After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1937, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated for the second time to establish an anti-Japanese national united front. After the fall of Nanjing, the Nationalist government moved the capital to Chongqing in 1937, and Sichuan became the center of the War of Resistance. Cultural institutions and literary and art circles from all over the country have entered Sichuan, Sichuan's culture and art have developed rapidly, and Sichuan has quickly become the cultural center of the country. In order to ensure the continuation of the lifeblood of education in China, all sectors of society have taken urgent measures to relocate colleges and universities concentrated in coastal areas to the interior and reorganize, adjust and enrich them.
Because Sichuan was in the rear of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, it became a refuge for Education in China at this time, and all walks of life in the province did their best to provide great support for the educational institutions that migrated westward. The focus of education shifted westward, and top talents from various industries gathered in Sichuan, making Sichuan extremely prosperous in terms of education and culture, and became the education center of the whole country at that time. The large-scale entry of colleges and universities, scientific research institutions and scientific researchers into Sichuan has greatly promoted the research of natural sciences and industrial technology progress in Sichuan, making Sichuan quickly become the scientific and technological and cultural center of China at that time, and making significant contributions to the survival and development of Chinese culture.
After the Nationalist government moved the capital to Chongqing, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party carried out rich and diverse propaganda on the War of Resistance in Sichuan, and Sichuan quickly became the center of the national anti-war culture at that time. After the establishment of the Southern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in Chongqing, it held high the banner of the anti-Japanese national united front, united all forces that could be united, and used various literary and artistic forms to publicize the anti-Japanese struggle to save the country, and Sichuan became a big stage for propaganda against Japan. The Third Department of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the National Government, as the leading organ for propaganda and organization of the War of Resistance, carried out various forms of propaganda on the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the rear areas, organized various activities of the War of Resistance, aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of the people, strengthened the people's confidence in consolidating the rear areas, supporting the front line, fighting heroically, and winning the War of Resistance, played a propaganda role unique to culture and art, made major contributions to the great victory of china's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and composed a brilliant movement in the history of the development of Modern and Contemporary Chinese culture. This period was a epoch-making historical stage in Chinese art from the "May Fourth" to the founding of the People's Republic of China, and Chinese culture and art continued to follow the path opened up by the "May Fourth" cultural ideology, and underwent fundamental changes in the content of creation, the popularization of language, the form of performance, the form of organization and the nature of the troupe.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" >. Anti-War Cultural Institutions and Anti-War Propaganda</h1>
(1) The establishment and main activities of the Third Department, the leading cultural institution
The Third Department of the Political Department of the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government was established in Wuhan on April 1, 1938, and was withdrawn from Wuhan on October 25 and moved to Chongqing. In charge of publicity work, Guo Moruo served as the director of the department and Fan Yang served as the deputy director. The third department was headed by the Political Department of the Military Commission of the National Government, and zhou Enlai, a Chinese communist, was then the deputy director of the Political Department, responsible for the leadership of the third department. The third department is in charge of propaganda, propaganda and organization of the War of Resistance Against Japan is its central task. There are five, six and seven divisions, each with three sections. The secretary of the director's office is Yang Hansheng, and the section chiefs are Hong Shen, Du Guoyu (Shou Su), Zheng Yongzhi, Feng Naichao and others. The organ is located in Hualin, Wuchang County.
After the establishment of the third hall, a large number of progressive cultural workers were gathered, including famous politicians, experts on international issues, scientists, jurists, educators, historians, writers and poets, dramatists, musicians, painters and actors. The main activity held by the Third Hall during its stay in Wuhan was to mobilize and organize the masses to publicize and support the War of Resistance, which had a major impact on the all-round War of Resistance.
Immediately after the establishment of the Third Department, a Propaganda Week for the Expansion of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was held, and more than 1 million people were mobilized. In order to commemorate the first anniversary of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the "July 7th" donation activity was organized, and the donation was performed in the main theater, and the public enthusiastically participated. The leaders of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party took the lead in participating in the donation, Zhou Enlai donated all 240 yuan of his monthly salary, and Dong Biwu, Qin Bangxian, Deng Yingchao and other Communist Party members also participated in the donation. According to incomplete statistics, in 5 days, a total of more than 930,000 yuan, 1156 gold and silver utensils, and 774 other utensils were donated.
The Third Hall also organized the establishment of 10 anti-enemy performance teams, 4 anti-enemy propaganda teams, 4 screening teams, comic propaganda teams and children's theater troupes, and 7 anti-enemy associations in the literary and artistic circles, which embodied the consensus of the two parties to sincerely cooperate and jointly resist Japan. These performance teams and associations are active in the counties and townships of the rear area and play a role in organizing the people.
