Compared with other Monks of the Tang Dynasty who entered the Zhu Dynasty and sought the Dharma, the life of Tang Shi Wukong (730-812, formerly known as Che Fengchao, who used the fa jie) is quite unique.[i] The issues of Goku's entry into the Zhu, seeking the Law and the route back to China are particularly worth exploring. Goku is by far the last monk to return to China in the Tang Dynasty[ii], traveling back and forth between China and India for 40 years (751-790), ranking first among the zhu monks in all generations.[iii] Yuanzhao's "Records of Wukong into Zhu" [iv] is a rare historical material of the Western Regions of the late Tang Dynasty, according to which Wukong traveled tens of thousands of miles, taking different routes to return, especially the return route to bypass the Uighur tent, witnessing the changes in the situation in the late Tang Dynasty and the changes in the Silk Road. Based on the research of predecessors [v], combined with relevant historical materials, this paper focuses on the relevant itinerary of Xuanzang (entering Zhu in the first half of the 7th century) and Hui Chao (entering Zhu in the first half of the 8th century) [vi], exploring the characteristics of Wukong's itinerary, aiming to highlight the sino-Indian land traffic situation in the special era of Tubo occupying Helong and The Western Regions in the second half of the 8th century.
(1) From Chang'an west to the North Tianzhu Route
In the tenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (751), Wukong had not yet entered the monastic status, at this time he was commonly known as Che Fengchao, only 21 years old, sent by the Tang court to accompany Zhang Taoguang as an envoy to The Imperial Household as a general of the Four Gates of The Left Wei Jing Prefecture. The delegation of more than 40 people sent from Xijing[vii], taking the road to Anxi and heading west into Zhu.
1． "Take Anxi Road, the second Shule country, the second degree of the green mountain."
The mission's route from Chang'an City to Onion Ridge is extremely omitted, and it is summarized as "taking the Anxi Road, the sub-Shule Country, and the second degree of the Onion Mountain", in fact, this route includes the eastern and middle sections of the so-called "Silk Road" in the nearest place.
For a detailed examination of these two routes, see Yan Gengwang's research results. In short, the eastern section of the route, that is, the route east of Yumenguan and Yangguan, which belongs to the boundary of Shazhou (Zhidunhuang County, in present-day Dunhuang City, Gansu), departed from Chang'an and headed northwest to Liangzhou (in present-day Wuwei City, Gansu), the main road was north and south, both of which were stationed, and the southern route passed through Fengxiang Province (in present-day Fengxiang County, Shaanxi) and Long (in present-day Longshui County, Shaanxi), Qin (in present-day Tianshui City, Gansu), Wei (in present-day Longxi County, Gansu), Lin (in present-day Lintao County, Gansu), lan (in present-day Lanzhou, Gansu), and crossed the river to Liangzhou, with a journey of about 2,000 miles The Northern Province passed through the four prefectures of Ying (in present-day Ying County, Shaanxi), Jing (安定县, in present-day Jingchuan County, Gansu), Yuan (in present-day Guyuan City, Ningxia), and Hui (in present-day Jingyuan County, Gansu), and crossed the river to Liangzhou, with a journey of about 1,800 miles[viii]. From Liangzhou to the northwest, 500 miles to Ganzhou (in present-day Zhangye, Gansu), 400 miles to Suzhou (in present-day Jiuquan, Gansu), 500 miles to Guazhou (in present-day Suoyang City, southeast of Anxi County, Gansu), and 300 miles to Shazhou. Shazhou went to Liangzhou for about 1,700 miles and Chang'an for about 3,700 miles. The middle section of the route is a section from Yumen pass, Yangguan to Onionling, divided into three routes, north, middle and south, of which the north road from Shazhou to the north and west, take (YuXiao) Pole Road (referring to Shayi Road, that is, the road from Shazhou to Yizhou) 700 miles to Yizhou (ruling the present-day Hami City, Xinjiang), or from the northwest of Guazhou to take the fifth road (referring to Guayi Road, that is, the road from Guazhou to Yizhou, also known as Mohe Yan Moraine Road) through Mohe Yan Moraine, 900 miles also to Yizhou. According to Yan Shi, Xuanzang marched west to take the Yizhou Road of Guazhou, and then the (Yu Xiao) Pole and the Fifth Road alternated between the two roads, which was different due to the military and political situation. Yizhou went west to wei south to Xizhou (the ancient city of Gaochang, more than forty miles east of present-day Turpan, Xinjiang), and the Tang and Song Dynasties Zhishuyun were 730 or 750 miles, but in fact, there were two roads between the north and the south, both of which should be up and down 900 miles. Xizhou traveled 720 miles southwest to Yanqi State, and set up Yanqi Town (耆耆镇, in present-day Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Xinjiang, southwest of Forty Li Chengzi), one of the four towns in Anxi. About 800 to 900 miles west to the state of Guizi, the town of Anxi (in present-day Kuqa County, Xinjiang) and the Protectorate of Anxi Were placed as the headquarters of the western region, and the east went to Liangzhou for about 5,000 miles, and to Chang'an for about 7,000 miles.[x]
The "Anxi Road" taken by Zhang Taoguang's delegation belonged to the middle of the desert Silk Road, that is, along the northern edge of the Tulun Moraine (present-day Taklamakan Desert) and through the Guizi line where the Anxi Capital Protectorate was located, it was one of the main trunk lines of Anxi into the Western Regions Road [xi], and the communication line from Yanqi to Anxi was roughly the same as the northern route recorded in Daoxuan's "Shakya Fangzhi".
Shule Kingdom, also known as Shule, Exhaust Stone, Exhaust Fork, Jiashe, etc., that is, the State of Shusha recorded in volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, is located in the transportation hub of China and the West, where the Tang Dynasty set up Shule Town (ruling the present-day Kashgar City, Xinjiang), which is the most critical of the four towns in Anxi. "To the Five Heavens Zhu Guo Biography" "Shu Le Guo" Tiao Yun: "From the Onion Ridge into January, to Li Le, the foreign countries called themselves Jia Shi and left." This is also the Han army horse guard capture. ”
From Shule to the southwest, then over the Onion Mountains, that is, into the western section of the Silk Road route. Onion Mountain, or Onion Ridge, is located in the southwest of present-day Xinjiang, and in ancient times was the general name of the Pamir Plateau and the Kunlun Mountains and the western mountains of the Karakoram Mountains. The Pamir Plateau (Pamir, meaning "flat roof" in Ancient Ilan; Tajik for "roof") is the knot of two huge mountain belts on Earth (the Alps-Himalayan belt and the Pamir-Chukchi Belt), the confluence of asia's major mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakoram Mountains and Hindu Kush Mountains, known as the "Roof of Asia". In ancient times, land traffic between China and the West was mostly through the Liangling Mountain Road. The Book of Han and the Tale of the Western Regions of the Thirty-Six Kingdoms of the Western Regions of Yunxi "The west is limited to the Green Ridge." "Tang Kaiyuanzhong placed Lingling on the Guard of Liangling in Yupantuo (present-day Tqshikurgqn, Xinjiang) and served as the protector of Anxi Province[xii].
The "Living Kingdom" article of volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty records the importance of the location of the Onion Ridge, the steep terrain and the harsh climate: "According to the Ganbu Zhou, the Onion Ridge is bordered by the Daxue Mountains in the south, the Atami and Qianquan in the north, the Living Kingdom in the west, the Wuhua Kingdom in the east, and the southeast, southwest, and northwest for thousands of miles. The cliffs are hundreds of heavy, the valleys are steep, the ice and snow are constant, and the cold winds are fierce. More onions, so it is called onion ridge, and the cliff is verdant, so it is named after it. According to Hui Chao's "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" in the "Shule Kingdom" and "Guizi Kingdom", it can be seen that it takes two months to walk from Guizi to Onion Ridge: "From Onion Ridge to January, to Shule ,...... From Shule to the east in January, to the Guizi Kingdom, that is, the Protectorate of anxi Dadu, the capital of the Han Dynasty. ”
2． "To YangXingling and Bomi Chuan, Wu Chi Hidden Kingdom (Yiyun Style Hidden)".
Crossing the Onion Ridge, Zhang Taoguang's delegation entered the South Asian branch of the western section of the Silk Road. First, it passes through Yangxingling and BomiChuan to reach the Five Chi Hidden Kingdom.
Yang Xingling, specifically unknown. Japanese scholar Kazutoshi Nagasawa believes that Yang Xingling may be an irrevocable mountain in the Song Yun Xingji, speculating that it is the Muztagh-Ata Mountain Range, while Fukada Hisami has designated the non-dependent mountain ratio as Kandahar Pass[xiii]. The relevant account of the Song Yun Xingji is as follows: "In early August, it entered the border of Han Pantuo. On the sixth day of the west, climb the Onion Ridge Mountain. Repeat the west for three days to bowl the city. From three days to the unattainable mountain, it is very cold, and there is snow in winter and summer. ”
Bomi Chuan, also known as Bomi Chuan, is the Bo Mystery Luo Chuan recorded in the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, and is called the Great Sowing Mi Chuan in the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms", which is generally believed to be the north source of the Present-day Bachi River in northeastern Afghanistan [xiv]. Volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty records that Bomi Luochuan is located more than 700 miles northeast of the Shangmi Kingdom (see below for details): "According to the two snowy mountains, the cold wind is miserable, the spring and summer fly snow, and the wind blows day and night. The ground is salty, gravel, sown and planted, and the grass and trees are scarce, so it is empty and deserted, and there is no one to stop. ”
Chiyn, also known as Shignqn (shignqn, shiknā), sechi, corpse, etc., is the opposite of 1ikni or Shughnqn, which is generally believed to be Shignqn (present-day Tajikistan) on the east bank of the Puchi River in the western part of present-day Pamir.
