the beauty of characters, the spiritual beauty of mountains and rivers, the grandeur of meteorology, and the close relationship with national tribulations, especially Jinling, is the most important." ”