Jin "Liu Tao's Epitaph", 58.4 cm high, 16.4 cm wide, 5 lines, 13 characters, Lishu. It was excavated in Yanshi, Henan during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and visited by the famous Qing Dynasty epigrapher Wu Yi in 1783. Wu Yi's "Yanshi Jinshi Testament" says: "The case ambition was to dig a well for the natives, and it has been more than twenty years, and it is still abandoned to the people's home, and Qianlong Yandi (1783) Yu returned from the apricot garden village. The stone is measured by this ruler, but more than two feet, sharp and downward, as a gui shape, there is no year to examine, and the characters are intact. There are not many Jin monuments in the world, and this Zhiyou is particularly happy for YuDe, alone not to be destroyed, but also fortunate to be unfortunate with! Liu Junguan is not humble, but there is nothing to say about the merits, and the ancients are not overflowing, especially cute. (Transferred from Zhao Wanli's "Epitaphs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Han and Wei Dynasties")
"Liu Tao's Epitaph" rubbing
The "Epitaph of Liu Tao" has no inscription, and the inscription reads: "The former envoy of the Jin Dynasty held the jiedu to supervise the military division of the military expedition to the east, the tomb of Liu Fujun the Marquis of Guanzhong, the tomb of Jun Zhentao, the character Taibo, and the yuanzi of the shu kao shi jun." Mrs. Pei Guo Cai. "Therefore, the evidence is an epitaph of the Jin Dynasty. The calligraphy of this stele is exquisite, strong and smooth, and the strength is strong and upright.
1. Wu Yiqiren and the relevant records of Liu Tao's Epitaph
As a famous scholar in the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Yi not only had profound and exquisite academic attainments, the principle of being just and upright in the world, and also had a bumpy life experience.
According to the "Biography of Yanshi Celebrities": Wu Yi (1745-1799), the character Virtual Valley, a word Xiaoshi, self-proclaimed Half Stone Mountain People, Yanshi Old City People. Wu Shao Zhouzi. In the thirtieth year of Qianlong (1765), when he was tested by a boy, Yan Shi ordered him to see his Wenqi and promoted him to the first place. Thirty-five years of raising people, forty-five years of jinshi, fifty-six years of Shandong Boshan Zhi County.
In office, he observed the people's feelings, gave light labor, handled the backlog of cases, advised the people to be frugal, founded a academy, enlightened the people's wisdom, and made Boshan a great ruler. When the scholars and the emperor were in a monopoly, their minions ran rampant in the prefectures and counties, plundering the people's wealth, and no one dared to ask. He was not afraid of violence, and he grabbed it with a rod. Inspector JiQing of Shandong, fearing that he would offend Hekun, ququ the emperor and dismissed Wu Yi's officials. When the people heard the news, thousands of people gathered to go to Jinan Province to prostrate themselves and "beg for stay" were never allowed.
After the dismissal, he was so miserable that he did not even have the cost of traveling home, and he taught the qiwen, Qingyuan, and Chunfeng academies to make ends meet. He was very knowledgeable and wrote a lot of works, and his published classics include "Qunjing Yizhi", "Scripture Reading Examination Difference", "Three Rites of Righteousness", and "Four Books Examination Difference"; Jinshi's works include "Jinshi Three Journeys", "Jinshi Continuation", "Yanshi County Chronicle of Jinshi", "Qian Genealogy", etc., as well as "Notes on Zhitang" and "Zhitang Poetry Notes". He is also the chief editor of "Lushan County Chronicle", "Baofeng County Chronicle" and "Shaanxi County Chronicle". In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Emperor Renzong pro-government deposed Hezhen. In November, Wu Yi was summoned to Beijing to be entrusted with a heavy responsibility, but Wu Yi died in October. Posthumously awarded the title of "Heavenly Official".