According to the New Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions, "Knowing the hidden, or the corpse abandoning the nun, is known as the hidden." Nine thousand miles to the southeast, five hundred miles to the northeast, three hundred miles to the south, and five hundred miles to the northwest. At first, he ruled the city of Bitter Khan, and then scattered in the valley. There are five great valleys, and the chiefs rule for themselves, which is called the five senses. Two thousand miles of land, no grain. People like to attack, plagiarize merchants. The four valleys of the Bomi River are slightly unsung by the king's order. Cave room. "It can be seen that the Five Chi Kingdoms are scattered in five large valleys, ruled by five chieftains, and located five hundred miles southwest of the Onion Ridge. The Twelfth Article of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, "Corpse Abandoned Niguo", describes the general situation of this country. In addition, Hui Chao's "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" "Zhi Hidden Country" article: "In the northern mountains of the Hu Secret Kingdom, there are nine Hidden Kingdoms. Each of the nine kings led the soldiers and horses to live. There is a king, who belongs to the king of Humi, who lives from the outside and dwells in himself, and does not belong to the remnant kingdom. Unlike the Five Chi Hidden Kingdoms recorded in the Records of Wukong and the New Book of Tang, the number of Hidden Kingdoms recorded by Hui Chao is nine, or the cloud "nine" is a "five" blackmail.
3． "Sub-Protector of the Secret State".
Humi, also known as Humi, Humi, Humidan, Bowl, Dharma Sitati, Dharma Sishita, etc. It is generally considered to be equivalent to Wakhan in present-day northeastern Afghanistan.[xv]
According to the Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions, the Protector of the Secret Kingdom is located three hundred miles south of the Kingdom of Zhizhi: "The Honey Protector, or the Dharma Siddhi Emperor, the So-called Bowl and Harmony of the Yuan Wei, also the homeland of Tuhuoluo." The Southeast Zhijing Division won nine thousand miles, six hundred miles across, and only four or five miles in a narrow section. The king's residence, sega, is bordered by the Wuhu River to the north. The ground is cold, the piles are twisting, and the sand and gravel are flowing. There are beans and wheat, Yimu fruit, good horses, and human green pupils. ”
The "Tang Dynasty Western Regions" volume 12 "Dharma Sidie Empire" records its landform: "The Dharma Sidie Empire is between two mountains, and it is more than 1,500 or 600 miles in the east and west, 45 or 500 miles in the north and south, and not more than one mile in narrowness." ......”
The "Hu Miguo" article of the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" records that Hui Chao happened to meet han envoys and give poems in the secret kingdom: "Seven days east from the kingdom of Tochara, to the city where King Humi lived. When coming to the kingdom of Tocharians, every Han envoy enters the country. Briefly titled four rhymes to take words, five words. His poem sighs: "Jun hates the west far away, Yu Yu East Road is long" Yun Yun.
4． "Sub-custodial Weiguo".
The State of Restraint is the State of Shangmi, also known as Shuangjing, CreditMi, Shemi, Credit, Juwei, and Weiwei. It is bordered by the Secret Kingdom to the north and Xiao Bolu to the southeast. It is thought to have been found between present-day Mastuj and Chitral. The "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" "Detaining the Guardian State" stipulates that the southwest of the Weiguo is fifteen years away from the Wuchang Kingdom, and the people of the country "call themselves the Country of Yunhu Mobiluo".
According to the "Persian" article of the New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions, "Ju Position, or Shangmi." Zhi'a Credit (Wind Day) Division Duocheng, in the Snowy Mountains, North of the Bolu River. Cold ground, there are grains, putao, ruoliu, winter cave room. The Chinese people often help Xiao Bolu to be the Chinese waiter. The article "Shang Mi Guo" in volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty records: "Five or six hundred miles before Tuesday,...... Its king Shi Zhi also revered the Dharma. The people of the country are conghua and do not believe in it. In the second house of Garan, there were few monks. ”
5． "Sub-Granny".
Ge Languo is not specifically unknown. Some scholars believe that the Kingdom of Hu in volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty compares it to Kashikar, now Chitral [xvi].
6． "Sub-Blue Po Country".
The Lan Po Kingdom, also known as Lan Po, is the Country of Bo recorded in Volume II of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, and the State of Bo recorded in the Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms. It is generally compared to Laghman on the north bank of the present-day Kabul River.
According to the "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty", volume II, "Indiscriminate Waves": "The Indiscriminate Waves Of the Western Regions of Zhou are more than a thousand miles away, with snow-capped mountains in the north and black ridges in the three branches." The capital of the National University is more than ten miles away. Since hundreds of years, the royal family has been extinct, Haojie Lijing, no maharajah, and recently subordinate to the Kabi trial kingdom. According to the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms", "Lan Bo Guo": "From the Jiandu Luo Kingdom to the west for seven days, to the Lan Bo Kingdom." This kingdom has no king, but has a great chieftain, and is also under the administration of the kingdom of Jianluluo. From this, it can be seen that in the first half of the 7th century, this area was attached to the Kabi trial kingdom, and by the first half of the 8th century it was incorporated into the kingdom of Jiandaluo.
7． "The Second Sin and the Kingdom".
The Kingdom of Sinhe, known as the Nagarahāra State in Book II of the Great Tang Dynasty, is generally believed to have been located near the confluence of the Kunar and Kabul rivers in present-day eastern Afghanistan.
The second volume of the Tang Dynasty Records of the Western Regions records the overview of "Na Jie Luo Yue Guo": "The Na Jie Luo Yue Kingdom is more than 600 miles from east to west, and 2560 miles from north to south. Mountains around the border, suspended from danger. The capital of the National University is more than ten miles on Tuesday. There is no maharajah's decree, and it belongs to the Kabi trial kingdom. ”
8． "The kingdom of The Second Wu Zhan Na (Yi Yun Wu Chang and Wu Tang Guo), The Meng Shu (Ping Sheng Hu, Qian Jia Rebellion) Bo Guo and Gao Tou Cheng".
The kingdom of Ujuna, the Sanskrit counterpart of Udyqna, and the Chinese historical texts also refer to Uchang, Uchang, Uchang, Uchangna, etc., and are generally considered to be equivalent to the swqt R. river bank in present-day northern Pakistan. Ujana occupies an important place in the rise of Mahayana Buddhism in the North Heavenly Zhu [xvii] and there are many Buddhist sacred sites. Xuanzang and Hui Chao both left accounts of their travels here (for details, see the "Wuzhan Naguo" article in volume III of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, and the "WuchangGuo" article in the "Tale of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms"), and Xuanzang's records are particularly detailed.
According to the New Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions, "The Black Tea Bearer, known as Ubuna, also known as Ubuna, straight to the south of Tianzhu. The land is five thousand miles wide, 600 miles east of Bolu, and 400 miles west of Kubin. ...... There are five cities, Wang Jushu Tiller Li City, one Isa, and in the northeast there is Dali LuoChuan, that is, the old land of Wuchang. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, his king Dharma Indraha sent emissaries to offer dragon brain incense and a seal book. DaShi and Wu Changdong despised each other, and Kaiyuan zhongzhong seduced him, and his king refused to submit to the two kings of Bone Andu and Ju, and Emperor Xuanzong ordered the emissaries to be kings. For the account of the great food abducting the kingdoms of Wuzhanna and other countries, see also the events of April of the eighth year of the kaiyuan (720) recorded in volume 964 of the "Yuangui of the Book of Records": "The envoys were sent to the king of Wuchang, the king of bone, and the king of juju, and the book of letters, all of which were given two hundred paragraphs." The Three Kingdoms are in the west of Anxi, and the neighboring territory of the great food, the great food incitement and abuse, all keep the festival and do not obey, and the hidden cloth is sincere to the imperial court, and the emperor is deeply jiazhi. ”
The country of Bo is not specifically unknown. The Japanese scholar Katsunen Ono believes that the city of Mangbo, the "City of The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty", can be equated with the "Ora" in Arian's writings, and its land is equivalent to Udegram [xviii] southwest of present-day Mingola.
The specifics of Gaotou City are unknown. Ono Believes that this city is Raja Gira Castle on the Udgram Raja Kira Hill, the so-called "City of Kings" [xix].
9． "The Kingdom of Tsimal".
The country of Mordan is not specifically known. Ono Thinks it might be possible to compare it to mardan[xx].
10． "Sub-Xindu City (near The Xindu River also, Yiyun Xintu or Yunxintou City)".
Xindu, Sanskrit sindhu, originally meaning river, refers to the ancient Xindu River, which is now the Indus River. Book XI of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, "The Kingdom of Xindu": "Cross the Great River of Xindu to the Kingdom of Xindu." Xindu kingdom week more than 7,000 miles. The capital of the kingdom is more than ten miles on Wednesday. "The kingdom of Sindu and the city of Sindu got their name from the river, and it is generally believed that the territory of the kingdom of Sindu corresponds to the middle and lower reaches of the Indus River in present-day Pakistan, and the former site of the city of Xindu is the ancient city of Uchi [xxi] five miles east of present-day Alor.