On October 25, 1938, due to the abandonment of Wuhan, the third hall was also transferred to Chongqing. In the year and nine months after the third department arrived in Chongqing, its main work was to compile and print propaganda books and materials. The main propaganda materials compiled are Japanese proclamations compiled and printed in the name of the Political Department, weekly propaganda points, key propaganda outlines, and leaflet slogans. Important propaganda periodicals printed and published, such as The Book of Anti-Japanese War Sketches, include the works of many well-known writers in the cultural circles, such as Lao She.
The work of the Third Department was directly under the leadership of the Yangtze River Bureau of the COMMUNIST Party of China and Zhou Enlai, and many famous literary artists in its leading institutions were members of the Communist Party, such as Guo Moruo, Yang Hansheng, Tian Han, etc., which objectively formed a situation of unity and cooperation centered on Communist Party members, but they were also subject to some restrictions and constraints. In the autumn of 1940, the Kuomintang government abolished the Third Department, Guo Moruo was transferred, most of the original staff resigned en masse, and the printing and distribution work was taken over by the General Affairs Department of the Political Department.
The establishment of the Third Hall played the role of a leading institution in the propaganda and organization of anti-Japanese activities; the holding of various anti-Japanese activities played a guiding role, becoming the backbone and soul of the propaganda and cultural work in the early stage of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and also becoming the basis for cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China in organizing the masses and publicizing the masses with the same goal.
(2) The Cultural Work Committee of the Political Department of the National Government and the Propaganda Work of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
After the abolition of the Third Hall, the Cultural Work Committee of the Political Department of the National Government was established on November 1, 1940, and was abolished on April 1, 1945. The Cultural Work Committee has been active in Chongqing for about four and a half years, and is still responsible for anti-Japanese propaganda under the leadership of the National Government. However, "the civil union is not an administrative agency like the Third Office, but only a research institution." Director Guo Moruo, Deputy Directors Yang Hansheng and Xie Renzhao. The Cultural Work Committee consists of three groups: the International Studies Group, the Arts Research Group, and the Enemy Situation Research Group. Most of the staff were transferred from the Third Hall, but there were also a few new transfers, such as Wang Chaowen. Another 10 full-time members and 11 concurrent members were hired, all of whom were the top experts and scholars in various industries in China at that time, such as Mao Dun, Lao She, Tao Xingzhi, Shen Zhiyuan, Tian Han, Zheng Boqi, Wang Kunlun, Lü Xiaguang, etc., which were more powerful than the lineup in the Third Hall period. The Cultural Work Committee often organizes various lectures and forums to study the domestic situation, culture and art, and other current affairs issues, and invites Guo Moruo and other well-known personalities to give speeches, which is welcomed by the masses. Academic research and literary and artistic creation are the most important topics, many academic research monographs have been published, and many famous historical dramas have been created and performed.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="6" >2. Literary and Art Anti-Enemy Associations and Activities</h1>
(1) Guo Moruo's main creative activities
Guo Moruo (1892-1976), a native of Leshan, Sichuan Province. Guo Moruo not only made outstanding contributions to the propaganda work of the War of Resistance in his leadership position, but also made achievements in the academic research of history, oracle bone science, and literary and artistic creation, becoming one of the pioneers of modern and contemporary Chinese history and literature and art, and also demonstrating the strong patriotic tradition of Chinese intellectuals, and the spiritual pursuit of self-improvement, courage to explore, and continuous innovation, becoming a model for future generations.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, a series of Guo Moruo's creative achievements came out one after another. For example, the historical academic monographs "Bronze Age" and "Ten Critical Books", and the previously written in Japan, "Research on Ancient Chinese Society", these three books have become his three-legged works on ancient Chinese society, and are also important achievements in the study of ancient Chinese history in the modern period. Among the published academic papers, the most famous ones are "Qu Yuan Research", "On Cao Zhi", "Jiashen Three Hundred Years Festival" and so on. The article "The Three Hundred Years of Jiashen Sacrifice" combines ancient historiography and political science, analyzes and criticizes the reasons for the failure of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, and has great repercussions in the two parties. Mao Zedong gave it a very high evaluation and published it in Yan'an. In Chongqing, Guo Moruo also wrote a large number of political papers, essays, essays, etc., which were compiled and published in collections of essays, such as "The Collection of Yushu", "The Collection of Present and Past", "The Collection of Thin Swords", "The Collection of Boiling Soups", "Wave", etc., and edited hundreds of his main articles and speeches in chronological order. Guo Moruo's literary and artistic creation reached its peak, and he successively created and staged six historical dramas such as "The Flower of Tang Di", "Qu Yuan", "Tiger Rune", "Gao Wanyuan", "Peacock Bile", and "NanguanCao".
(2) The All-China Association for Resisting the Enemy in Literary and Art Circles
The All-China Literary and Art Circles Anti-Enemy Association was a national literary and art group established during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression to extensively unite the anti-Japanese forces, referred to as the "Literary Association". Founded in Wuhan on March 27, 1938, it moved to Chongqing with the Nationalist Government, and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, it was renamed the "All-China Literary and Art Association".