Huang Yi's "Xiaoshi Mountain House" of Song Luo's "Twenty-Four Pictures of the Visiting Stele" says: "Yanshi Wujun Xugu was given the general Liu Taojie of the Jin Dynasty, because of the construction of the Small Stone Mountain House. Yu visited and rewarded, and it was as moist as jade. The void valley is also out of the ancient Yugui to play together, which is called the second magic. ”
Xu Ke's "Qing Barnyard Notes" records the "Tombstone of Liu Tao of the Wuxu Valley", Yun: "Qianjia Yihui, Jinshi Specialized Learning, Yanshi Wuxugu Daling and Qiantang Huang Xiaosong Sima are on a par with each other." Virtual Valley Boqia fine evidence, especially good Jinshi. The Taoyuanzhuang farmer dug a well, got the Jin "Liu Tao's Epitaph", rushed to buy it, and conceited himself. The stone weighs dozens of pounds and travels more than twenty miles. At home, there are a few desperate. Day and night caressing, the treasure is very special, it is urgent to imitate a fake stone, in order to respond to the so-on and so-on, and the true one is hidden. After the death, his son suspected that he was a heavy treasure, and the night thief came out, exhausted his life's strength, and the load of Several Forks. And Kaishi, Shi Ye, was angry and entrusted to the river. ”
Qian Daxin's "Qianyantang Jinshi Baowei": "The tomb of Liu Tao, the military commander of the Right Expedition East, is published in the text. Qianlong 癸卯, Yanshi Wujinshi Yiyi won it in the apricot garden of this county. Qiwen Yun: ... Where there are forty-seven words, the words are simple and do not record the year and month. Its stone is more than two feet wide, and the remaining title is a tombstone text, sharp and flat, such as a gui shape, which is different from the Han stele style. It is titled "TombStone Text", and it is not known whether it is also true or not. The name 'Junsi' is not found in the Jinzhi, and jichuan is often seen. ”
Wang Chang's "Golden Stone Compilation": "Epitaph of Liu Tao, Marquis of Guanzhong. Jie is one foot eight inches high, seven inches wide, five elements, line cross, now in yanshi wushi. ”
Wang Zhuanghong's "Notes on Chongshan Lou" Yun: "General Zhengdong and The Military Commander's "Liu Tao's Epitaph", five lines of the book, the first three lines of thirteen characters per line, the fourth line of two characters, the fifth line of six characters. The characters are large and inch-large, and the last word is horizontally aligned, and the stone shape is sharp and downward, and it is shaped as a gui, and there is no year. The Submerged Hall Jinshi Paiwen thought it was a tomb version. Shi Xiang dug a well for the Yanshi natives, Qianlong Jiao, who was originally the Great Order of WuxuGu and obtained from the Xingyuan Zhuangmin family of Yizhi, and Daoguang Dingwei was obtained by the Jiexiu Ma clan, and when Wang Zhen shi ke Luozhong was awarded ten copies, one of which was also. Dozens of times are not worried about this moment, and the real copy is by no means easy to obtain. ”
2. What is the title of "Marquis of Guanzhong" in Liu Tao's Epitaph?
"Hou" is one of the fifth rank titles in ancient times, below the duke and above the uncle. In the Han Dynasty, knighthood was limited to the second rank of prince. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Zhi, emperor Wu of Wu records: "In the winter of the twentieth year of Jian'an (215 AD), the titles of Hou Zhi Wu Dafu were initially given the titles hou to the fifth doctor and the old marquis and the sixth marquis of Guannei to reward military merits." Pei Songzhi quoted the Book of Wei as a note: "The eighteenth rank of Hou and the seventeenth rank of Marquis of Guanzhong are all gold-sealed purple silk; and the sixteenth rank of Hou of Guanxi, the copper seal ink silk ... are not rented, and the old Marquis of Guannei and Hou Fan are sixth." Chen Matsuyuki thought that the void cover of the present day began from this point on."
Marquis of Guanzhong, knighted name. In the 20th year (215) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jian'an was established, with a seventeenth rank knighthood and no false seal of food and taxation. The Rank of Wei ding in the Three Kingdoms is six pins. Jin and Southern Dynasties Song and Qi Yanzhi. Liang and Chen are nine products.
The Marquis of Guanzhong was a title set up by Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty when he was the King of Wei, with a knighthood of seventeen ranks to reward military meritorious service. The Marquis of Guanzhong and the Marquis of Guanzhong only borrowed the title of Guanzhong place name, and had no connection with the actual fiefdom of "East from Hangu Pass, West to Longguan; between Erguan, called Guanzhong", it was a kind of fictitious title at that time, there was no salary, and it only represented honor.
Guanzhong Hou Jinyin 1
Guanzhong Hou Jinyin 2
It is understood that at present, China has four "Guanzhong Hou" turtle new gold seals: First, the Guanzhong Hou Seal collected by the Dengzhou Museum in Henan Province unearthed in 1982, with a height of 0.9 cm, a side length of 2.4 cm, and a weight of 125 grams. The printed body is square, and the four characters of the seal book are "Guanzhong Houyin". The button is shaped like a turtle crawling with its head held high, with a straight line and curved ruler carved into its back. The second is the collection of the Shanghai Museum, donated by the calligrapher and painter Han Tianheng, and the excavation location is unknown; the third is the Jin Dynasty "Guanzhong Hou" Turtle New Gold Seal excavated from tomb No. 20 of Chen Jia Dashan in Changsha in 1957, with a height of 2.1 cm, a side length of 2.4 cm, a weight of 125 grams, and a white seal book. The fourth is the "Guanzhong Hou" turtle new gold seal excavated from the Tomb of Shandong Jin in Nanjing Zhidu in 1985, with a height of 2.1 cm, a side length of 2.4 cm, and a weight of 118 grams.
Wang Fangchun's "Liu Tao's Epitaph"
III. What is the position of the "Military Division" in Liu Tao's Epitaph? What is the difference between a "military division" and a "military division"?
The Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Officials edited by Zhang Zheng explains that "military masters" say: "Senior staff. Or to say that the Western Zhou army has been placed, the Han Dynasty army or placed, staff military affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was placed in the Chu Xiang Mansion, in charge of the selection of military officials, prisons, military affairs, etc., and held a higher position than Changshi. The Dukes of Wei and the Heavy General's Mansion of the Three Kingdoms were placed in charge of military affairs, and wupin were in charge. ”
The "military division" is interpreted as follows: "The main aide of the commander-in-chief at the time of the expedition." The Western Jin Dynasty changed the position of 'military division' because of the secret. Commander Zuo leads the army, has the responsibility of Kuang Zheng and supervising the commander, and is often the candidate for the successor commander. Soldiers can be given when they go out. ”
According to the records of the "General Code of Officials" and the "Literature of the General Examination and the Code of Officials", the "Military Divisions" all thought that the ancient military was in charge of supervising military affairs and gave advice to the main generals. The Han, Three Kingdoms, and Jin dynasties were all set up in the army. The Later Han Shu Kui Huan Biography Yun: "Huan Li li, sent envoys to hire Fang Wang, a Pingling man, as a military division." ”
During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei took Xun You as his military division, Wu took Zhu Ran as his right army division, and Shu took Zhuge Liang as his military division general. During the Jin Dynasty, in order to avoid the secrecy of Emperor Jing's Sima Shi, it was changed to a military division. During the Southern Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Liang used Yang Kan as a large army division, which was gradually abolished.
In fact, the narrow sense of "military division" is only a title, while the broad sense of "military division" can be traced back to the Warring States period. According to the "Chronicle of The Chronicle of Sun Tzu Wu Qilie", "(Tian) was forbidden to enter Sun Tzu Yu Wei Wang. King Wei asked about the art of war, so he thought he was a teacher. Later, Wei Fa Zhao, Zhao Qian, and Asked for help from Qi, and the King of Qi Wei wanted to send Sun Zhi (孙膑) to Xie Yue: "Those who are left behind must not be punished. So he took Tian Ji as his general and Sun Tzu as his teacher. In the car, sit for a plan. This is considered to be the earliest record of the position of "military division". It not only explains the characteristics of the "military master" as the assistant to the commander-in-chief and "sits down as a plan," but also shows in particular the special respect of the monarch for his "thinking that he is a teacher."
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that Cao Cao's military palace had military divisions, chinese army divisions, left army divisions, right army divisions, and former military divisions. Similar to the military division, Cao Cao's military palace also has a military conspiracy, and there is also a military conspiracy to sacrifice wine.
The Tongdian says that the military divisions of the Cao Wei Dynasty "ignored all the armies and regarded them as regulars." Hong Raosun of the Qing Dynasty also said: "The official system of the Wei clan is the same as that of the Han Dynasty. ...... Fu Jie belonged to Jiuqing and became the lord of Taiwan, the number of gongfu increased to more than 100, and the names of military divisions were listed in all departments. ”
The small-character annotation in volume 29 of the General Code says: "Wei Xunyou is a military teacher, and the military election and the criminal and prison legal system are all decisive." It can be seen that military divisions can control military elections and the criminal and prison legal system.
"Military Division", volume 29 of the General Code, "Officer Eleven, Supervising the Army", mentions the "Military Division" shiji: "The Jin Dynasty avoided emperor Jing's secrets and changed it to a military division, and all the armies were ignored as regular members, so it was appropriate to save the amount of money, and also to supervise the military's duties."
Historical data show that the military division also has the responsibility of staff officers and military planners. Book 68 of the Book of Jin, "The Biography of Gu Rong": "Emperor Yuan, zhen Jiangdong, made Rong a military commander, and was a regular attendant of the Jiasan Horse, and consulted everything he planned."
In August of the twelfth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (416), Liu Yu led the Northern Expedition, "with Shizi as the general of the Chinese army, and the prison lieutenant stayed in the government." Shang Shu's right servant Liu Muzhi was the left servant, leading the overseer army and the military division of the Second House of the Chinese Army, and entering the Eastern Province, and the general regent inside and outside. ”
The military division still has some characteristics that military divisions do not have. First of all, the military division can fight independently, and the unified army is dispatched by the commander when fighting. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin, the Anxi general Shi Jian sent the Anxi army commander Du To pre-attack the Long Right Kou bandits, but Du Pre believed that the time was not ripe, "Chen Five cannot be, four is not necessary". Shi Jian was furious, "FuQuan pre-decorated the city gate official house, lacked military prosperity, and sent Yu Shizhong to enlist the imperial court lieutenant." In the Eight Treatises, in the Doctrine of Redemption. ”
Secondly, when the commander-in-chief is unable to exercise his authority for any reason, he often performs his duties as a military division, and the military division is often the successor to the commander-in-chief position. Book 86 of the Book of Jin, "The Biography of Zhang Rail": "Zhang Yue of Jinchang, a great clan of Liangzhou, is rumored to be a bully of the Zhang clan, and he thinks that he is able to cope with it." From the Longxi Inner History to the Liang Prefecture Assassin History. Yue Zhi was in Liangzhou, Suito returned to Hexi with illness, Yin Tu dai rail, Nai Shu Brother Town and Cao Yu moved the abandoned track, and the military commander Du Tan took care of the state affairs, making The delay more and more of a thorn history. ”
It shows that although the military division has the responsibility to monitor the commander-in-chief, in terms of status and reputation, they are subordinate to the commander-in-chief. Moreover, he is often the successor to the managerial position.
For more excitement, please pay attention to the WeChat public account "Inscription Story".