11． "By the 21st of February of the Twelfth Dynasty, he arrived at the Kingdom of Gandhara (Sanskrit Zhengyi Jian Lu Kingdom), which is the eastern capital of Kubin. The king dwells here in winter, and in the summer he is at his mercy, and he is cool with him, so as to go with his nature."
After a long journey of about two years [xxii], dozens of cities (kingdoms), the mission arrived at Jianluo, the eastern capital of the Jinbin Kingdom, on February 21, 753, in the twelfth year of Tianbao (753). At this time, it was winter, and the king of Yibin moved to Jianlu to avoid the cold according to the custom of "winter and summer yidu".
Regarding the destination of the mission, "Gaobin", in the Chinese canonical history and Buddhist texts, the regions referred to are different depending on the era. The name "罽彬" was first passed down in the Han and Wei dynasties, and the "Book of Han and the Biography of the Western Regions" has the earliest record: "The state of Yi Bin, Wang Zhi followed the xiancheng, and went to Chang'an for 12,200 miles." "At this time, the reference was to the middle and lower reaches of the Kabul River. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the name of The Bin was changed to the name of The Kashmira, and the sutras translated in that era were all called the Kashmira Kingdom (Kq1mira, now Kashmir) as the Kubin. But in the Tang Dynasty, The Emperor did not refer to Kashmir, but to Kapi1a. The New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions of the Western Regions (罽斌) "罽斌隋漕国也." Ju onion Lingnan. ...... Wang Ju xiu xiancheng, chang gong belongs to the Ōtsuki clan. ...... In the third year of Xianqing (658), he used his place as the governor's mansion of Xiuxian. ”
Yuanzhao's Catalogue of Zhenyuan's New Interpretations, Vol. XVII: "... Northern Tianzhu Realm Kabi Trial Kingdom... Yuanzhao believes that due to the inaccurate transliteration (not in line with the Sanskrit sound), the "Kabi Test" is omitted as "罽彬". Book XII of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty: "The Jiabi Trial Kingdom, more than a thousand miles on Thursday, the snow-capped mountains in the north, and the Three Black Ridges." The capital of Wang Dacheng was more than ten miles away. "Zhang Taoguang's mission went to Yibin, that is, the Jiabi test of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty. As Zhang Yi put it: "The Tang people's call of Jia Bi Trial as a guest can be said to be a convention, rather than a restoration of the old name of the Han Dynasty." [xxiii] Kapi test, also translated as Gyalt shi, Gapi corpse, Gabisha, etc., is generally considered to be equivalent to the area of the Kabul River Valley south of present-day western Afghanistan and the Hindu Kush Mountains, and the ancient city is in Begram, more than sixty kilometers north of present-day Kabul, and the site has been excavated [xxiv].
Gandhqra, also translated as Jiandhqra, Gandhqra, Jiandala, Jiandala, Gandhara, Gandhara, etc., are common ancient Indian country names in Tang Dynasty history books, generally considered to be equivalent to present-day Peshawar, Pakistan, and its adjacent eastern Afghanistan, and the capital of the Tang Dynasty was Bulu Shabulu (Puru2apura, present-day Peshawar, Pakistan). In the Two Tang Dynasties, there is a biography of Jian Bin but no Jian Lu Biography, probably because at that time Jian Lu Lu had been incorporated into the JiaBi Test, according to the "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" Volume II "Jian Tuo Luo Guo" article: "Jian Du Luo Kingdom, east and west, more than 800 miles, east and south, east and west, east and south, east of the Xindu River." The capital of the National University is more than ten miles on Thursday. The royal family is extinct, and the service belongs to the Kabi trial kingdom".
The king who received Zhang Taoguang's mission was most likely the "Bo Xun Zhun" who had received the Tang Dynasty's canonization. Occupied by the Kushan Dynasty, it became a vassal of the Persian Sassanid Dynasty, ruled by the Sassanids of Persia in the mid-fifth century, and enslaved to the Western Turks after the middle of the sixth century. According to Hui Chao's "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms", "The people of this land are Hu, wang, and soldiers and horses turkic, and their clothing and diet are very similar to those of the Tocharian kingdom." The Old Book of Tang and The Biography of Xi Rong records that "Xianqing spent three years, visiting his national customs, Yun 'Wang Shizu Xinxin, now Wang Yue Yue Branch, father and son have passed on the throne for twelve generations'. In the same year, the city was changed to the Governor's Mansion of Xiuxian. At the beginning of Long Shuo, he granted his king Xiuxian and other eleven states military and Xiuxian governors. In the seventh year of the new century, he sent envoys to the dynasty, entered the astronomical scriptures, secret recipes, and medicines, and sent his king as a special agent of The Groda branch. Twenty-seven years later, his king Wusan was sprinkled with old age, and the above table asked him to take the throne of his son, and Xu Zhi still surrendered to the throne. After four years of Tianbao, he also made his son Bo Zhao zhuan the king of Wubin and Wuchang, and still awarded the title of General of Right Xiao Wei. In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty, he also sent envoys to pay tribute. "In 745, the Tang Dynasty enthroned its prince Bo Zhai (Bo Zhai) to attack the king of Wubin and Wuchang, which shows that at this time, Qibin (Kabi tried) not only annexed Gandhara (Jiandala), but also ruled Wuchang (Wuzhana), with a very wide territory [xxv].
In summary, the approximate itinerary of Zhang Taoguang's delegation was as follows: from Chang'an, taking the Anxi Road, to the Shule Kingdom, to the Onion Ridge, and in turn to the Five Chi Hidden Kingdoms, the Protectorate Kingdom, the Wei Wei Kingdom, the Ge Lan Kingdom, the Sin He Kingdom, the Wu Zhan Na Kingdom, the MangZhi Bo Kingdom, the Mo Dan Kingdom, and the Xindu City, and arrived at the destination of the mission, The Eastern Capital of Gandhara. The mission's journey to Zhu was smooth, taking about two years (751-753). The reasons for this are as follows: at this time, the Hexi Road is still open and there is no obstacle along the way; the mission is officially dispatched, the number is larger, and the supply is relatively sufficient; and the accompanying people may also have the Envoy Mission that returns tang to China, which can guide the southern section of the route west of the Onion Ridge. Therefore, relatively speaking, it is easy for the delegation to leave the country and it is also easy to enter Zhu.
(2) Northern Tianzhu and Middle Tianzhu patrol ceremonial and Dharma-seeking routes
Che Fengchao was seriously ill and could not return with the mission, and stayed in Jianlu, the eastern capital of Jianbin. In the second year of Emperor Suzong of Tang 's reign (757), after recovering from illness, Che Fengchao took refuge in Buddhism, and the Transliteration of the Dharma Name in Sanskrit was "Dharma Dadu" and the Chinese transliteration was "Dharma Realm". Since then, the Legal Circles have embarked on a long journey of traveling to and from various parts of Northern Tianzhu and Middle Tianzhu to seek the Dharma, and the route is the South Asian branch of the western section of the Silk Road.
12． "Twenty-nine, in the kingdom of Kashmirrah, nearly round ,...... If it is a tour, and I also learn Sanskrit, I have traveled for four years, and I have been pious at night, and I have not given up for a while."
Kashmiri, Sanskrit transliteration of Kq1m]ra or Ka1m]ra. Also known as The Lost Secret (New Book of Tang Dynasty, Tale of the Western Regions), Gaya Miluo ("Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms"), etc., that is, present-day Kashmir. For details of the Buddhist events in this area, see the article "The Kingdom of Kashmir" in volume 3 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty.
13． "As for the fourth year of the Dharma Realm, he left the Kingdom of Kashmir and entered the city of Gandra and was placed in the temple of King Rudra. ...... If it is a tour, it will pass two years, that is, the contemporary Zong Rui Wen Xiaowu Emperor Guangde's second year jia chen year also."
The Kingdom of Kashmir is the Kingdom of Kashmiri.
Gandra City, see above.
14． "Since then, he has traveled south to the Kingdom of Tianzhu and personally saluted the Eight Pagodas. Go to the Pagoda where the Buddha was born in The City of Kapilava, the Pagoda where the Bodhisattva Monastery of the Tsima Tiguo became a Buddha, and sat in peace at the Bodhi Temple; the Pagoda of the Wheel of Dharma in the Immortal Luye Garden of the Ciporus City; the Pagoda of the Sutra Of the Second Vulture Peak Mountain; the Pagoda of the Present Temple of the Second Guangyan City; the Pagoda of the Second Mud (Kou Binding) (Ge Contempt) Three Pagodas Descending from The Heavens (Yiyun BaoQiao); The Pagoda of the Second Chamber of the City of Luohua City, the Pagoda of the Outer Paths of the Maha Prajnaparamita Dora dodo, the Pagoda of the Outer Paths of the Second Chamber of the City of Narasimasa, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities of The Two Heavens, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Two Heavenly Cities, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple, the Pagoda of the Second Heavenly City, the Pagoda of the Second Temple If it is the right circumference to the eight pagodas, the ceremony is weekly."
The Dharma Circle toured the Buddhist relics for several years, the most important of which was the travel to Tianzhu "all over the Eight Pagodas". The so-called Eight Pagodas or Eight Great Spiritual Pagodas refer to the eight great pagodas established by the eight spiritual relics of the generation of Shakyamuni Buddha, which are regarded by Buddhists as the "Eight Holy Places". The names of the so-called "eight pagodas" found in Buddhist texts are not uniform [xxvi], and the eight pagodas that have been successively toured by the Dharma are described below.
