//用数组存储元素
transient Object[] elements; // non-private to simplify nested class access
//头部元素的索引
transient int head;
//尾部下一个将要被加入的元素的索引
transient int tail;
//最小容量，必须为2的幂次方
private static final int MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8;
在 ArrayDeque 底部是使用数组存储元素，同时还使用了两个索引来表征当前数组的状态，分别是 head 和 tail。head 是头部元素的索引，但注意 tail 不是尾部元素的索引，而是尾部元素的下一位，即下一个将要被加入的元素的索引。
public ArrayDeque() {
elements = new Object[16];
}
public ArrayDeque(int numElements) {
allocateElements(numElements);
}
public ArrayDeque(Collection<? extends E> c) {
allocateElements(c.size());
addAll(c);
}
ArrayDeque 对数组的大小(即队列的容量)有特殊的要求，必须是 2^n。通过
allocateElements
方法计算初始容量：
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private void allocateElements(int numElements) {
int initialCapacity = MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
// Find the best power of two to hold elements.
// Tests "<=" because arrays aren't kept full.
if (numElements >= initialCapacity) {
initialCapacity = numElements;
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 1);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 2);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 4);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 8);
initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 16);
initialCapacity++;
if (initialCapacity < 0) // Too many elements, must back off
initialCapacity >>>= 1;// Good luck allocating 2 ^ 30 elements
}
elements = new Object[initialCapacity];
}
private void doubleCapacity() {
assert head == tail; //扩容时头部索引和尾部索引肯定相等
int p = head;
int n = elements.length;
//头部索引到数组末端(length-1处)共有多少元素
int r = n - p; // number of elements to the right of p
//容量翻倍
int newCapacity = n << 1;
//容量过大，溢出了
if (newCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big");
//分配新空间
Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity];
//复制头部索引到数组末端的元素到新数组的头部
System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r);
//复制其余元素
System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p);
elements = a;
//重置头尾索引
head = 0;
tail = n;
}
public E pollFirst() {
int h = head;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E result = (E) elements[h];
// Element is null if deque empty
if (result == null)
return null;
elements[h] = null; // Must null out slot
head = (h + 1) & (elements.length - 1);
return result;
}
public E pollLast() {
int t = (tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E result = (E) elements[t];
if (result == null)
return null;
elements[t] = null;
tail = t;
return result;
}
获取队头和队尾的元素
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@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E peekFirst() {
// elements[head] is null if deque empty
return (E) elements[head];
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E peekLast() {
return (E) elements[(tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1)];
}
迭代器
ArrayDeque 在迭代是检查并发修改并没有使用类似于 ArrayList 等容器中使用的 modCount，而是通过尾部索引的来确定的。具体参考 next 方法中的注释。但是这样不一定能保证检测到所有的并发修改情况，加入先移除了尾部元素，又添加了一个尾部元素，这种情况下迭代器是没法检测出来的。
private class DeqIterator implements Iterator<E> {
/**
* Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.
*/
private int cursor = head;
/**
* Tail recorded at construction (also in remove), to stop
* iterator and also to check for comodification.
*/
private int fence = tail;
/**
* Index of element returned by most recent call to next.
* Reset to -1 if element is deleted by a call to remove.
*/
private int lastRet = -1;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != fence;
}
public E next() {
if (cursor == fence)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E result = (E) elements[cursor];
// This check doesn't catch all possible comodifications,
// but does catch the ones that corrupt traversal
// 如果移除了尾部元素，会导致tail != fence
// 如果移除了头部元素，会导致 result == null
if (tail != fence || result == null)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
lastRet = cursor;
cursor = (cursor + 1) & (elements.length - 1);
return result;
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (delete(lastRet)) { // if left-shifted, undo increment in next()
cursor = (cursor - 1) & (elements.length - 1);
fence = tail;
}
lastRet = -1;
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
Object[] a = elements;
int m = a.length - 1, f = fence, i = cursor;
cursor = f;
while (i != f) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)a[i];
i = (i + 1) & m;
if (e == null)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
action.accept(e);
}
}
}
