【托福備考經 ● 二. 托福閱讀技巧 ● 2.2.2 詞: 指代題】

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2.2.2 詞: 指代題

1) 指代題簡介

閱讀文章中，為了避免同一個對象的重複，會使用一些代詞。指代題（Reference Questions）考察的是代詞在文章中代替的是什麼。

2) 指代題解題技巧

判斷主被動關系 + 代詞的傳遞 + 單複數一緻性 + 從句的就近原則 + 并列結構

3) 解題技巧詳細說明和例子

(1) 判斷主被動關系

【技巧1】	判斷主被動關系：根據謂語動詞的主被動關系，來推測代詞的指代對象
【例子1】	【原文】Before this evidence came to light, the inventors of writing were assumed by researchers to have been an intellectual elite. Some, for example, hypothesized that writing emerged when members of the priestly caste agreed among themselves on written signs.
【題目】The word "some" in the passage refers to A. evidence        B. Inventors  C. researchers      D. Intellectual elite
【解析】原文中提到assumed by researchers , assume動作的發出者是researchers。後面的Some… hypothesized, hypothesized是assume的同意替換，而且是主動語态，是以Some就是指動作的發出者researchers。

(2) 代詞的傳遞

【技巧2】	代詞的傳遞性：同一功能的代詞大機率是同一個指代
【例子2】	【原文】The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe, they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
【題目】The word "they" in the passage refers to A. difference  B. urban growth  C. colonies  D. Cities
【解釋】They前面出現了Their, 而Their rapid growth 和 the slow evolution of cities 對應，Their 對應Cities,  根據代詞的傳遞性， They 指 Cities, 選D。

(3) 單複數一緻性

【技巧3】	單複數/人稱一緻性：代詞與選項的單複數/人稱保持一緻
【例子3】
【解析】they是複數，可以排除A和B了。結合上面将講的技巧“代詞的傳遞性”，選D。

(4) 從句的就近原則

【技巧4】	從句的就近原則：從句的指代，離誰近就指誰
【例子4】	【原文】By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York, 3 newspapers. The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies.
【題目】The word "which" in the passage refers to  A. distribution             B. Sale   C. newspaper              D. postal service
【解析】從句的指代，離誰近就指誰。離which最近的是postal service，是以選D。

(5) 并列結構

【技巧5】	并列結構：如果句子中有并列結構，并列結構中的代詞與前面 的詞一緻
【例子5】	【原文】Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.
【題目】The word "that" refers to      A. contemporary art  B. opportunity C. audience         D. distinction
【解析】and 是并列結構，that和前面的distinction 一緻，選D。

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