Kapilavastu (Sanskrit Kapilavastu) Buddha's birthplace pagoda, located in lumbini garden, is generally believed to be located in the small town of Luming in present-day southern Nepal near the Indian border. Hui Chao, who arrived here decades before the Dharma Realm, described in his "Kapilava Kingdom Pagoda" article in his "Biography to the Five Heavenly Kingdoms": "The Kapilava Kingdom, that is, the Buddha's City. The tree of no worries is seen, the city is ruined, there are towers, there are no monks, and there are no people. The city is the northernmost, with many trees and roads. ”
The Buddha's Pagoda of the Bodhi Ashram (Sanskrit Bodhi_mazfa) of the Kingdom of Magadha, the great pagoda of the Magadha Kingdom of Boddhagaya, was located about 13 km south of the present-day city of Gaya in the State of Bihar, India. The Dharma realm lived and practiced in this Great Bodhi Monastery. Japanese scholars Kazutoshi Nagasawa agree with the great possibility that the Dharma community would sit in Bodh Gaya from May 16 to August 15, 764[xxvii] However, it should be noted that the Chinese lunar calendar is used here.
The tower at the transit of the Falun in the immortal deer field of the city of Polons is located in the Saranqth (/3gadqva) in the present-day Indian city of Varanasi, about 6 km north of the city of Varanasi. Legend has it that it was the place where the Buddha first turned the wheel of Dharma. This area was quite prosperous in the Xuanzang era, according to the "Kingdom of Brahmins" in volume VII of the Tang Dynasty: "The Brahmin River travels more than ten miles northeast to Luye Garan. The district boundary is eight points, the wall is blocked, the layer is heavy, and the rules are poor. Fifteen hundred monks also learned the Hinayana method of positive measure. There is a jingsha in the big wall, which is more than 200 feet high. ...... There is a stone block in the southwest of the Jingshe, and the worry-free Wang Jianye, although the foundation has fallen, there are still a hundred feet left. The former stone pillar is more than seventy feet high, the stone contains jade, the reflection is reflected, the prayer is diligent, the image is seen, the good and evil are seen, and there are sometimes people who see it. It is also the place where Rulai enlightenment has first turned the Falun. ”
Vulture Mountain, located in the northeast of Magadha King Shecheng (Sanskrit Rqjag3ha), is located in the northeast of ling vulture mountain (Sanskrit G3dhrak[wa, transliteration of Qi Jing Mountain, referred to as LingShan, or Vulture Peak, Lingyue], where legend has it that the Buddha spoke about the Lengyan Sutra and the Lotus Sutra. The site is located in Rajgir in Patna, in the middle reaches of the Ganges. It is likely that the Dharma circles have toured Shangmao Palace Castle (Sanskrit Ku1qgrapura, also known as the Old Wangshe Castle, Mountain Castle), wangshe castle, and many other Buddhist relics such as the Bamboo Forest Jingshe (Sanskrit Vezuvana_vihqra), the earliest Buddhist monastery in the south of Wangshe City, and the Seven Leaf Cave (Sanskrit Saptaparzaguhq), the place where Buddhism first gathered.
The pagoda in Guangyan City is now unthinking, that is, the legend says that the Buddha gave up his life on the side of the Vishnu (Sanskrit Vai1qli) Shapolo Pagoda and declared that he would enter the land of nirvana after three months, which the Heartland Meditation Sutra calls "the incredible pagoda of the elderly Vishnu Away from the Kingdom of Rahim Vimala". The name of the Veda city means "vast and solemn", which translates to Guangyan City, and its original site is generally believed to be on the left bank of the present-day Gandak R. River.
Three pagodas (Yiyun Baoqiao) descended from heaven, located in the Sanghasha (Sanskrit Sa/kq1ya), which is recorded in Volume IV of Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions as "Kapitha". The Dharma world calls this city mud (mouth binding) (ge contempt) dotted (Sanskrit Devqvatqra), which means "the place under the heavens". Some scholars believe that its original site was in Sankisa in the present-day Farrukhqbqd district of Uttar Pradesh,[xxviii]. According to the 28th volume of the [xxix] of the Sutra of The Addition of One Ahan, three months after the Buddha ascended to the heavenly realm as his mother, when he returned to the earth from the celestial realm, the emperor ordered the Heavenly Son to change the three treasure steps of gold, silver and crystal, and the Buddha descended accordingly.
Murova City Died Dorin said to the Garden of Solitude Maha Prajnaparamita Dorata Outer Passage Pagoda, Died Dorin to the Garden of Solitude (Sanskrit Jetavanqnqthapizfikqrqma), i.e. Gion Ash house, Gion Ashwashe, located in the capital of the kingdom of Uzaro, Murvarvasti (also known as Murovasti), generally believed to be located in the present-day Indian state of Oder at the junction of Gonda and Bahraich county Ofs(Sqhewh), Two villages of Mqhewh. Legend has it that the Buddha lived here for 25 years, and many important teachings such as the Ahanbu Sutra, the Sage Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, the Manjushri Prajnaparamita Sutra, and the Vajrapani Sutra were preached here. Gion Seisha and the aforementioned bamboo forest sebo, and are known as the first two major monasteries of Buddhism.
The city of Ku1inagara (Sanskrit Ku1inagara) is now in the Nirvana Pagoda, referring to the Nirvana Hall and the Burning Pagoda in the Twin Trees of Shura. It is thought to have been located in Kasia, 35 miles east of gorakhpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India.[xxx] According to Hui Chao's "Biography to the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms", "The Kingdom of the Corpses" records: "To the kingdom of the corpses, where the Buddha enters Nirvana, its city is deserted and no one lives there." The Buddha entered the Nirvana Disposal Pagoda, and there were Zen masters sweeping and sprinkling on him, and every year on August 8, monks and nuns and lay customs made offerings to him. ”
15． "The second dwelling in the Nalanda Temple, the Three Ages".
Nqlandq Temple, formerly located in present-day Patna, India, Rqjg]r, is a famous Buddhist shrine, the peak of the 6th and 9th centuries, as the highest school in ancient India, when many Mahayana Buddhist masters lived in this temple to teach, and a large number of monks studied abroad. According to Tang Daoxuan's "Biography of a Continuing High Monk" [xxxi], volume IV: "There are more than 4,000 resident monks, and tens of thousands of foreigners are vulgar and good and evil. According to volume IX of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, "There are thousands of monks and scholars, and they are talented and highly educated." At that time, there were hundreds of people who sounded in a foreign land. ”
16． "And then he went to the kingdom of Ujana, and toured the holy places, and dwelt in the monastery of Mangbo. There are Suha Batti Monastery and Bowl Mangbati Monastery."
Ujuna, see details above for details.
To sum up, the experience of the Fa in the Northern Tianzhu and Middle Tianzhu patrols and seeks the Fa is summed up in the "Records of Wukong Entering The Zhu": "If you go back and forth to search for sacred relics, there is no less difference than what the Tang Dynasty Records of the Western Regions say. "The Dharma circles traveled back and forth between Northern Tianzhu and Middle Tianzhu for a long time, a total of about 23 years (757-780), and their footprints spread throughout the Buddhist holy places at that time. Specifically, the main places where the Dharma sutras are: the Kingdom of Jiandra and the Kingdom of Kashmira in Northern Tianzhu, the Eight Holy Sites of Buddhism in Zhongtianzhu and the Nalanda Monastery. Because it is "searching back and forth", it cannot be arranged sequentially. "Goku into zhu" Yunjia Shimira Kingdom "Surrounded by mountains for the outer Guo, always open three roads to set up a guard. It is bounded by Tubo in the east, Bolu in the north, and Gandra in the west gate. Don't have a way to be forbidden from time to time, the Heavenly Army (referring to the Tang Army) must be temporarily opened. It can be seen that in the second half of the 8th century, the Great Eclipse invaded India and further expanded eastward to compete with the Tang Dynasty and Tibet, and in the context of the overall turbulent situation, the Legal Circle toured the Law to travel through the South Asian branch of the Silk Road, which did not always seem to be unimpeded.
(3) Return to Chang'an route from Northern Tianzhu
In the first year of Tang Dezong's founding (780), the homesick Dharma circle bid farewell to Northern Tianzhu and embarked on the road back to China. When the French realm returned to China, it was already in the late Tang Dynasty, Tubo occupied most of Hexi and Longyou, the Hexi Road was broken, and the French boundary first took the desert Silk Road to the east, stranded in Anxi and Beiting on the way, and then got the opportunity to bypass the Uighur tent and finally returned to Chang'an. The return route of the French circle detoured through the Uighur Tent was a section of the Steppe Silk Road - known in history as the "Middle Descending City into the Uighur Road".
17． "The Relics and the Brahma Sutras of the Dharma Realm will come from the heavens to the Han Realm. Whoever has experienced it has seen the fifty-seven times of the kingdom of Luo, there is a city number bone aggressive country."
See the country of Goods, also known as Tocharian, Tujuluo, etc., tokhari's counterpart. The capital city of Bactria, the capital of Bactria and present-day Balkh in northern Afghanistan, dates back to the time of Alexander the Great's Crusades.
