3、非謂語動詞
絕對不能作謂語的動詞；由動詞衍生出來的，且不能作謂語；
1、包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞3種形式；
2、分詞包含現在分詞和過去分詞；
3、在句子中不作謂語；
to do|ing|ed；
動詞與非謂語動詞：1有相通的地方，有時态和語态；2非謂語動詞除了不能作謂語，其他成分都能作，如主語|表語|賓語|賓補|定語|狀語；
1）動詞不定式
肯定，分為帶to和不帶to的；
否定，not + 不定式；
省略to的謂語動詞是使役動詞和感官動詞，除此之外其他的都不能省to（被動語态不能省to），無論肯定還是否定；
I let you clean the classroom.
I let you not clean the classroom.
I decide to study hard.
| 時态 | 主動 | 被動 |
| 一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
| 進行式 | to be doing | |
| 完成進行式 | to have been doing |
不定式的一般式：
表示不定式的動作與謂語動詞動作幾乎同時發生；
The news will not failto surprisehim.
I helped to repairthe car.
不定式的完成式：
通常表示動作發生在謂語動詞之前；
I am sorry not to have come to your party last night.
He seemsto have finishedhis homework.
I am very happy to have helpedyou.
不定式的進行式：
表示不定式的動作正在進行，持續之中；
The boys were discoveredto be hidingbehind the door.
It's nice to be lyingon the beach.
The boss doesn't like youto be always cominglate for work.
不定式的完成進行式：
表示不定式的動作在謂語動作之前；到謂語動作發生時可能停止，也可能繼續下去；
Tom seemedto have been reading a novel.
He is found to have been working for 4 hours.
不定式語态：
邏輯主語是動作的發出者，用主動；反之，用被動；
She asked you to close the door.
She asked the door to be closed.
I have some clothes to wash.自己洗
I have some clothes to be washedtoday.讓别人幫忙洗
不定式的主動表被動：
There is still a lot of work to do(to be done).
The stone is too heavy to move(be moved).
The stone is too heavy for me to move.
The pencil is easy to write with.
The coffee is bitter to taste.
不定式的句法功能：
不定式作主語時，表示一個具體的，特定的行為；
謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式；
動詞不定式作主語可位于句首；當作主語的不定式是較長的短語時，通常使用it作形式主語，動詞不定式置于句末；
To livemeans to create.
It is stupid to dothat sort of thing.
To do that sort of thingis stupid.
It is very important for everyoneto learna skill in society.
To learn a skill is very important for everyone in society.
It is necessary for young students to learna foreign language.
To learn a foreign language is necessary for young students.
it作形式主語句型：
It is + adj. (+ for sb.|sth.) + to do sth.
It's + adj. + of + sb. + 不定式
It + be + 名詞 + 不定式
It takes sb. + some time + to do sth.
It is interesting to playthis game.
It is necessary for you to changeyour job.
How rude it was of the boyto jump the queue!
It is friendly of the familyto try to make me feel at home in their house.
How silly it was of you to give upsuch a good chance!
It's our duty to take good care ofthe old.
What a pity it is for youto have missedsuch a wonderful film.
It is good manners for the youngto givetheir seats to the old.
It's a shame for youto dosuch kind of thing.
It took us half an hourto ride to the town by bike.
不定式作表語：
主語和表語同為不定式時，通常主語表示條件，表語表示結果；
To see is to believe.
作表語常用于以下結構：
my wish|job|aim goal is + 不定式；
The next step|important thing|problem|measure is + 不定式等
My wishis to bea teacher.
My goalis to passthe college entrance examination.
Your jobis to typethe papers in the coffee.
The next measure is to stop the river from being polluted.
不定式作賓語：
常見的使用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有：agree|choose|decide|hope|fail|wish|refuse|expect|manage|plan|intend|pretend|promise|offer|afford|demand|arrange等；
常接“疑問詞+不定式”作賓語的動詞有：decide|know|learn|remember|see|settle|think等；
They decided to builda highway between these two cities.
She offered to helpme when I was in trouble.
He promised not to tellanyone about it.
當作賓語的不定式是較長的短語時，常常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的不定式（賓語）放到句末去；
常用動詞有believe|think|consider|find|feel|make等；
構成句型“動詞 + it + adj.|n. + to do sth.”，其中使用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語動詞不定式置于句末；
I think it necessary for usto have a good rest after the long work.
I find it difficult to understand him.
不定式作賓補：
The doctor advised her not to eat too much sugar. # advise|wish|persuade|ask sb to do sth.
I wish you to go to the meeting with me.
I persuaded him to give up smoking.
She asked me to stay here.
有一類表見解、看法的動詞，後常接to be型不定式作賓補，to be可以省略；
He declared himself (to be) a college student.
The police proved him (to be) a thief.
hope|demand|suggest等動詞不能後接不定式作賓補，而要接從句；
I hope (that) my son will be back soon.
I hope my son to be back soon. # 錯誤
She suggests us to have a discussion about it. # 錯誤
She suggests that we (should) have a discussion about it.
She advises us to have a discussion about it.
在主動結構中，下列動詞後作賓補的動詞不定式應省略to（但在被動句中應補充to）：
“五看”，see|watch|notice|observer|look at；
“三使”，make|let|have；
“兩聽”，hear|listen to；
“一感覺”，feel；
His boss made|have|let him work all day long.
I heard him sing in her bedroom.
I saw him play basketball on the playground.
He was seen to breakthe window.
不定式作定語：
應位于所修飾詞語之後，即作後置定語；
被修飾的名詞和用作定語的不定式之間可能是邏輯主語，也可以是邏輯賓語的關系；
Have you got anythingto eat? # to eat修飾anything位于其後
Do you have anything to say|declare?
下列名詞後常接動詞不定式作定語：ability|attempt|chance|courage|decision|effort|evidence|failure|means|measure|reason|refusal|promise|right|way|wish等；
I have the ability to speakEnglish.
But she gave upthe chance to go abroad.
You have no right to speak.
He hasthe ability to work out the math question.
I have the courage to inviteher for dinner.
不定式作狀語：
作目的狀語，不定式的動作稍晚于謂語動詞的動作；
in order to既可以放在句首表目的，亦可以放在句中；
so as to隻能放在句中；
I must leave nowto getthere on time.
I am saying thisto encourageyou.
I store the food in the fridge to keepit fresh.
We went thereto see our grandparents.
In order tocatch the early bus, I get up early every day.
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