Article\Special Writer of this journal He End
The first peak in Hainan, Wuzhi Mountain, is 1867 meters above sea level, and the second peak, Parrot Ridge, is 1811 meters. The famous Limuling, the "height" is only 1411 meters, in the 2008 edition of the "Atlas of Hainan Province" "Hainan Island Topography" of the peaks, Limuling fell out of the top ten, the height of only the twelfth.
This Limuling is not the ancient book "the mountain is extremely high, often in the fog, the Li people are self-aware" and "although the Li people can not go to the Limuling", then, where is the original, how did this get its name?
Today's Limuling is historically known as "Touping Ridge". Photo by Lee Hsin-juan
Northern song dynasty:
"Mount Limu" is the highest peak
The name of Limuling seems to date back to the Jin Dynasty. For example, the Southern Song Dynasty's "Zhu Fan Zhi": "(Hainan) according to the "Book of Jin" divided into wu female division, called Li Niu Wu female star descended, so the name is Li Wu, pronounced Li Mu. And the "Fang Yu Sheng" refers to the Northern Song Dynasty's "Qiongzhou Tujing":
Mount Limu. "Tujing": Four states on the island, with Mount Limu as the main mountain, extremely high. After the daily sunrise, the clouds converge, and a peak towers into the sky. Shen Youjian, the cover is gone. This must also be called "the land where the South Pole star falls".
The Song Dynasty recognized Limuling as the highest peak in Hainan. The "Song Shi Wang Zu Dao Biography" records that ChongningJian (1102-1106) Knew that Wang Zu Dao of Guizhou "please establish a town in the heart of Limu Mountain, as the lower governor's palace, and give the army the Jinghai", and the ruins of Zhenzhou are in the area of Zhongfang Village in donghe town, Donghe City.
According to this, this "Limu Mountain" should be Macaque Ridge (1654 meters above sea level) or Bawang Ridge (1560 meters above sea level), which is the line from the coast to the nearest peak above 1500 meters above sea level, and the road is relatively easy to walk.
The positioning of the Song Dynasty influenced the early Yuan Dynasty. By the thirtieth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1297), Xing Menghuang's "Pingli Stele Record" contains the YuanJun Great March, "Le (Shi) Li WuLing" and the Five Finger Mountain, the stone of which is the "Great Yuan Army Horse Down Camp" Moya stone carving, under the Ledong Jianfeng Ridge.
Southern song dynasty:
First appearance of "Five Finger Mountain"
During the Southern Song Dynasty (1171-1177), Fan Chengda and Zhou Fufei of Guangxi served as The Southern Song Dynasty Qiandao and Chunxi ( 1171-1177 ) , and the works "Guihai Youhengzhi" and "Lingwai Daizhi" systematically recorded Hainan customs. Their Limuling is fascinating and has been repeatedly quoted by successive dynasties, but the basic content is still along the Northern Song Dynasty: "(The Li people) all live around the Limu Mountain." If Mount Limu is hundreds of miles away, it is often above the clouds, although the Li people are not allowed to go. Autumn is clear and clear, or see the tip of the green floating in the sky, under the accumulation of Hongmeng. The person above him, Shou Kao Yile, does not take over the world. People want to be poor and high, often confused, and the tiger and leopard guard the danger, there is no way to climb, but see the water spring luscious ear. Is this the chrysanthemum pond of Shu, the village of the elderly and so on? ("Ridge Outside the Answer")
At that time, one of the larger "Li people naturalizations" mentioned the Five Finger Mountain for the first time: "In the first year of Chunxi (1174), the five finger mountain was born in the first year of the Li Dynasty, and Wang Zhongqi, the head of the Five Finger Mountain, led his side eighty ridges and 1820 Dingkou to naturalize. Zhongqi and Wang Zhongwen, the head of the Zhu Dynasty, and eighty-one others were able to manage the Gongsan... Reward the return. (Guihai Youyi Hengzhi)
Did Wang Zhongqi's Eighty-Year-Old Li really live around the Five Finger Mountain? not necessarily. In ancient times, ethnic groups outside the Han chinese were generally referred to as Li. With the help of the South Crossing River, the Power of the Han Cultural Circle of the Song Dynasty can probably penetrate deep into the area of the present-day Ding'an County, and most of the surrounding Areas are Han and Li. In the salt and iron trade with the deeper mountain tribes, Wang Zhongqi knew and even directly observed the Five Finger Mountain.