The New Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions describes its general situation: "Tochara, or Tuhuoluo, yue, yuan wei is called Tuhuluo." West of the Onion Ridge, south of the Wuhu River, ancient Xiadi. Mixed with the troubles, the victorious soldiers are 100,000. ...... Its king name is 'Leaf Protection'. Wu De and Zhen Guan shi re-entered the offering. ...... In Xianqingzhong, he made the city of Ayan the governor of the Yue clan, and the small city of Analysis the twenty-four states, and was given the title of governor of Ashina. ...... Kaiyuan and Tianbaojian ,...... Nai Qi's king, Ru Lu Dun Dadu, was the King of Tocharian Leaf Protection and the King of Rue. Subsequently, the Neighbor Hu Shi plotted to lead Tubo to attack Toholuo, so Ye Hu lost his way and rushed to help Garo Andi's troops, and the emperor broke it for the division. At the beginning of the Qianyuan Dynasty, he and the Nine Kingdoms of the Western Regions sent troops to beg for thieves for the Son of Heaven, and Emperor Suzong commanded The Shuo Fang camp. ”
Volume 1 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, "Seeing the Homeland of the Cargo Luo Kingdom", calls Tocharotstan, who was subordinate to the Western Turk Ashinaye Protector Khan, "Seeing the Former Land of the Cargo Luo Country": "Out of the iron gate to see the former land of the Cargo Luo Country, more than a thousand miles from the north to the south, and more than three thousand miles from the east to the west." It is bordered by the Green Ridge to the east, the Bolas Mountains to the west, the Daxue Mountains to the south, the Iron Gate to the north, and the Middle River to the west. Since hundreds of years, the royal family has been extinct, the chieftains have competed with each other, each is good at kings, and the river is afraid of danger, and it is divided into twenty-seven kingdoms. Only the painting field is distinguished, and it always belongs to the Service Turks. Although Xuanzang said that it was divided into 27 countries, from Xuanzang's statistics on the situation of various countries, the real number of small countries standing in the homeland of Tocharian was far more than 27, so it is not surprising that the "Wukong into Zhu" said that "fifty-seven times of seeing the goods of luoguo".
According to the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms": "From then on, he committed the crime of leading the country, and traveled north for twenty days to the kingdom of Tochara." The name of the king's residence was Jadyyah. See the large (cave + yes, upper and lower structures) of soldiers and horses, in the other town of Oshi. Its king was forced by his king. Head east to January, live in Put mountain, see the genus large (cave + is, upper and lower structure) managed. "It can be known that in the huichao era, this place is a big food.
Bone Kingdom, also known as Khutul, Bone Tu, KoJu Luo, is the opposite of Khottal, Kutul, Khuttalqn, etc. It is thought to be located between the Wahesh and Pychi rivers, with the main city of Rob 125 km southeast of present-day Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in Kulab.
The New Book of Tang and a Biography of the Western Regions records its overview: "Bone Ju, or Ke Ju Luo." The breadth and length are thousands of miles. Wang Zhisi helped build the city. Dora horse, red leopard. There are four major salt mountains, and the mountains produce black salt. In the seventeenth year of the new century, Wang Qianjin sent his sons and bones to the dynasty. Twenty-one years later, Wang Jieli offered female music and sent the great chief DoboleDagan to pay tribute. In the eleventh year of Tianbao, the whole festival of its king Luo was ye hu. ”
Volume 1 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty has a rough record: "The country of Keju Luo is more than a thousand miles in the east and west, and more than a thousand miles in the north and south." The capital of the National University is more than ten miles on Tuesday. To the east, it is bordered by the Onion Ridge to the Kingdom of Qi. Hui Chao's account is detailed in Xuanzang, according to the "Bone Aggressive State" article in the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms": "There is a country in the east of the Kingdom of Hehe, and the name bone is the State of Bone. This Wang Yuan was a Turkic race, when the natives were half Hu and half Turkic. ...... This country is under the control of the large (hole + is, upper and lower structure). "Talking about the ethnicity, customs, etc. of this country.
18. "Gradually marching forward to the kingdom of the Secret Branch, the king's name is scattered."
Kumichi, also known as Jumi, Jumi, and Kumata, is the "Tang Dynasty Western Regions" in the "Tang Dynasty", that is, the so-called Komedon in Ptolemaic's "Geographical Chronicle", the Kumqdh in the Islamic geography book, according to the Japanese scholar Mizutani Masanari, its capital City Darwaz is located in the Octus River bend of the Kala-i-khum [xxxii]. Mizutani Makoto is called Kala-i-khum, or Kalájchum, which translates to "Kalaihonbu" or "Karaykhombu", located on the north bank of the present-day Pyandzh R. in the upper reaches of the Amu Darya River, which is now part of Tajikistan.
The Tang Dynasty Records of the Western Regions, Volume 1, "Bounded Mystery", records its overview: "The Tang Dynasty is more than 2,000 miles from east to west, more than 200 miles from north to south, according to the Onion Ridge. The capital of the National University is more than ten miles on Tuesday. It is bordered by the Jiaojiao River to the southwest and the corpse abandoned country to the south. ”
According to the New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions: "The honey bearer, who governs the mountains." To the northeast of Tocharian, south is the Black River. Its king Turkic Yantuo species. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, he sent emissaries into the dynasty. In the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the HuXuan Dancer was sacrificed, and its king Na Luoyan was quite said to be a great food storm, and the Son of Heaven was only sent by a lieutenant. When Tianbao was in the world, Wang Yixi sacrificed horses again. ”
19. "The second time you know the country, the king's name is black and not mei".
The specifics of the kingdom are unknown. Nagasawa and Toshi believed that the Kingdom of Shiyo (五赤匿国) was in the shugnan region centered on Chorog, and speculated that the Kingdom of Jasekzhi was probably near Rusan (Chinese translation usually "Rusan" or "Lushan") in present-day Tajikistan [xxxiii].
20. "Secondary to the Hidden State." If it is baggage, after three years, prepare for difficulties, sacrifice one's life, swear to serve the country, and be willing to serve the king, the holy mercy is coming."
The specific situation of the state of hiding is detailed above. From the Border Branch to the State of Jasserzhi to the State of Shiyin, the French boundary seems to be traveling along the banks of the Puchi River.
21. "Gradually Shule (a Shale), when Wang Pei Lengleng and Zhen Shou envoy Luyang, stayed in May."
Shule looks for details above in detail.
According to the New Book of Tang and the Biography of the Western Regions, "Shule, a day of sand, ring five thousand miles, nine thousand miles away from the Beijing division and win." More sand moraine, less loam. ...... The king's surname was Pei, and he called himself 'Amozhi', the city of Jugashi, and the Turks took the name of a female wife. Two thousand victorious soldiers. The common shrine is to god. ...... In the ninth year of Zhenguan, he sent emissaries to offer famous horses, and for another four years, together with Zhu Jubo and Gantang Gongfang. ...... When Yi Feng was in power, Tubo destroyed his country. In the sixteenth year of the new century, He sent Dali Zheng Qiao Mengsong to take the throne of Shaoqing Hongxu and make him the King of Shule. In the twelfth year of Tianbao, the leader Pei Guoliang came to the dynasty, conferred the title of Lieutenant Chong, and gave him a purple robe and a goldfish. "It can be known that Shu Le entered the Tang Dynasty tribute and accepted the Tang Dynasty canonization.
22. "As for Khotan (Yiyun Yuyu or Yunhuodan), Fanyun Qusa (Tang Yandi Milky Kingdom), Wang Wei Chiyao, and Zhen Shou envoy Zheng Zhao, extended for June."
In Khotan, also written in Yu, the kingdom of Qu Sadana (Sanskrit Gostana) recorded in volume 12 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, which is equivalent to present-day Hotan in Xinjiang.
"To the Five Heavens Zhu Kingdom" "Yu Khotan" Tiaoyun: "And an southwest to Khotan 2,000 miles, but also enough for the Han army to lead the horse." Foot monks of the temple, practicing Mahayana. Do not eat meat also. From then on, the east is the Realm of the Tang Dynasty, which is known to everyone and cannot be understood. The New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions of Khotan says: "Yu Khotan, or Qu Satanna, also known as Zhuo na, Yue Qu Dan, Bei Di Yue Yu Yu, Zhu Hu Yue Huo Dan." It is 9,700 miles away from the Beijing Division, and Guazhou wins 4,000 miles, and there are the hometowns of the five kingdoms of Hanrong Lu, Ganmi, Qule and Pishan. His residence was xishan city, and there were 4,000 victorious soldiers. ...... Wang's surname was Wei Chi (尉 Chi), the name of Wu Mi (名屋密), a Native Turk, and Zhenguan (贞觀) for six years, and sent emissaries to be offered. ...... In the east of Khotan, there is the Jiandeli River in the third hundred miles, and the JingzhiGuo in the seven hundred miles; in the east of the river there is Khanmi, Juda Deli City, also known as The City of Zhimi, that is, the ancient city of Ningmi. All small countries also. ”
23. "The city of Ciwei Rong, also known as the Kingdom of Bowl Huan, is known as the Khanate of Fear, and the town guards Su Cen".
Wei rong city, also known as the Kingdom of Baohuan (潣浣国), the city of Chuyi, the prefecture of Gumo, and the oasis state of the Northern Province of the Western Regions, is generally believed to be the rule of Wang in present-day Aksu, Xinjiang.
The route from Shule to Khotan to Weirong City is exactly a roundabout triangle, and the Reason for this tortuous journey is not mentioned in the Book of Wukong into Zhu, which may be related to the tour of the Buddhist temple. It is likely that the Dharma realm reached the city of Weirong from Khotan along the Jade River (present-day Hotan River) through the Tulum Moraine (present-day Taklamakan Desert).
