Continuing from the previous article, "Miao for Miao" XIV: Slowing down the southwest "land reform and returning to the stream" in the early Qing Dynasty is only the eve of the great change.
The Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains as an ethnic minority, but on the surface still adhered to Confucian theory to govern the country in order to maintain the legitimacy of the regime's rule, and the Qing Emperor regarded himself as the "co-lord of the world". At that time, Miaojiang was not fully incorporated into state rule. The Pingmiao Jiluo says that Miaojiang "has a vast area of 3,000 miles, more than 100,000 household registrations, and is not subordinate to the territory and is not bound." Dai Mingshi's "Ji Hong Miao Incident" said, "What Wang Hua can't reach, and what sheng teaches can't do." Both texts say that the large area of Miaojiang in the early Qing Dynasty was a blank area for "kingization" in the early Qing Dynasty. However, Yongzheng once said in volume 72 of the Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty: "There are four seas in The Land of The Qing Dynasty, the territory of miao in the interior is all the territory of the Miao, and the people of the Han Dynasty are all pure sons." This shows that the rulers of the early years of the Qing Dynasty always had a good idea of the Miao people outside the Qing Dynasty.
Selected from the "Miao Man Atlas Album", painted around 1786
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, there was no time to take care of the southwest Miaojiang, and had to adopt the strategy of "appeasement". In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Wang Hongzuo, the right attendant of the Hubu Department, said: "The Toast of Dianqian should be temporarily conformed to the customs, and the rope should be made of a new system after it is pacified." Kangxi said: "Never control Miao Man, but in Sui Yi Ende, it is not appropriate to cause trouble and harassment" Governor Zhao Tingchen wrote in "Fu Miao Shu": "Outside the city of Zida Road in Guizhou, all the people look at Miao. To the east of Guiyang, Dong Miao and Jiugu are fierce. "Vigorously advocate the implementation of the "appeasement" system. The "nine shares" mentioned in "Fumiao Shu" are the nine-stranded miao area opened up by Yongzheng in the future. Jiugu miao is a false name for jiugu miao, in the miao tribe in present-day Taijiang, Guizhou, there used to be nine drum societies, hence the name. The Drum Society is a political or military organization of one or more clans or regions of the ancient Miao people. Most of the names of the nine drum clubs have been lost, but three drum clubs have been identified, namely Shidong, Gedong, and Biaozhai. Its people wrapped their heads and feet in cloth, women wore layered skirts, and decorated their ears with silver rings, and since the Ming and Qing dynasties, they have repeatedly carried out resistance struggles, which is a kind of seedling.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, when implementing the "appeasement" policy, special attention was paid to restraining local officials and garrisons to prevent provoking incidents and provoking changes, which in turn affected the stability of southwest border defense. Officials who harassed the Miao people were severely punished by the imperial court. In the thirtieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), Wei Jiqi served as the governor of Guizhou, and because of the improper handling of the Miaomin Incident in Liping Gaodong, the Miao people resisted arrest, which is known in history as the "Jintao Incident". After the incident, Kangxi immediately issued a reprimand to Wei Ji and Qi for not "understanding the facts in detail, and credulously believing that the Subordinates reported that the Miao people were rebelling and sending troops to suppress them." When the soldiers arrived in the village, there was not a single one, but only fourteen people who searched for the Miao people to escape from the mountains. Wei Ji Qi actually claimed to have fought against MiaoZi and killed 1,118 people, and deceived him in this way, which was really "provoking the frontier". Soon Wei Ji Qi was dismissed from his post by the imperial court and punished with a felony, and Li Zhenyu's "Epitaph of Wei Ji Qi" said: "Shang Yi incident (Jin Tao incident), arrested gong and arrived in Beijing. (Avoid death), suitable ministers will sacrifice, who migrate to Heilongjiang. The end of this public offense. ”
Northwest Hunan Province, selected from the "Imperial Dynasty Unified Public Opinion Land Full Map" Dong Fangli painting, Edited by Li Zhaoluo, Daoguang Twelve Years Woodcut Ink Seal
However, for the ethnic minority areas in Yunnan outside miao xinjiang, the Qing Dynasty promptly changed the land and returned to the stream. In the fifty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1717), the Mongol Dzungars attacked and occupied Lhasa, commanding the borders of Sichuan and Yunnan, and the southwest became the "soft underbelly" of the western border defense of the Qing Dynasty. In order to strengthen its rule over the region, the Qing Dynasty carried out strict "land reform and return to the stream" in northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Yunnan, eliminating the situation in which various tusi were chaotic and the Mongol military forces tried to go south. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has faced the problem of focusing on Hunan and Guizhou Miaojiang.
By the early years of The Yongzheng Dynasty, no one in the imperial court dared to talk about "changing the land and returning to the stream", and no one in the Shubian military general dared to speak lightly about the use of troops. Shi Liha, the inspector of Guizhou, could not hold back, and boldly said bluntly, saying that there was only one path through Miaojiang in southeastern Qiandong, and it was advisable to first dispatch troops to garrison, block the way before and after, and prohibit the passage of salt goods, cut off contact with them, and then propose to open up Miaojiang by force. However, because the time was not yet ripe, Yongzheng superficially ignored it.
