Second, the cultural life of the fish
Although life cannot be assumed, the comparison of different assumptions does help to deeply understand a person's existing life. If Sima Rui's plan to make Sima Yu his successor was truly realized, Sima Yu would become the second emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Then the historical Sima Yu must be another life content and plot, the most important point of which is that his cultural life and cultural personality are difficult to be so full and thorough. Sima Yu's greatest achievement in not becoming the second emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was that he was able to completely cultivate himself into a complete cultural celebrity in a benign environment in which the atmosphere of talking about xuan, especially metaphysics and human algae, basically excluded practical utilitarian purposes and entered the aesthetic stage. If the Eastern Jin Dynasty Zhiyu was a "famous man wearing robes", then Sima Yu can be called a "famous man wearing a dragon robe". History says that Sima Yu was "a pure and widowed man, especially a good Xuanyan", referring to the profound cultural symbol brand of Sima Yu, the eighth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Looking at the cultural stage of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sima Yu is one of the most active heavyweight cultural celebrities. The identity of the emperor is not his own active desire for life, but the cultural sentiment is his life needs and meaning from the bottom of his heart.
The discussion and discussion of metaphysical thought and theory as the main content of the discussion and discussion of the discussion has the trajectory of the changes of the times in the purpose of the pursuit of values. The purpose of the early Qing talk activities pioneered by He Yan and Wang Bi was to pursue the "principle of talking", that is, the two sides of the Qing talk and the defense should distinguish between winning and losing through fierce arguments. At the meeting presided over by He Yan, the genius teenager Wang Bi was just out of the woods, and at the meeting presided over by He Yan, he refuted what everyone thought was irrefutable, and then refuted the viewpoint that he had just won, repeated several times. It was the concrete manifestation of the pursuit of victory or defeat at that time. With the passage of time, starting from Yongjia, the "reason in the discussion" of pursuing the viewpoint of winning or losing has gradually been replaced by the "reason in the discussion" of pursuing a beautiful posture and temperament. What Sima Yu faced and experienced was exactly this kind of clean talk:
Zhi Daolin and Xu Huan were all in the meeting with The King of The King, Zhi was the Master, and Xu Weidu spoke. If you are full of righteousness, you will not be bored when you sit on all fours; if you give a difficult gift, everyone will not dance. But the beauty of the two families does not distinguish between their reasons. ("The New Language of the World"
This scene of Zhi Daolin and Xu Qingqing talking and arguing has always been enthusiastically praised by people. However, people may be impressed by the debate, and ignore the host of the event, Sima Yu, who was then crowned the King of Huiji. Seeing Sima Yu's position and role in this story, we can roughly understand what position Sima Yu is in the Qing Tan activities, and how prominent. This kind of aesthetic talking activity with Sima Yu as the core of culture still occurs from time to time:
Yin Zhongjun, Sun Anguo, Wang, and Xie Nengyan were all sages, and they were all in the meeting with Wang Xu. Yin and Sun discussed "Easy Image Is Wonderful in Seeing Form", Sun Yu said in harmony, and the meaning was dry. A restless Sun Li, and the resignation can not be bent. The Huiji King sighed indignantly, "Let the true come, so there should be a way to control the other." "That is, to welcome the real long, Sun Yi is not as good as himself." True long, Shilling Sun narrated his own reasoning. Sun Roughly spoke his own words, and he also felt that he was not in a hurry. Liu Ben made two hundred words, and the resignation was simple and simple, and Sun Li was submissive. Sitting down at the same time, he clapped his hands and smiled, calling it beautiful for a long time. ("The New Language of the World"
This scene seems to be a reproduction of the previous story, giving people the feeling that Sima Yu is more like a qingtan club. The host and host Sima Yu not only has great appeal, but also has excellent on-site organization and coordination ability. When everyone felt that they could not accept Sun Sheng's point of view, but could not refute his embarrassing scene, it was the host Sima Yu who followed up in time, and he knew very well that only Liu Yu could defeat Sun Sheng with this point of view, so he immediately invited Liu Yu, and indeed changed the situation on the scene. This fully shows how well Sima Yu knew the respective strengths of the celebrities at the top at that time, so he could deploy them freely. There is another example of a similar situation:
Zhi Daolin and Yin Yuanyuan were both in Xiangwang Xu. Xiang Wang said to the two: "You can try to make a confession." And the talent is the source of the source, the solidity of the letter, the king is cautious! "Branch the first work, change the rut far away, count the four crosses, do not feel into its mysteries." Xiang Wang stroked his shoulder and smiled: "This is his victory, and An ke can fight for the front!" ("The World Speaks New Languages and Literature")
The "Four Books of Talent" is one of the important propositions discussed in metaphysics, mainly exploring the similarities and differences between human "talent" and "sex". At that time, Zhong Hui had written a paper on this issue and wanted to consult Ji Kang, but he did not dare to submit it directly. He actually ran to Ji Kang's house and threw it into the courtyard from outside the wall and ran away. Yin Hao began to understand the problem of "talent", but after in-depth research, he became proficient in the "four books" theory and became his academic strength:
Although Yin Zhongjun thought long, he was partial to his talent. Ignoring the "Four Books", it is like the Iron City of Tangchi, and there is no way to attack. ("The New Language of the World"
Obviously, Sima Yu was already familiar with these situations, so he reminded Zhi Yu in advance not to discuss the "talent" issue that Yin Hao was good at. As a result, Zhi Yun carelessly lost Jingzhou, and unconsciously fell into the topic of "talent", of course, he was refuted by Yin Hao. Sima Yu was very familiar with the various "academic frontier issues" discussed in metaphysics at that time, and he simply had a vivid history of the Eastern Jin Dynasty metaphysics and qing talks in his chest.
Because of Sima Yu's special status and his love of metaphysical talking activities, he himself and those who knew him sometimes simply linked the two:
Zhang Pingju filial piety, out of the capital, negative his talent, said to be a participant in shiyan. Wanting to understand Liu Yin, the townspeople and the same people laughed together. Zhang Suiyi Liu, Liu Wash Mao material matters, sit down, only through the cold and heat, God does not answer. Spontaneous and unprovoked. In a few moments, the sages of the long history came to clear their words, and the guest lord had no place, and Zhang Naiyao sat down at the end of the sentence, and the words were far away, and the intention was far away, and the other side of the heart was full of me, and everyone was shocked. True long stretch to sit on top, clear words and days, because of staying overnight. Zhi Xiao, Zhang Retreat, liu Yue: "Qing and go, just take Qing to jointly raise the army." Zhang returned the boat, and the companion asked where to stay, and Zhang smiled but did not answer. Su Zhen, the true chief sent a missionary to find Zhang Xiaolian's ship, and his companions were shocked. That is, the same as the Fu Army. At the door, Liu Qianqian said to Fu Jun: "The lower official today is a wonderful choice for Dr. Gongde Yitaichang." Before that, Fu Jun spoke with him, and consulted and praised the good, saying: "Zhang Pingbo is the rational cave." "That is, to use it as Dr. Taichang. ("The New Language of the World"
In an era when the atmosphere of talking about metaphysics was prevalent, the talent of talking about metaphysics could have the value of hard currency for high-level job search. In the text, Zhang relied on his ability to talk clearly, and first conquered Liu Zhao, a titan of Qingtan metaphysics. Then, on the recommendation of Liu Tao, he showed his talents and learning in front of Sima Yue, and thus obtained the position of Doctor of Taichang.
In addition to the Qing Tan metaphysical activities, another cultural trend of the Eastern Jin Dynasty cultural stage that followed the previous generation of scholars was the human object algae. Sima Yu is also the main leader and participant in this important event. The activity of human objects is an important event in the history of Chinese culture. It originally began with the Han Dynasty character selection mechanism, which selected government officials or talented people through top-down conquest or bottom-up recommendation. The basis for requisition and recommendation is the evaluation and discussion of characters in the "Monthly Dan Evaluation" method. This activity continued from the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The difference is that from the Cao Wei period onwards, the "Nine-Pin Zhongzheng System" became the institutional guarantee for protecting the people of the Gate Valve Clan from entering the career. The activities of human objects have gradually lost the original practical value of talent selection, and have become a social aesthetic activity in which the scholar class evaluates the talent and temperament of the people. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, where Sima Yu lived, this aesthetic evaluation of human objects reached a climax. He himself was both the organizer of the human and object appraisal activities at that time and the participants in the appraisal activities.