24. "The second time according to the city of Cerde, make it a betrayal."
According to Sed City, that is, according to Shide City, the Han to Northern Wei Dynasty was called Weitou State, and the Tang Dynasty was called Yutou Prefecture, in present-day Tumxuk, Xinjiang. The ruins of the ancient city are the ancient city of Takuzsaray (Tang Dynasty City) [xxxiv]. According to the New Book of Tang and Geographical Records: "And through the ancient City of Dagan, one hundred and twenty miles to the Gurudwara Hall." Sixty miles to Shide City, Guizi Jingye, a Yutou Prefecture, on the north bank of the Chihe River, Gushi Mountain. Tumxuk is located at the confluence of the Ancient Road of the Yarkand River and the Kashgar River, the Kashgar River is also known as the Kyzyl River, which means "Red River", that is, the meaning of the Red River; although the Kyzyl River has now stopped flowing, the ruins of the ancient river can still be seen, and the ancient city of Tkuzissara is located on the mountain on the north bank of the old riverbed, which can confirm the landform of The City of Shide described in the "Chronicle of Tang Di".
25. "The second to Anxi, the four towns of Jiedushi envoy, Kaifu Yi tongsan division, inspection school right scattered riding changshi, Anxi deputy capital protector and imperial master Guo Xin." King Baihuan (Yiyun Chuz), king of Guizi, is known as Quzhi City. There is a lotus temple outside the west gate, and there are three Tibetan sand gate names, don't mention the rhinoceros fish (Tang Yun Lotus Jingjin), and sincerely pray for the translation of the Ten Force Sutra. Three pieces of paper can be made into one roll. ...... Lived in this city for more than a year."
Anxi was the Protectorate of Anxi, which was placed in the fourteenth year of Zhenguan (640), initially ruled JiaoheCheng, later moved to Xizhou (present-day The Ancient City of Gaochang, more than 40 miles east of Turpan, Xinjiang), and in the twenty-second year of Zhenguan (648), he moved to Guizi. The area under its jurisdiction, known as the "Four Towns of Anxi", is known as the "Four Towns of Anxi", and its jurisdiction covers about the area west of the present-day Altai Mountains, east of the Aral Sea, the Amu Darya River Valley, the east and west of the Green Ridge, and most of the Tarim Basin. The time when Anxi fell to Tubo, some scholars speculate that it is the third year of Yuan He (808) [xxxv].
The kingdom of Guizi, also known as Chuzi, Jiuzi, Quzhi, Guizi and so on. One of the Thirty-Six Kingdoms of the Western Han Dynasty, it belonged to the Capital Protectorate of the Western Regions, and the capital city of Yancheng (present-day Pilang Old City, the eastern suburb of Kuqa County, Xinjiang). The capital of Tang was named Irolu City. The New Book of Tang and the Western Regions Chronicle of the Guizi Kingdom records its overview: "Guizi, one is Qiuzi, one is Quzi, seven thousand miles east of the Beijing Division and wins, two hundred miles southwest of Yanqi, two hundred miles from the southwest of Yanqi, a small mountain, through the second river, and another seven hundred miles or even." Thousands of miles, six hundred miles. Tuyi hemp, wheat, japonica rice, pu pottery, out of gold. Folk song music, side books, noble floating diagram method. ......”
26． "Second to the kingdom of Wuqi, Wang Long Rulin, the town guard envoy Yang Riyou, stay for three months."
The Kingdom of Wuqi, also known as the Kingdom of Yanqi, is the state of Aqi in volume 1 of the Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty, which is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word Agni. Its territory is now Yanqi Hui Autonomous County in Xinjiang.
The "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" has a brief description: "From Anxi to the east□□ to the Yanqi Kingdom, it was led by Han soldiers. There is a king, and the people are hu. Foot monks of the temple, practicing Theravada. ”
The New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions of the Yanqi Dynasty (焉耆国) stipulates: "The Yanqi Kingdom is directly divided into seven thousand miles west of the Capital and won, six hundred miles horizontally, four hundred miles in length, East Gaochang, West Guizi, Nan Wei Li, and North Wusun." The canal is irrigated, the soil is suitable, the pottery, there are fish salt. Customary blessing hair felt clothes. Four thousand households, two thousand victorious soldiers, regular service belongs to the Western Turks. ”
27． From then on, it was sent to Beiting Prefecture, and this Dao Jiedu made the imperial master Yang Xigu, and the monks of Longxing Temple, please translate the Ten Lands Sutra in Khotanese Sanzang Shamen Corpse Rodama (Tang Yan Precepts). The translation of the Wheel of Returns is accurate to this. When the bible is finished, the writing is finished."
Ting prefecture (庭州), set up by Tang Zhenguan in the 23rd year (649), was seated in Jinman County (金man County, in present-day Jimsar County, Xinjiang). The Yuanhe County System states that Tingzhou was "named after the royal court". In the second year of Chang'an (702), the Beiting Capital Was reorganized. In the third year (709), Jinglong was promoted to the capital of Beiting. The territory corresponded to the area west of the present-day Altai Mountains, east of the Aral Sea, north of the Tianshan Mountains, and around Lake BariKun. In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790), he fell to Tubo [xxxvi].
28． "When the four towns of the Holy Dynasty and the Northern Court announced that Duan Mingxiu was envoy to the North Garden, Duan Mingxiu came to the North Garden. On September 13, the fifth year of the reign of Huan Zhenyuan (789), he entered the dynasty with the hondo official, the Jiedu Oshi Oshi Niuxin, and the Anxi Province's official Cheng Yi. When the Sand River is not passable, take back the Crane Road. It is also because of not believing in the Dharma alone. The Sophia did not dare to hold it. Stayed in Beiting Longxing Temple to translate the Chinese version with the envoys into the capital. In February of the sixth year (790), he came to Shangjing".
Shahe, referring to the Mohe Yan Moraine (now known as Hashun Gobi and Kashun Gobi) between Dunhuang and Yiwu, is known as the "Eight Hundred Mile Han Sea". According to the "Biography of the Three Tibetan Masters of the Great Ci'en Monastery", volume I: "Since then, it has gone, that is, the Mohe Yan Moraine, which is more than 800 miles long, the ancient Shahe River, with no birds on the top, no animals on the bottom, and no water and grass. ”[xxxvii]
The Uighur Road, jia tan's so-called "Middle-aged Descending City into the Uighur Road", refers to the traffic route between Chang'an and the Uighurs, as found in the New Book of Tang geographical records:
Eighty miles to the north of the city, there is The Huyan Valley, the south mouth of the valley has the Huyan Gate, the north mouth of the valley has the Guitang Gate, and the lane is also passed by the Uighur envoys. Another five hundred miles to the Pelican Spring, and ten miles into the moraine, through the Deer Mountain, Deer Ear Mountain, And Chojia Mountain, eight hundred miles to the Mountain Swallow Well. It also passes northwest through Misu Mountain, Dadanpo, Wild Horse Berth, Khan Spring, Hengling, Mianquan, Jingpo, and 700 miles to the Uighur Tent.
From Pelican Spring in the north, it passes through Princess City, Meijian City, Mt. Qiluosi, Chiya, Yanpo, Hunyi River, Furnace Gate Mountain, Muzhan Ridge, and 1,500 miles to uighur tents. There are Pingye in the east, Wude Mountain in the west, Kunshui in the south, 600 to 700 miles to the Xian'e River in the north, and Fugui City on the north bank of the river.
According to the Old Book of Tang, according to the Old Book of Tang, "Teller began to have servant bones, Tongluo, Huiyi, Pulle Gu, Fuluobu, Qijin, and later called Huiyi Yan." In the northern realm of Xue Yantuo, on the water side of Jussa Ling, go to Chang'an for 6,900 miles. With the water and grass, the victorious soldiers were 50,000, and the population was 100,000 people. ...... In the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the Uighurs gradually flourished, killing Wang Juntuan, the governor of Liangzhou, and cutting off the anxi kingdoms into Chang'an Road. Emperor Xuanzong ordered Guo Zhiyun and others to be expelled, surrendered to Wude Jianshan, and went south to Xicheng for 1,700 miles. The Western City is the Han No.D. The north of the west city goes to the moraine mouth for three hundred miles. It can be seen that in the early Tang Dynasty, hui built the tent on the banks of the Lingshui (present-day Selenge River), and in the Kaiyuan Dynasty (713-741), Vijaya Khan moved the tent south to Khara-Balgasun (Chinese translation of "Halabalegas", meaning "Black City"), which was located about 70 kilometers northwest of Hala and Lin on the west bank of the Orkhon River in present-day Mongolia.
Regarding the Chang'an Tong Uighur Road, Yan Gengwang has a detailed study, which can be summarized as "TangTong Hui Hui Three Roads": one is the Northwest of heshang Military City to take the Gao Que Pelican Spring Road, the second is the weak water ju Yanhai North Out of Huamen Fort Road, and the third is the Northeast of Beiting to take the Troenburg Road. For details, see Yan's discussion, which will not be repeated [xxxviii].
