More than a hundred years ago, President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States (Roosevelt Sr.) said: "All the greatest games are battles" "Once a race loses the virtue of tenacious struggle, then whatever it retains, no matter how proficient it is in business, finance, science or the arts, it loses the right to sit proudly on an equal footing with the best." Racial cowardice, like individual cowardice, is an unforgivable sin."
Theodore Roosevelt repeatedly threatened Britain and Germany with war in the Americas
Sooner or later, the suppression of the southern Song Dynasty's warlords was inevitable, but it was cut off at the time of historical facts, and Yue Fei's sacrifice was inevitable. The reasons are clear:
First, the new situation of the (Northern Expedition) counter-offensive was fully launched, and regardless of success or failure, it was predictable that the arrogance of the wuchen would rise again, and the extraordinary period would be a dangerous period for the Southern Song Dynasty court, and it must be decided immediately, and Yue Fei, the forerunner of the situation, was suppressed.
Second, the generals of the main battle front were not united, but on the contrary, they were jealous of each other. Yue Fei's rise is the fastest, the most vigorous and the most successful career. The victory records of the generals all repelled the enemy defensively, but Yue Fei went forward to counterattack and win, and his personal discipline and discipline were strict, such as refusing Zhang Jun's suggestion to invade Han Shizhong's guards, marching "freezing to death without demolishing houses, starving to death without plundering", and being a maverick among the famous generals of Zhongxing, and being jealous and jealous of them. The object of common exclusion among the martial ministers themselves was Qin Junshu's warning to choose the most convenient and easy object to attack, and Yue Fei was doomed to be sacrificed.
Even if the general marshal loses his coordination, even if the general counteroffensive is realized, the success is not assured, and the war cannot be continued endlessly, so the theory of peace is not absolutely wrong, Zhao Yi's "Twenty-two Chronicles of history" and the discussion chapter can already be followed by reference, and the peace at the right time is also the responsibility of the state. However, planning peace by sacrificing Yue Fei, the national hero of the Han nationality itself, would be too costly.
Yue Fei and Qin Juniper
Before and after Yue Fei's murder, Hu Quan, the leader of the imperial court who had beheaded Qin Juniper, was deposed, Zhao Ding resigned, the military giants Liu Kun and Han Shizhong were dismissed, the peace theory supported by the court was completely victorious, and the Song-Jin peace treaty negotiated in the twelfth year of Shaoxing (1142 AD) was established, with the conditions of which the Song-Jin peace treaty was negotiated:
1. Song xiangjin as a vassal;
2. Jin returned Emperor Gaozong's father Huizong Zigong (Shaoxing Yuannian Collapse, aged 54) and Emperor Gaozong's biological mother Empress Wei (Emperor Gaozong's brother Emperor Qinzong was detained for the rest of the year, and Emperor Qinzong did not return until the 31st year of Shaoxing's collapse);
3. Song Dynasty tribute silver and silk 250,000 taels each;
4. The two countries were bounded by Huaishui to the east and Dashanguan (present-day Baoji, Shaanxi) to the west, which was two-fifths of the territorial losses compared with the Northern Song Dynasty (1,234 counties in the era of Emperor Xuanhe of Huizong, and only 703 counties were preserved when the peace treaty was signed).
The greatest humiliation of the peace treaty was the submission to the Jin Dynasty, and it was also a major change in the international order that has always been the main axis of China. It has always been the Han Tianzi who came to the world and regarded all foreign nationalities as subjects, and although Jin Shi Jingyao was the first to subject the Liao Dynasty of different nationalities five generations later, it can still be explained that the founders of the Shi and Jin Dynasties themselves were of the same ethnic group and were special events. The Song and Liao dynasties were about a country of brothers, and the Han nationality had changed to an equal relationship with the changes of other nationalities, but the Song "brother" was still the chief. In the end, the relationship between honor and inferiority was completely reversed, and Han China had submitted to the service of Yidi.