Below we describe how the Qing Dynasty eventually embarked on the road of "changing the land and returning to the stream" in Miaojiang.
First look at Hunan Miaojiang.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Miao people of Hunan were divided into black seedlings, flower seedlings and red seedlings, and mainly lived in the Yongshun Xuanwei Division, the Baojing Xuanwei Division, and the Sangzhi Xuanwei Division. The Red Miao who lived in Baojing Xuanwei Division mainly lived in wuzhai changsi (in present-day Fenghuang County) and Ziping changsi (筸子平長司) (in the northeast of present-day Fenghuang County), and were also managed by Zhenxi Qianhu. However, the chief officials of Wuzhai and Ziping could not control the red seedlings in the Lal Mountains, and the Miao people in the Lal Mountains were far from the Han living areas and were unmanaged seedlings.
The Qing Dynasty recruited toast around the seedlings and used the toast to surround the seedlings. The rulers and toastmasters of the Qing Dynasty neither set up officials nor paid for them in the Shengmiao area; at the same time, a large number of military establishments such as guards, ponds, floods, and checkpoints were set up around the Shengmiao area, which were heavily guarded, and the surrounding Han people and mature Seedlings were not allowed to enter and leave at will. The large and small toasts around the edge of the raw seedling area of Lal Mountain are responsible for clamping down on and preventing the seedlings. Once there is an incident in the seedling area, the native soldiers must first enter the seedling area to suppress it.
In order to defend against the red miao, the Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall of Miao Province during the Wanli Dynasty, isolating the red seedlings from the mature seedlings under the jurisdiction of Yongshun, Baojing, and Sangzhi Toast. The Ming Dynasty border wall "from Tongren on the top to Baojing on the lower side," rings the Area of The Laer Mountains, which is more than 380 miles long. In addition to separating the raw and mature seedlings, the border wall of Miaojiang is used as a base for reclamation, and there is also the role of Gongwei Lake and Guangdong Transportation in Yunnan. The "raw seedlings" inside the circular border wall were the object of defense, and the Miaojiang outside the circular border wall, that is, south of the border wall, was the focus of the Ming Dynasty's governance. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty actively encouraged the reclamation of the border wall and encroached on the land of seedlings.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, Zhao Shenqiao's "Letter of The Self-Government of Zhao Gongyi" said: "Zhenmiao has a distinction between Zhenmiao and Zhenmiao, zhenmiao is managed by Zhenxi, and Zhenmiao is under the care of Zhenxi, and Miao miao is red miao, and is managed by the chief officer of Zhenziping, and the former Ming is under the responsibility of Zhenmiao Ling Yongshunsi, and Zhenmiao is under the responsibility of Baojingsi, miao is still rebellious, and the Ertu Situ has the name of undertaking, and there is no real help." ”
In the 25th year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1686), the Qing Dynasty first proposed to build a border wall, and Liu Yingzhong, who was then the supervisor of the "Regent Patrol Road Seal", said that "the wall must be created instead of repaired, then the donation must also be donated rather than stopped," on the grounds that the project is huge and the funds are not large. In the fifty years of the Kangxi Dynasty (1711), the governor of Huguang, Ehai, reconsidered the construction of the border wall, but because "the emperor was wise and deep", he considered that the border wall was "not enough to raise the imperial red seedlings". The final construction of the border wall was nearly a hundred years after this concert. Under the auspices of Fu Nai, the Qing Dynasty built a large number of Pillage Fortresses, as well as more than 100 miles of Qing Dynasty Miaojiang border walls, "the Phoenix Hall successively built a long wall along the edge of the Qianzhou Hall for more than 110 miles." The length of the Qing Dynasty border wall is shorter than that of the Ming border wall.
Southwest Hunan Province, selected from the "Imperial Dynasty Unified Public Opinion Land Full Map" Dong Fangli painting, Edited by Li Zhaoluo, Daoguang Twelve Years Woodcut Ink Seal
The Border Wall of the Ming Dynasty mainly played a military defensive function, and the Qing Dynasty built the Border Wall mainly to separate the people's Miao soil boundary by means of the border wall: "The Miao Frontier Field And Mu should be cleared of the boundary site, and the Han people should not be allowed to invade and occupy it to prevent the struggle and competition." The site of the Hanmiao land boundary is the site of the border wall, and its demarcation has been approved by both Han and Miao. According to this boundary site, the Han people returned more than 35,000 mu of Miao land occupied.