The root cause of "The Shahe River is not clear, take back the Crane Road" in the "Records of Wukong into Zhu" can be traced back to the Anshi Rebellion (755-763). According to the Zizhi Tongjian Tang Ji, vol. 223, Emperor Wenwen Xiaowu of the Second And Third Dynasties, In July of the first year (763): "Tubo entered dazhenguan and trapped the prefectures of Lan, Kuo, He, Yan, Tao, Min, Qin, Cheng, and Wei, and took the land of Hexi and Longyou. Since Wude, Tang has opened up borders, including the western regions, and has placed governors, prefectures, prefectures, and counties. In the Kaiyuan Dynasty, Shuofang, Longyou, Hexi, Anxi, and Beiting were all made to unify them, and Ding Zhuang of Shandong Province was made a pawn, and Ding Zhuang of Shandong Was a soldier, and Ding Zhuang of Shandong Province was a soldier, and He was a military soldier, and he opened a tun field, provided grain, set up a supervisor and a herd, and a cattle breeder, and a military city and a horse and cattle, and looked at each other for thousands of miles. And An Lushan rebellion, the elite border troops were all recruited into reinforcements, called the xing battalion, the remaining soldiers were weak, and the Hu Yu slightly encroached on them; in a few years, dozens of states in the northwest were successively destroyed, from the west of Fengxiang and the north of Yingzhou, all of which were left. "Anshi was in turmoil, and the elite of the northwest frontier army were all internally supported, leaving weak troops and weak border defenses, causing Tubo to take the opportunity to invade [xxxix].
Tubo began to attack Hexi in the first year of the first century (760), and successively occupied Liangzhou (764), Ganzhou (766), Suzhou (766), Guazhou (776), Shazhou (786), Beiting (790), and Anxi (808), and then controlled the entire territory of Tanghexi, Beiting, and Anxi. The east expanded to invade the Tang, the west refused to eat, and the uighurs were defeated in the north, and by the end of the 8th century and the early 9th century, they were at their peak. The Hexi Road was broken, and Anxi, Beiting and the Central Plains Dynasty were cut off for ten years, and later relied on the Uighur Road to gradually communicate, and the historical information on this aspect is quite sparse. According to the Zizhi Tongjian Tang Ji, vol. 227, Emperor Shenwu Shengwen of Emperor Jianzhong II (781):
Beiting and Anxi from Tubo trapped the river, Long, separated, Isi and Beiting Jiedu made Li Yuanzhong, the four towns left guo Xinshuai generals closed the border and refused to defend, several envoys were sent to the table, all of them did not reach, and the voice was desperate for more than ten years. In the end, the envoys of the Dao Li Zhu Hu came from Hui Qi, Shang Jiazhi. In the autumn, july, Peng Wushuo, Jiayuan Zhongbeiting Dadu Protector, gave the king of Ningsai County; Yi Xin was the protector of the capital of Anxi and the envoy of the four towns, and was given the title of King of Wuwei County; the generals were moved to seven capitals. Yuan Zhong's name, given by the imperial court, his original surname was Cao, and his name was Ling Zhong; Xin, the son of Ziyi's brother, was also.
According to the "Yu Khotanese" article of the New Book of Tang and the Western Regions, "In the beginning, Emperor Dezong took the throne, sent The Inner Tou Zhu Ruyu of Anxi, asked for jade in Khotan, Deguiyi, Ke Pei five, pillow one, three hundred with crotches, forty hairpins, thirty, ten, pestle three, Cerse hundred pounds, and it treasures, etc." Moreover, the falsehood was taken away. After a long time, the city was released, and the death of Enzhou was lost. "Emperor Dezong ascended the throne in the first year of Jianzhong (780), when he returned to Chang'an from Anxi and needed to "return to The False Road", and it was probably common for the property carried by pedestrians to be robbed by the Uighurs, so the greedy Zhu Ruyu was able to fabricate lies and commit the crime of deceiving the king, so that he was exiled and killed.
According to the "Records of Wukong's Entry into Zhu", "When the four towns of the Holy Pilgrimage and the Envoy of the North Court were consolation, Duan Mingxiu came to the North Court. On September 13, the fifth year of the reign of Huan Zhenyuan (789), he entered the Dynasty with the Hondo Gongshi official, jiedu Ya Niuxin, and the Anxi Dao gongshi official Cheng Yi, and so on, and entered the "Yunyun", that is, in the context of the hexi road break, the last documentary record of the Tang Dynasty's contact with Anxi and Beiting through the Uighur Road.
Tubo controlled Hexi Road, choking the throat of the desert Silk Road, and putting Anxi and Beiting in a dilemma. According to the Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Hui Hui, "It was the year (790) that Tubo fell to the Beiting Capital Protectorate. In the beginning, Beiting and Anxi both falsely used the Road in Hui to play the song, because they were vassals. The huiyi are tireless in solicitation, the north court is close, and all the assets of life will be forcibly taken. There are also more than 6,000 accounts of the Shatuo tribe, which are dependent on the Northern Garden, and also belong to the Hui, and they are wantonly plundered, which is particularly disgusting. The Uighurs took advantage of the false road to plunder and plunder, and Anxi and Beiting were miserable. Detouring the Uighur Road is not only winding and laborious, but also full of dangers, and the Old Book of Tang and the Zizhi Tongjian Tang Ji volume 233 both record in detail the tragic experience of Emperor Dezong In the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Dezong (790), who had invited the French translator Tingzhou Jiedu to make the imperial master Yang Zhaogu be booby-trapped by the Uighur general Jie Gangas at the Uighur tooth tent.
In summary, the itinerary of the Return of the French Realm from Northern Tianzhu to Chang'an is as follows: in turn, it passes through the kingdom of Luo (including the state of bone juju), the state of The Secret Branch, the state of Jaserzhi, the state of Shiying, the state of Shule, Khotan, the city of Weirong, the city of Sed, the protectorate of Anxi, the capital of Zhiguizi, the state of Wuqi, and the north court, and then detours to the Uighur Road and finally arrives in Shangjing. The return of the Legal Circle to the Tang Dynasty lasted about 10 years (780-790 years), all because the Hexi Road was broken, and he was able to detour the Uighur Road, which was also a hard-won opportunity that he waited for by chance, as mentioned above, the Uighur Road was not only a dangerous road, but also intermittent. The return of the Fa-realm has taken a long time, obstructed and returned, and the changes in the situation have occurred.
epilogue
This article is a historical and geographical study of "Wukong into Zhu", the travel record of Wukong is extremely brief, only place names, and no mileage, let alone line period, making the comparison of many place names very difficult. The previous article explores the specific location of the route and main locations that Goku traveled between China and India in the 40 years (751-790), and briefly summarizes the characteristics of his trip in three periods of his life, namely the smooth entry into zhu road (which lasted about two years), the long road of seeking the Dharma (which lasted about 23 years), and the tortuous return road (which lasted about 10 years).
Compared with the Xuanzang return route to the Tang Dynasty in the first half of the 7th century and the Huichao route from Tianzhu to The Han Dynasty in the first half of the 8th century, the unique feature of Wukong's itinerary is that the return route bypasses the grassland Silk Road - the Uighur Road, witnessing the changes in the military and political situation of the late Tang Dynasty and the changes of the Silk Road. In summary:
After the Anshi chaos, the border defense was empty,
Tubo expanded, Helong fell,
Hexi Road is broken, east and west are blocked,
False road Uighurs, intermittent and intermittent.
The land traffic situation between China and India in the second half of the 8th century can be seen here.
[i] For details of Wukong's life, see the humble article "Tang Shi Wukong's Life Examination", published in Eurasian Journal, Vol. 8, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2008 edition, pp. 99-114.
[ii] See Tang Yongtong's Complete Works of Tang Yongtong, Vol. 2, Manuscripts of the History of Sui and Tang Buddhism, Chapter 2, Section 2, "The Movement to Seek the Dharma in the West", Appendix I, "Timeline of Sui and Tang Buddhism, Five Years of Zhenyuan", Hebei People's Publishing House, 2000, pp. 76-80, 288, where Tang Yongtong considers Wukong to be "the last monk to travel west to the Tang Dynasty".
[iii] According to Liang Qichao's article "The Traffic of China and India", which was published in his book Eighteen Studies of Buddhism, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2001, pp. 131, 138.
[iv] See Taisho Shinshu Daizo Sutra, vol. 51, No.2089, "Copy of the Traveling Notes".
[v] The more in-depth research on Goku's entry into and return to China is two papers published in the 1970s by Japanese scholars Kazutoshi Nagasawa and Katsunori Ono. See Kazutoshi Nagasawa, "釈悟空の入竺について", published in Toyo Academic Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, Showa 50 (1976), pp. 105-126. This paper was revised and included in the book "Research on the History of the Silk Road" by Kazutoshi Nagasawa, see the Chinese translation of the book, translated by Zhong Meizhu, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990 edition, pp. 544-572, "Shi Wukong into Zhu Qiu Fa Xing" article. Katsunen Ono, "Kukai Future < Goku Into the Chronicles of the >", published in Toyo Academic Research, Vol. 15, No. 3, Showa 51 (1976), pp. 33-52.
[vi] It must be pointed out that the Goku's itinerary is extremely sketchy, so the ratio of place names can only refer to the relevant accounts of other people who entered the Zhu. Regarding the Chinese historical materials of the Western Regions in the 8th century, the "Records of Wukong into Zhu" is the most precious in the second half of the 8th century, and in the first half of the 8th century, the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" written by the Silla senior monk Hui Chao is the most important. It is speculated that Hui Chao was born and died in 700/704-780/783, and was one of the famous disciples of the Nan Tianzhu Tantric Master Vajrazhi who came to China to spread the Dharma, and he traveled from Han Tonju to Tianzhu about the eleventh year of the Kaiyuan Era (723) and returned to China in the fifteenth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty (727). Follow the sea route when you go, and follow the land route when you come back. See Zhang Yi, "Notes to the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms, Foreword", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000 edition. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, fragments of the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms" were found in Dunhuang, see the 51st volume of the Taisho Zang, "Youfang Ji Copied".