Fan Chengda was a slightly appeased envoy in Guangxi, who was in charge of Hainan and wrote about his authority. Wang Zhongqi led the people to naturalize, leaving the first eye-catching record of the hinterland high mountains - the Five Finger Mountain.
The "Five Fingers" peak is special, and it is impossible to come up with this name without seeing it in person. But Fan and Tuesday people (including everyone at the time) obviously did not know that the Five Finger Mountain was the highest peak, and the Limuling That "although the Li people could not reach it", it was. At this time, where Limu Mountain is and what the relationship with the Five Finger Mountain is, there has not yet been a positive exposition.
Ming dynasty:
"Limu Mountain" is "Five Finger Mountain"
Yuanming believes that the Five Finger Mountain is Limu Mountain, and there is also a rough correct positioning. The Ming Dynasty Shunchu (1457) "Chronicle of the Unification of the Great Ming Dynasty" contains:
Limu Mountain, four hundred miles south of Ding'an County. The mountain has five peaks, also known as the Five Finger Mountain. Extremely tall, standing between Qiong, Cliff, Dan, Wan, for the hope of the four states... A Li Wushan, the dialect is falsely pronounced Li Muyun.
This national geographical chronicle is the earliest surviving historical record of the condition of the Five Finger Mountain, and has only one name before. The Chronicle of Unity has recognized that the Five Finger Mountain is the highest peak.
Fang Zhi of the Ming Dynasty once referred to the Five Finger Mountain as "Limu Mountain". Photo by Antelope
In the surviving Ming Dynasty Hainan Fangzhi, there are many records of whether the two mountains are the same. The earlier Qiongtai Zhi is the most correct, which first quotes the traditional saying "Li Mu is the five fingers":
Ding'an County, Mountain Category: Limu Mountain. A five-fingered, in the south of the county four hundred Lisi River Sheng Li Ridge. The five peaks stand like human fingers, and the mountains and water sources of the four states all come from here.
In the end, Tega pointed out that the two mountains are actually not the same: "Li Mu is the five fingers, and the zhi chuan has been written for a long time." Those who have recently visited The village of Shuli are all involved in the land, with five fingers in the center. Its southern boundary is Lingshui, Yazhou, and Thanksgiving, and the earth color is white, and the north is red. Next to it is LiWu Mountain, which is particularly steep. A rush of water flows out of the town river. According to this, there is no doubt that Li Wu should be a mountain. ”
"Zhenchuan" is a clerical error of "Zhenzhou", in the Changhua River, the upstream is flowing from the western foothills of Wuzhi Mountain to the foot of the Parrot Ridge, the mountain is indeed more dangerous than the Wuzhi Mountain, and the slope of this section of the riverbed is also large, and the water is turbulent all year round.
The description of the mountains and rivers in the Qiongtai Zhi is basically accurate, better than other Fang Zhi of the Ming Dynasty, and is in the existing historical materials, but the understanding and positioning of Limuling has not yet been accurate.
Parrot Ridge is the Limu Ridge referred to in the Zhishu. Photo by Antelope
During the Kangxi Dynasty:
"Limu Ridge" is now Parrot Ridge
According to the positioning of Limuling in the Qing Kangxi Dynasty, it is the second highest peak in Hainan, which is now called Parrot Ridge.