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the All-China Literary and Art Circles Anti-Enemy Association, with the aim of "uniting the forces of scattered comrades-in-arms and using our pens like the soldiers on the front line with their guns, to mobilize the people, defend the motherland, smash the enemy, and strive for victory" (citing "The Intention of the All-China Literary and Art Circles Anti-Enemy Association" (citing "The Intention of the All-China Literary and Art Circles Anti-Enemy Association" was to bring together the cultural and artistic institutions, groups, and the vast number of literary and art workers throughout the country. At the inaugural meeting, 45 directors and 15 alternate directors were elected, all of whom were well-known figures in the cultural and artistic circles of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and non-party, and Lao She served as the chairman of the committee. The establishment of the Literary Association embodies the "unprecedented unity of the literary and art circles throughout the country regardless of ideology or belief, and symbolizes that our great Chinese nation will certainly be able to solidify and unite to overthrow Japanese imperialism."
The Association of Literature and Literature published a total of 71 issues of the periodical "Literature and Art of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression" as the propaganda and public opinion front, and Lao She pertinently commented: "It is a document worthy of attention, which not only reveals the literary and artistic creations of wartime, but also publishes all the opinions and discussions of wartime literature and art, and reports on the activities of many literary and artistic people. It is literature and history. It will be some of the most important material in the history of literature in the future. At the same time, it also shows some special spirit, so that the reader can see how the writers united in the War of Resistance, always unremittingly carrying their banner and attacking the violent enemy. ”
According to the tasks of the War of Resistance at different stages, the Association put forward the central work of propaganda and literary and artistic creation. In the early days of the Outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the organization of the enlistment of articles and the activities of going to the countryside for articles set off a climax of "popular literature and art" in the modern period in adhering to realism. In 1939, the "Popular Literature and Art Work Committee" was elected in Chongqing, and 5 members, including Lao She and Lao Xiang, served as members.
Lao She personally wrote and published a large number of propaganda articles and works, such as "Five Lectures on Popular Literature and Art", street drama "When soldiers go", etc., printed more than 100,000 copies, and sent them to the rear people and frontline soldiers. Various forms of symposiums and research meetings have been held successively, popular literature and art training centers have been opened, popular reading materials have been published, popular literary and artistic performance evenings, novel evenings, poetry evenings, etc. have been held successively, and professional creative performances have been combined with mass literary and artistic performances, which has stimulated the determination of the broad masses of the people to resist the war.
The "International Literary and Art Propaganda Committee" established in Chongqing gathered high-ranking intellectuals from the field of literary and art theory research, such as Wang Lixi, Hu Feng, Lin Yutang, He Luting, and so on, to summarize novels, poems, reports, newsletters, plays, song and dance creations since the War of Resistance, guide creation, and introduce them to foreign countries. The "Writers Field Visiting Group", with Wang Lixi as the head of the regiment and Song Zhi as the deputy head of the regiment, set out from Chongqing to collect materials from the rear of the enemy and "supply countless poets, novels, dramatists, and essayists of the present and future, so that they can sing, perform, and narrate." (Quoting "Farewell Speech") Traveled thousands of miles and lasted half a year, and wrote "Pen Travels" in documentary style, including articles such as "Sichuan and Shaanxi Road", "Journey to the Middle and Western Provinces", "In Luoyang", "Zhongtiao Mountain" and other articles, which were published in "Literature and Art of the War of Resistance".
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, a series of activities carried out by the Association of Literature and Art, especially the intellectuals of the Chinese literary and art circles represented by Lao She, actively participated in the Anti-Japanese War activities, and with popular literary and artistic creation and performance and theoretical criticism, realized the successful transformation of Chinese literary and artistic creation in the modern period, opened up a new way for Chinese literature and art to go to the masses, the times, and life, reflected the lofty and strong patriotic spirit of Chinese intellectuals and the ideological character of courageous dedication, diligence and hard work, and also published the "Chinese Literature and Art" Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art" laid the foundation for practice.
The literary and artistic creations of this period, combined with the spirit of the times, many works have reached a new height and level, such as the novels of Sichuan writers Ba Jin, Li Jieren, Sha Ting, Ai Wu, Lu Ling, and the dramatic creations of Cao Yu, Xia Yan, Chen Baichen, Song Zhi, and Wu Zuguang, which have reached a new level in reflecting the depth, breadth and diversity of reality. Ai Wu's novels such as "Roaring Xu Jiatun", "Autumn Harvest", "When the Spinning Wheel Is Resurrected", and Sha Ting's "In Its Fragrant House TeaHouse" reflect the northeast after the 918 Incident and the Sichuan society during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and have become representative works of realism.