[vii] The Tang capital Chang'an City, also known as the capital city. In the first year of Tianbao (742), it was renamed Xijing, and in the second year of De (757), it was renamed Zhongjing, also known as Shangdu. In the second year of the First Yuan Dynasty (761), Xijing was restored.
[viii] For details of the stations and sections of the station, see Yan Gengwang's Tang Dynasty Traffic Tukao Vol. II: Helong Moraine West District, Chapter 11 "Chang'an Xitong Anxi Yidao: Chang'an Xitong Liangzhou Liangzhou Two Yidao Road", Taipei: Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 1985 edition, pp. 341-419.
[ix] For details, see Yan Gengwang, "Tang Dynasty Traffic Tukao Vol. II: Helong Moraine West District", Part XII, "Chang'an Xitong Anxi Yidao: Liangzhou Xitong Anxi Yidao", Taipei: Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 1985 edition, pp. 421-495.
[x] Yan Gengwang said: "This is the Avenue of the Western Regions of Chang'anTong, and the Tang people's travels can be examined in detail, such as Xuanzang and Cen Shan. Xuanzang passed from Chang'an via Qinzhou, Lanzhou, Liangzhou, Guazhou, Yumenguan, Mohe Yan moraine, Yiwu (Yizhou), Gaochang (Xizhou), and then through Yanqi and Guizi to the west. Cen San went from Chang'an to Longsaka, Dazhenguan, Fenshuiyi, via Weizhou, Linzhou, Lanzhou, to Liangzhou, and then through Suzhou and Yumenguan, and to Mohe Yan moraine to Xizhou, and also to Shazhou; Xizhou in turn went west through Yinshan, Yanqi and Tiemenguan to Anxi, all on this road. See the book of Yan Gengwang, p. 426.
[xi] Anxi into the Western Regions Road, is the Tang Dynasty Central Plains through the Western Regions of the traffic route name. Attached to the New Book of Tang Dynasty Geographical Records, it is reproduced from the Border Prefecture to Siyi Road recorded in Jia Tan's "Journey of Siyi".
[xii] According to the New Book of Tang and the Tale of the Western Regions, "After the Wei Taiyan Zhong, it began to pass through China. After nine years of zhenguan, he sent envoys to the dynasty. Kaiyuan broke through its country, placed onion ridge to guard and capture, and Anxi Jibian Shuya. "Drinking Pantuo is the Thirsty Pantuo recorded in the Wei Shu Gaozong Ji, the Han Pantuo recorded in the Luoyang Jialan Chronicle in volume 5 of the "Song Yun Xingji", and the Thirsty Pantuo recorded in the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty.
[xiii] [Sun] Yin Kazutoshi, "On the Song So-Chen", "Silk Road History Studies", Xinkyo: Kokusai Kai 1979, 459-480th Edition. Hisaya Fukada, The History of The Search for Central Asia, Hakusuisha 2003, No.
[xiv] Ji Xianlin et al.'s annotations to the Tang Dynasty's Western Regions Annotated The Commentary on the Ancient Onion Ridge and the Present Pamir (p. 981 of the Zhonghua Bookstore 2000 edition), which the author believes is inaccurate.
[xv] See [Fa] Sha Qi and Feng Chengjun's translation of The Historical Materials of the Western Turks, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2004, p. 150.
[xvi] There are many opinions on the land of Ge Languo. See Wang Xiaofu, "History of the Political Relationship between the Tang Dynasty, Tibet, and the Great Food", Peking University Press, 1992, p. 121. He argues: "The kingdom of Ge Lan should be the state of Hu of the Twelfth Book of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, which should come from the river name Kunar, which is between Kuwei and Lan Po, and is obviously none other than Kashikar/Chitrāl. It can be seen that Goku and the others entered Zhu by going down the Kunar River to the Kabul River. Ji Xianlin's Commentary on the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, Volume XII, "The State of Hu of The Dragon", agrees with Magat's point of view and compares it to Lāwan of the Tie Jiao River. See Annotations to the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000 edition, p. 967 notes (I). Tie The River, see Notes on Page 42 (VIII) of the Annotations to the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty.
[xvii] See Yin Shun, The Origin and Development of Early Mahayana Buddhism, Chapter 7, Section 3, Taipei: Zhengwen Publishing House, 1992.
[xviii] Ono 2016, "The Future of Kukai < Goku > and its Journey", Published 于, 15th Issue 3, 1976, 43rd.
[xix] Ibid., p. 44.
[xx] Ibid., p. 45.
[xxi] Cunningham believes that his old city is Alor. See Cunningham A., The Ancient Geography of India, rev. Majumdar,Calcutta,1924. reprinted，Delhi，1979， pp.210－211.
[xxii] The month of departure is not stated in the Yuanzhao text, so it is not possible to calculate the exact time taken by the mission on its way out.
[xxiii] See [Tang] Hui Chao's original work, Zhang Yi's notes on the interpretation of the Five Heavenly Zhu Kingdoms, Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000 edition, p. 90.
[xxiv] 参见Cunningham A.，The Ancient Geography of India，rev.Majumdar,Calcutta,1924. reprinted，Delhi，1979，p.16.
[xxv] See Yuangui of the Book of Records, vol. 964, "Foreign Ministers, Sealed Books", and Tang Huijiao, vol. 99, "The Kingdom of The Guests".
[xxvi] (Song) Fa Xian's translation of the Eight Great Spiritual Pagoda Names Sutra (see Taisho Zang, vol. 32) contains the eight great spiritual pagodas, namely (1) the Pagoda of the Buddha's Birth in the Garden of Kapilava City Longmiyou (Lumbini), (2) the Pagoda of buddhahood under the Bodhi Tree by the River of the Mogadha Kingdom (Nilian Zen), (3) the Pagoda of the First Turning of the Wheel of Dharma in the Luye Garden of the Kingdom of Kashin, (4) the Pagoda of the Great Divine Power in the Garden of the Shewei Kingdom, (5) the Pagoda of the Three Treasure Steps of Qunu City, (6) the Pagoda of the Buddhahood degree in the sound of Wangshe City, (7) Guangyan City misses the Spirit Pagoda of Shou Liang, (8) The Pagoda of nirvana between the big twin trees in the city of Luolin. There are differences with the titles recorded in the legal circles.
[xxvii] See [Japanese] Kazutoshi Nagasawa, "Interpreting Wukong's Entry into Zhu and Seeking the Dharma", in Yu's "Studies on the History of the Silk Road", translated by Luo Meizhu, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 250.
[xxviii] Cunningham A.，Ancient Geography of India，rev. Majumdar, Calcutta,1924. reprinted, Delhi,1979.
[xxix] in Taisho Collection, vol. 2.
[xxx] 参见B.C.Law，Historial Geography of Ancient India，reprinted，Delhi，1976，pp.102-103.
[xxxi] in The Taisho Collection, vol. 50.
[xxxii] Visit to Japan,Masanari Mizutani, DaktanXi Region, 1971 edition, Heibonsha, Japan Co., Ltd., 38th.
[xxxiii] See [Japanese] Kazutoshi Nagasawa, "Shi Wukong's Entry into Zhu and Seeking the Dharma", in Yu's "Research on the History of the Silk Road", translated by Luo Meizhu, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 560.
[xxxiv] "Xinjiang Tuzhi Jianzhi Zhizhi" Yun: "One hundred and fifty miles northeast of the present city (Bachu), there is an abandoned city in the ninth taipei mountain of Tumxuk, and the woodcutter digs the yuan money in the soil, because it is called 'Tang Dynasty City'".
[xxxv] Anxi fell at the time of Tubo, generally according to the New Book of Tang Geographical Records: "In the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Tubo attacked Shatuo and Huiyi, and Beiting and Anxi had no help, so they fell. For the theory of falling into the third year of Yuan He (808), see Xue Zongzheng, "Anxi and Beiting: A Study of the Western Frontier Politics of the Tang Dynasty", Heilongjiang Education Publishing House, 1995, pp. 292-295.
[xxxvi] The North Court was trapped in the Tubo time, and there are discrepancies in the history books. The New Book of Tang fell in the third year of Zhenyuan (787), and the Old Book of Tang, tanghuijiao, and Zizhi Tongjian all fell in the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790).
[xxxvii] See [Tang] Hui Li and Yan Wei, Sun Yutang and Xie Fangdian, Biography of the Three Tibetan Masters of the Great Ci'en Temple, Vol. 1, "Born in the Miao Clan and Ended in Gaochang", Zhonghua Bookstore, 2000 edition, p. 16.
[xxxviii] For details, see Yan Gengwang, Tang Dynasty Traffic Tukao Vol. II, Helong Moraine West District, Chapter 15 "Tang Tong Hui Hui Dao", Taipei: Institute of History and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, 1985 edition, pp. 607-633. In addition, see Meng Fanren's "Research on the History and Geography of Beiting", Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 1985 edition, p. 135; Chen Junmou's article "On the Opening of the Uighur Road and Its Impact on the Uighurs", published in the Journal of the Central Institute for Nationalities, No. 2, 1987, pp. 25-29.
[xxxix] See Chen Guocan's article "The Four Towns of Tang Erting after the Anshi Rebellion", published in Tang Studies, Vol. II (1996), pp. 415-436.
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