英国广播公司 英文日报 2022-05-18 20:47
图片来源，盖蒂图片社
在德里，由于茬茬燃烧，冬季空气污染特别严重
根据《柳叶刀》的一项新研究，2019年污染导致印度超过230万人死亡。
仅空气污染就造成近160万人死亡，50多万人死于水污染。
《柳叶刀》委员会最新的污染与健康报告将全球九百万人死亡（约六分之一）归咎于污染。
它说，印度 - 每年造成超过一百万人死亡 - 仍然是受影响最严重的国家之一。
在2015年对污染导致的过早死亡的估计的最新报告中，《柳叶刀》研究称，2019年全球疾病、伤害和风险因素负担研究（GBD）的数据显示，污染“仍然造成每年约900万人死亡”。
虽然与极端贫困相关的污染类型（如家庭空气污染和水污染）造成的死亡人数有所下降，但这一下降已被工业污染，环境空气污染和有毒化学污染造成的死亡人数增加所抵消。
在全球范围内，空气污染 - 包括环境和家庭 - 在2019年造成670万人死亡。水污染造成140万人死亡，铅污染造成90万人过早死亡。
该研究发现，超过90%的污染相关死亡发生在低收入和中等收入国家，其中印度以236万人位居榜首，中国以210万人死亡位居榜首。
该报告称，2000年，传统污染造成的损失占印度GDP的3.2%。从那时起，传统污染造成的死亡率下降，经济损失大幅减少，但这些仍然占印度GDP的1%左右。
在2000年至2019年期间，现代形式的污染 - 环境，化学和铅污染 - 造成的经济损失有所增加，现在印度“保守估计约占GDP的1%”。
该报告称，印度已经努力控制空气污染，特别是雄心勃勃的Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana，该计划由总理纳伦德拉·莫迪（Narendra Modi）于2016年启动，旨在帮助贫困农村妇女转向烹饪燃气，但差距仍然存在。
“印度已经开发了减轻污染源的工具和监管权力，但没有集中的系统来推动污染控制工作并实现实质性的改善，”该研究补充说，在该国93%的地区，污染量仍然远高于世界卫生组织（WHO）的指导方针。
印度城市一直主导着全球污染排名。印度北部有超过4.8亿人面临“世界上最极端的空气污染水平”，美国一个研究小组去年表示。
去年9月，芝加哥大学能源政策研究所的数据显示，如果将空气污染减少到符合世卫组织10μg/m³的指导方针，首都德里的居民的寿命可能会增加10年。
2019年，印度的平均颗粒物浓度为70.3μg/m³，是世界上最高的。
来自英国广播公司的新闻
更新于 2022 年 5 月 18 日
原文：
Lancet study: Pollution killed 2.3 million Indians in 2019
BBC Englishdailynews 2022-05-18 20:47
IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
In Delhi, air pollution is especially bad in winters due to stubble burning
Pollution led to more than 2.3 million premature deaths in India in 2019, according to a new Lancet study.
Nearly 1.6 million deaths were due to air pollution alone, and more than 500,000 were caused by water pollution.
The latest Lancet Commission on pollution and health report blamed pollution for nine million - or about one in six - deaths globally.
It said India - where bad air kills more than a million people every year - remained among the worst affected.
In an update of a 2015 estimate on premature deaths caused by pollution, the Lancet study said that data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD) showed that pollution "remains responsible for approximately nine million deaths per year."
Although there has been a decline in deaths attributable to types of pollution associated with extreme poverty such as household air pollution and water pollution, this fall has been offset by increased deaths caused by industrial pollution, ambient air pollution and toxic chemical pollution.
Globally, air pollution - both ambient and household - was responsible for 6.7 million deaths in 2019. Water pollution was responsible for 1.4 million deaths and lead pollution caused 900,000 premature deaths.
The study found that more than 90% of pollution related deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries, with India topping the list with 2.36 million and China at number two with 2.1 million deaths.
The report says that in 2000, losses due to traditional pollution were 3.2% of India's GDP. Since then, death rates caused by traditional pollution have fallen and economic losses have reduced substantially, but these are still around 1% of India's GDP.
Between 2000 and 2019, economic losses caused by modern forms of pollution - ambient, chemical and lead pollution - have increased and are now "conservatively estimated to amount to approximately 1% of GDP" in India.
The report says that India has made efforts to control air pollution especially with the ambitious Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, a scheme launched in 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to help poor rural women shift to cooking gas, but gaps remain.
"India has developed instruments and regulatory powers to mitigate pollution sources but there is no centralised system to drive pollution control efforts and achieve substantial improvements," the study said adding that in 93% of the country, the amount of pollution remains well above the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines.
Indian cities have been routinely dominating global pollution rankings. More than 480 million people in northern India face the "most extreme levels of air pollution in the world", a study by a US research group said last year.
In September last year, data from the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago suggested that residents in the capital, Delhi, could see up to 10 years added to their lives if air pollution was reduced to meet the WHO guideline of 10 µg/m³.
In 2019, India's average particulate matter concentration was 70.3 µg/m³ - the highest in the world.
News from BBC NEWS
UPDATED 18 May 2022