Similar to the Qing Tan Metaphysical Activities, Sima Yu often used his status and identity to often interact with the celebrities and celebrities at that time, during which he often took the activities of human algae as an impromptu topic, so he often carried a great deal of arbitrariness, making the activities of human objects algae daily and lifelike:
Fu Jun asked Yin Hao, "How is Qing Ding like Pei Yimin?" Liang Jiu replied, "Therefore be victorious." ("The World Speaks a New Language and Appreciation")
The man asked Fu Jun, "What is yin Hao talking about?" The answer is: "If you can't beat others, you can give the hearts of the people." ("The World Speaks a New Language and Appreciation")
After Xie Wanshouchun's defeat, Jian Wen asked Xi Chao: "Wan Zi can be defeated, then what is the loss of the soldier's affection?" Chao Yue: "Yi Yi is a willful person, and wants to distinguish between wisdom and courage." ("The New Language of the World"
In this kind of time day after day, year after year, the true meaning and essence of people's ideal personality positioning in the activity of human objects are slowly understood and thrown out:
Fu Jun asked Sun Xinggong, "How is Liu Zhenchang?" "Qing Wei Jian Ling." "What about Wang Zhongzu?" Yue: "Gentle and tranquil." "How about Huan Wen?" Yue: "Gao Shuang took a step." "How about Xie Renzu?" "Qing Yi Lingda." "How about Nguyen Si Kuang?" "Hongrun Tongchang." "How about Yuan Yang?" "Tao Tao clears the stool." "How is Yin Hong far away?" A: "Far from thoughtful." "What does Qing qing say to himself?" "The talents of the lower officials are not as good as those of the sages; as for the time to be considered, they are not as good as the world." However, with no talent, Shi Fu entrusted Huai Xuansheng, far away from the "old" and "Zhuang", depressed and high, not with the current affairs of the economy, saying that this heart has nothing to give way to it. ("The New Language of the World"
Among the many stories I've seen about the HumanOid Algae Event, this is a textbook classic scene of the human-object algae that cleverly cooperates with both sides of the Q&A. The continuous questioning of the questioning party showed the insight and in-depth understanding of the high-level celebrities of the cultural circles at that time. Judging from the content of the respondent's answer, the questioner did not ask questions randomly without purpose and rules, but chose representatives of various character types to choose to ask questions. The respondent not only comprehended the spirit, but also summarized the personality characteristics of various types of characters proposed by the questioning party one by one, and what was particularly wonderful was that in Sun Qi's self-evaluation, the realm of "entrusting Xuansheng, Yuan Yong Laozhuang, Depression Gaoyu, and not being with the times" that he expressed and "had nothing to give in" with the sages was the highest realm of the personality spirit of Wei Jinshi - the realm of metaphysical life. This answer is the wonderful scene and sublimation of personality realm stimulated by the spark of the impromptu collision between the two sides of the question and answer.