Liu Yong's "Looking at the Sea Tide" is extremely prosperous in Qiantang, and Yan Liang has the ambition to throw a whip to cross the river
The song and jin peaceful relations were concluded, and although the Song Dynasty was humiliated and reduced in territory, the internal affairs of the Song Dynasty gradually stabilized in the period of internal affairs and consolidation, which was decided by territorial boundaries. On the jin side, king Hailing's re-creation of tension also violated domestic public opinion, and the soldiers were war-weary and failed to invade, and they were immediately killed, and the successor was the famous emperor Of the Jin Dynasty, Sejong. During the same period, the Southern Song Dynasty was already the second generation of Emperor Xiaozong, who was also known for his sages and good reputations. The situation of peaceful coexistence between the two sides continued to improve, and it is not difficult to peek at the amendment of the Shaoxing treaty in the first year of Emperor Xiaozong's qiandao (1165):
1. The relationship between the monarch and the subject is changed to Jin to uncle and Song to nephew;
2. The "tribute" of the year was renamed the year coin, and the amount of silver and silk was also reduced by 50,000 to 200,000 taels each (the border remained the same).
The spiritual and material pressure of the Southern Song Dynasty court tended to ease, and the uncle and nephew were still in a relationship of respect and inferiority, but they brought their feelings closer. The prosperity of the Southern Song Dynasty came from the birth of Emperor Xiaozong, and the grand situation of the Northern Song Dynasty reappeared, while the social consciousness of emphasizing literature and light force, the state system of weak soldiers, and the party struggle between scholars and doctors when the problems of foreign peace and war no longer existed, but everything has returned to the old view of the Northern Song Dynasty.
At the Battle of Yashan, 100,000 soldiers and civilians of the Song Dynasty fought in the sea
The Song and Liao signed the Alliance of Liaoyuan because of the balance of strength, and the two sides lived in peace for hundreds of years; the Jin developed from within the Liao State was more ruthless than the Liao, and destroyed the Northern Song in one fell swoop; and the more crazy "Houlang" Mongolian Yuan Empire bulldozed the Southern Song Dynasty after the destruction of Jin, which was a natural reason. In 1276, the Yuan army captured Lin'an and captured Emperor Gong, the empress dowager, the imperial family, the hundred officials, and the palace people north. Protected by his widows, The two young sons of Emperor Duzong, who had retreated along the southeast coast, Emperor Yan (Duanzong) was defeated and killed in Guangdong at Fuzhou, Emperor Fu continued to take the throne at Yashan (Xinhui Haizhong, Guangdong Province) and died, and the government-in-exile existed for only three years, and the lifeblood of the Southern Song Dynasty was extinguished.
After the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many soldiers of the Death Festival, and Wen Tianxiang was defeated by the Qin King, and he was captured and unyieldingly endowed with the famous verse "Who has not died since ancient times, leave Dan heart to take care of Khan Qing". As well as the long poem "Song of Righteousness" written in most of the prisons before his death, they are all handed down through the ages and are touching to the heart. Zhang Shijie's support for the only force in the exiled government during the period of the migration and rush, and finally Lu Xiufu, who threw himself into the sea with the negative emperor, was martyred successively, and the Song Zuo died together, and Hewen Tianxiang was called Sanzhong. Xie Fangde and Chen Yizhong were also equally loyal characters of the same period, and the History of Song Zhongyi wrote eight chapters, including biographies to 274 people. At the end of the Song Dynasty, so many loyal people appeared, which was completely different from the phenomenon at the time of the fall of the Tang Dynasty, and the academic circles have always attached importance to it, and have admired the influence of the righteous and theoretical style of Song Confucianism, and have carried forward the Han national ideology to the boiling point.
However, in addition to Zhang Shijie's professional soldiers from a small school, Wen Tianxiang and Lu Xiufu were all keju jiaren, Wen Tianxiang was the first jinshi and the first yuan, and most of the countries that died were scholars who read sage books.
Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned and persuaded to surrender
On the contrary, the Southern Song Dynasty's vassals were equally not few, and Wen Tianxiang's brother Wen Bi was Zhang Hongfan, a yuan dynasty general who pursued the exiled Southern Song court after the fall of Lin'an, and Zhang Shijie, who took a tit-for-tat stance. Zhao Mengfu (Zi Ang), the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, who was known for his calligraphy, painting, poetry, and financial management, was also the imperial identity of the Song Dynasty, one of which was one.
Second, after the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, they almost continued to occupy the position, and han nongxin, Shi Miyuan, and Jia Xiangdao, who had lost power and mistook power, were three traitorous ministers, Han Nongxin's mother was the sister of Empress Gaozong, Empress Guangzong was also her niece, and Jia Xiangdao's sister was Lizong's favorite concubine, and politics was more or less painted with foreign relatives, but all three of them were also from the jinshi background, no different from loyal subjects. In other words, the situation of self-loyalty, adultery, and opposition between scholars and masters, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty were in the same line, and Han Qi was the great-grandson of Han Qi, a famous minister of the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, it is true that the cultivation of patriotic integrity of loyal subjects and the stimulation of national consciousness are not linked to absolute and inevitable relations.