The Chronicle of Ding'an County, written in the thirtieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), gives for the first time a clear mileage of the two mountains:
Limuling: That is, Guangluo Ridge, Tongzhi mistakenly made two mountains, in the southwest of the county, belongs to ShengliDi, 280 miles away from the city.
Great Five Finger Mountain: Outside the boundaries of the Sihe River in the south of the county, it belongs to ShengliDi, more than 430 miles away from the county seat, its high sky, its vastness, and the five peaks are like fingers.
Later, Kangxi's Qiongzhou Fuzhi (琼州府志) followed the two terms of the county chronicle, except that the distance of Limuling was changed to "three hundred and eighty miles". Although the zhi is not coincidentally fragmented here, it is confirmed that with reference to the corresponding entries of the subsequent Yongzheng and Daoguang "Guangdong Tongzhi" and the Qianlong and Daoguang "Qiongzhou Fuzhi", all of which are quoted in the "Ding'an County Chronicle" in full recently, all of which are "three hundred and eighty miles".
Since the 28th year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Wu Qijue pingding the mountainous area, "opened the cross road, Nantong Yazhou, east through Wanzhou, west through Danzhou", the location and mileage of the mountains and rivers in central Hainan have been basically clear: Wuzhi Mountain, 430 miles south of Ding'an County; Limuling is now Parrot Ridge, 380 miles southwest of the city.
At the end of the Kangxi Dynasty, the "Full Map of Imperial Opinion" depicted four large ridges in Hainan: Wuzhi Mountain, Zonghengling (present-day Nanmaoling), and Limuling (present-day Parrot Ridge), all of which were accurately located.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, Fang Zhi's accurate positioning of the mileage of wuzhi mountain and Limuling was a major progress in ancient geographical records.
In 1932, the German anthropologist Stuber used British charts to mark Limuling in the correct location during the Daoguang years of the Qing Dynasty. Why end courtesy of the picture
Late Qing Dynasty:
"Tou PingLing" becomes "Limu Ridge"
However, in the late Qing Dynasty, a series of changes occurred in the records of the mountain range, causing the Limu Ridge to "move north", which has an impact to this day.
In the Tongzhi "Map of Guangdong", which was written in 1861, from north to south, there are signs such as GuangluoLing, Dalimuling, Jiachaoling, Parrot Ridge, Mao Li Cone, Hongmao Pass, and Dawuzhi Mountain in Ding'an County. Interpreted by contemporary maps, "Great Limuling" and "Great Five Finger Mountain" are contemporary Limuling and Five Finger Mountain, respectively; "Parrot Ridge" is different from contemporary and previous expressions. Later, in Tongzhi's "Guangdong Tushu", the description of the mileage and direction of "Dalimu Mountain" and "Parrot Ridge" is even more confusing.
More than ten years later, the "Chronicle of Ding'an County" printed in the fourth year of Guangxu (1878) replaced Limuling with "Parrot Hook Ridge". In the Qing Dynasty, the editions of the "Qiongshan County Chronicle" have no record of Limuling, because it is not in the territory, to the Republic of China's "Qiongshan County Chronicle", influenced by the "Ding'an County Chronicle", the ridge in the absence of any source to explain, white paper and black characters: "Limuling, in the water club south of the twenty-mile Linwan capital." More than 60 meters high, six miles long, the mountains and forests are mixed, very rugged..." This new "Limuling" directly influenced the 20th century's land icon painting and administrative construction "Limushan Town".
In fact, today's Limuling was first recorded as a "ToupingLing" in the Qiongtai Zhi: "Toupingling, in the southwest of (Qiongshan) County, three hundred and twenty miles southwest of Xuxi Lidu. All four sides are mountains, stretching for tens of miles. A peak rises in the middle, extremely high and flat, and the trees are shady. ”
(The author is a distinguished researcher of the Maritime Silk Road Research Institute of Hainan Normal University)
Original title: Liwu Mountain - Five Finger Mountain - Parrot Ridge LimuLing ancient hook sinking