Sima Yu not only initiated the algae activity as the organizer of the algae of human goods, but also personally participated in the evaluation of the algae of many celebrities:
Jian Wenyun: "Uncle He Ping is tired of reason, and Uncle Ji Yejun hurts his way." ("The New Language of the World: Appreciation"
Xie Gong was a prostitute in Dongshan, and Jian Wen said: "An Shi will come out, and he will enjoy with people, but he also has to worry with people." ("The New Language of the World")
Jian Wenmu Yu Chiyu: "Provincial rate of elimination". Xie Renzuyun: "There is nothing in Yu Chiyu's chest." ("The World Speaks a New Language and Appreciation")
Jian Wen Dao Wang Huaizu: "Talent is not long, Yu Rongli is not light, straight to the truth, it is enough to be more than a lot of people." ("The New Language of the World: Appreciation")
Jian Wenmu is honored as "Lang Yu". ("The New Language of the World"
Jian Wenyun: "The origin of the language is not beyond the simplicity of simplicity, but through the Lun thinking about the place, so there is a bureau Chen." ("The New Language of the World: Appreciation")
These witty pinzao can not only show Sima Yu's insight and accurate judgment of all pinzao objects from personality to personality, but also can see the transmission and refinement of his grasping and expression of the personality characteristics of these characters, which fully explains the value and role of Sima Yu in the leading and practicing of the trend of human objects, an important cultural phenomenon of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Another important aspect of Sima Yu's cultural personality is his exchanges and edification with the famous literati of the time in literature and art, forming his own inner spiritual temperament of complete literati, which is one of the specific manifestations of the rise of scholar culture into mainstream culture in the Wei and Jin dynasties.
The Six Dynasties of Han and Wei were an important turning point in the direction of Chinese literature towards independence and self-consciousness. Literature was liberated from the various practical genres before and became a genre form with independent aesthetic value, thus promoting the overall improvement and progress of Chinese literature and art. This is one of the important manifestations of the rise of scholar culture over imperial culture to become the protagonist of The Chinese cultural stage. As an important participant in the cultural activities of the scholars in this period, Sima Yu, as an imperial class, showed great interest and participation in literature and art and the aesthetic personality and temperament formed by it:
Xu Tuan tasted the simple text, and the wind was quiet and moonless, which was the Chinese language of the composing room. The chant of affection is Xu Zhi's strength. Resignation is clear and gentle, there are more than weekdays. Although Jian Wen is Qisu, this encounter is especially consultative, unconsciously knee-building, and cross-finger sign language, reaching Yu Jiangdan. It is also known: "Xuandu talent, so it is not easy to have more." ("The New Language of the World: Appreciation"
The wind is clear and the moon is beautiful and poetic, bringing people into a beautiful and artistic atmosphere. Sima Yu, who was an emperor, and xu Qian, a famous Xuanyan poet at that time, had the ability to stay up all night. Xu Qian's "Song of Affection" of "Sending QingWan" completely conquered Sima Yu, and the afterglow was not exhausted, and he still had to express heartfelt praise after staying all night. This night was very impressive for Sima Yu, and Xu Qian's literary talent had been completely engraved in his mind, and from time to time he had to take it out and recommend it to the world:
Jian Wen said of Xu Xiaoyun: "Xuandu Five Words Poem, can be described as a wonderful person. ("The World Speaks New Languages and Literature")
The beginning and end of this story can be called a visual demonstration of the imperial culture being conquered by the culture of the scholars, and being assimilated for it.
Influenced by such a literary and artistic atmosphere, Sima Yu himself was gradually assimilated into a person full of literary and artistic temperament, examining life and the environment with the eyes of an artist:
Jian Wen entered the Hualin Garden, Gu said left and right: "The heart does not have to be far away, the forest water, there is a Hao, Pujian thought also, feel the birds, animals, birds and fish from the relatives." ("The World Speaks New Languages and Literature")
The story takes people to the conversation between Zhuangzi and Keiko when they were fishing in the water more than 2,000 years ago. The theme and conclusion of the dialogue is to understand the universe and nature with their own feelings, in order to enjoy the fun of nature. Li Zehou believes that Zhuangzi's philosophy is aesthetics, and he should examine and grasp the laws of life and society from an aesthetic point of view, so as to discover and excavate the infinite beauty of life. Sima Yu took over the baton of Zhuangzi and more clearly emphasized and highlighted the initiative of subjectively feeling the beauty of natural landscapes and cultivating his own disposition. The idiom "Hao Pu Jian Thinks" was born this time, which shows that Sima Yu's artistic aesthetic taste is not only difficult for ordinary emperors to reach, but also outstanding among the famous scholars.
Culture and art have brought Sima Yu endless happiness and fun.
(This article is excerpted from Ning Jiayu's "Sima Yu: Bitter Emperor, Successful Scholar"), in Knowledge of Literature and History, No. 11, 2021)