It is worth noting that it is better to have the potential for huge political influence after the Formation of the Song Dynasty's social scholar-doctor level. Direct participation in politics through the examination of the imperial examination, regardless of whether it has the ability to speak at the "scholar" stage of the semester, is far from being comparable to that of previous generations. In particular, the number of Students in Taixue, the highest institution of learning in the forefront of intellectuals, was expanded from Cai Jing to as many as 3,000 during the Huizong era of the Northern Song Dynasty, and since then, the trend of political criticism of Tai students has risen, forming a grand public opinion that influences the government of the dynasty. This trend has been the most powerful support for the main war theory in the transition stage of the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties since Chen Dong, the leader of the Tai student movement in the seventh year of Xuanhe (1125), was the most powerful support for the main war theory in the transition stage of the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties (Qin Ju was also one of the leaders of the Jing Kang First Year Peace Treaty Opposition Movement, who was then serving as the Taixue Division).
In the jingkang revolution, the Song Dynasty was almost wiped out from Hui and the Second Emperor of Qin, down to the hundred officials including Qin Juniper
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, many students fell into the hands of the enemy, and the number of people who were able to follow the southern crossing was not large, and the student movement once receded after the Qin Juniper bomb suppressed the main war theory. At the end of Emperor Gaozong's reign, the number of Tai students was fixed at 1,000, and when Emperor Ningzong imprisoned Zhu Zizhi's learning, the number of Tai students increased to more than 1,700, and the speaking power began to rise, and six of the fifty-nine pseudo-students were listed as Tai students. With the lifting of the party ban and the rule of Emperor Lizong, Zhu Zixue, who has developed and possessed an overwhelming force in the academic circles, established its orthodox status in Confucianism, and accompanied the students' political activities with a high posture to reproduce the old view of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the same period, the rise of Mongolia and the international triangular relationship between the Jin Dynasty and the replacement of the Liao Dynasty have also reproduced the Northern Song Dynasty. It is very clear that resisting foreign insults cannot be carried out by the spirit alone without relying on strength; although the excitement of the patriotic movement is gratifying, and although the spirit of the mighty and indomitable generosity to die is respectable, it is of no real benefit to the dumping of the rescue building, and when Lin'an falls, hundreds of Taixue and Zong students are tied up and go north with the imperial family and courtiers who are captured by the Mongol soldiers.
When the Northern Song Dynasty fell, it was only because the Laiwu people rose up to get the Southern Song Dynasty, and when the Southern Song Dynasty fell, they could only allow the restoration of the country to despair. Instead of being proud of the death of the country at the time of the fall of the country, it is better to regret the overcorrection of the heavy literature and light force for the reasons of the fall of the country, and fortunately have the opportunity to redeem it, and at the beginning of the establishment of the southern crossing, immediately retreat to the position of the Northern Song Dynasty without considering the shortcomings of the warriors, and whether it is possible to follow the principle of guidance to govern the literati. The ultimate fate of the Song Dynasty thus lost all its combat effectiveness, and the self-righteous Han nationality also took the three-hundred-year Song Dynasty as the key and cast its national character.
Yao Dazhong
For a long time, in our historical narrative, Chinese history and world history have been separated, and Chinese history cannot see the world, and China cannot be found in world history. Yao's History of China is compatible with the research and writing methods of Chinese, Japanese and Western historiography, breaking the cognitive cocoon of traditional Chinese history, and has the following distinctive characteristics:
1. It broke through the barriers of traditional Chinese history deduced from the Central Plains to the outer layers, and justified the names of semi-marginal countries such as Qin and Chu.
2. The historical narrative of the evolution of the Hao clan since the Eastern Han Dynasty contains the common people complex of establishing a life for the people.
3. The analysis of the essence of the Hu-Han coalition regime established by the Wuhu dynasty objectively shows the ethnic strife and integration in the period of the Great Split.
4. Face up to Liao Jinyuan, the steppe conquerors from the north of the Great Wall, and observe them on an equal footing with the Han regime.
5. Examine China's history in an environment of dynamic ties between China outside the region and comb through the historical origins of China's relations with neighboring countries.