Hongmiao has always been regarded as the most stubborn Miao, Fang Hengxian's "Records of Miao Customs" said that Hongmiao all carried waist knives with them, Feng Guangyu, the governor of Hunan in the fourth year of Qianlong (1739), said that "the red miao in Chu Province is the most fierce," and in the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766), Hunan Chenyongyuan Jingdao Futai said: "The places around Chenyongyuan Jingdao are all Miaojiang, and the three halls of Chenzhou (that is, the three halls of Qianzhou, Phoenix, and Yongsui set up after the Laer Mountains were opened up in Xinjiang) were particularly stubborn." During the Jiaqing period, Yan Ruxian wrote the "Miao Defense Survey" that regarded the Red Miao area as a key point of prevention.
Duan Rulin, a member of the Yongsui Department who had served in western Hunan for more than 20 years, wrote in the "Chronicle of The Miao of Southern Chu" compiled in the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757) that in order to control the fierce red Miao, the Qing Dynasty arranged garrisons in the Miao territory of Hunan before returning to the land, suppressing the localities, and guarding against toast. Subsequently, the Qing Dynasty and Hongmiao had a series of armed conflicts. According to Qing Dynasty classics, on the night of February 17, 1685, in the twenty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1685), Zhang Dingbo and others robbed Luxi County, and the Qing Dynasty mobilized local garrisons and Toast soldiers to engage in intermittent small-scale wars with Hongmiao, but did not conquer Hongmiao. In the forty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1702), Mayang County's students Li Feng, Wang Zhang, and others went to Beijing to make their feelings for Hongmiao, and "Tianwei was furious", so they sent Shangshu Xi'erda of the Rebbe as the general, Yu Chenglong, the governor of Huguang, Zhao Shenqiao, the governor of Biaoyuan, and Yu Yimo, the governor of Chu, Guangdong, and Qian, to lead the troops of the three provinces of Chu, Guangdong, and Qian to attack, and finally subdued Hongmiao.
In the forty-third year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1704), the Phoenix Hall and the Qianzhou Hall were set up in the Lal Mountain area, stationed in Zhenyi and other places, and moved the Chenyuan Yongjing Road to Zhenyi, and later set up the Phoenix Battalion, stationed in the management of liuguan. In the forty-sixth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1707), the local Wuzhai Governor's Division and the Zhiziping Governor's Division were abolished, and parts of Hongmiao were rehabilitated.
However, the upper six miles of Qianzhou are still occupied by red seedlings, and the problem of red seedlings has not been completely solved. According to Qing Dynasty documents, "When the red seedlings in Liuli were stubborn, yongbao toast was wanton, and the zhenzhu miao encountered robberies and robberies, and when the incident occurred, they sneaked into the realm of liuli seedlings and arrested and harassed them." Its voice and qi are in contact, and the town of Miao is urgent, and the Miao people in Liuli are rescued, and if they attack Liuli Urgent, they will always protect Tusiyin as a helper, and the border people will suffer greatly. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed that a thorough solution to the red miao would completely solve the toast problem in western Hunan province.
In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Fu Min, the governor of Huguang, led a large army to Tusi Castle. The return of land to western Hunan began in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), when Yongzheng issued an order to "change the land and return to the stream". In less than a year, The Xiangxi Toastmasters have "accepted the soil and asked for surrender". In February of the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), Peng Zhaohuai, the toushi of Yongshun, was willing to change the land and return to the stream, and handed over the publication of the book. After that, Peng Zhaohuai was awarded the title of Counselor General, "supplemented by the newly established Youguan Place, and given the post of Tuosha Laha to eat fan, hereditary replacement." Another 10,000 taels of silver were rewarded, and it was installed in jiangxi's ancestral home. In August of the same year, he also ordered Sang Zhi and Baojing Toast to change the soil and return to the stream. At this point, the three largest toasts in western Hunan have been rehabilitated and returned. The Qing Dynasty set up Yongshun, Sangzhi, and Baojing to be known as Zifuzhi. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), yongshun, sangzhi, and Baojing were also cut off, and yongshun was re-established as a province, with the four counties of Yongshun, Baojing, Sangzhi, and Longshan under it, and from then on, more than 80 taels of autumn grain and silver were collected from each of the four counties, so as to realize the land reform and return of Yongshun and other toast areas. Some small toasts attached to the big toast were also attached, "pleading for the return of the soil to the stream." In the twelfth year of Yongzheng (1734), Maogang Toast "Natuyan, divided into Shimen, Cili, and Anfu Counties." In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), the two chiefs under the jurisdiction of the former Sangzhi Xuanwei Division, the Upper Xiang and lower Xiang, were attached to Sangzhi County. After the abolition of Toast, the former Tuguan and his family members were either assigned to distant provinces, or installed nearby, or appointed as exiled officials. In the former Toshi area, prefectures were set up one after another, and officials were sent to administer the prefecture. At this point, the Xiangxi toast has basically been changed.
For the red seedlings in Shangliuli in Qianzhou, in the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), Wang Rou of Chenyuan Jingdao "investigated the situation", and in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Yongzheng ordered him to "transform the red seedlings of Liuli", and on the sixth day of the first month of September, Wang Rou led Yongshun Province to "lead the army to open up" with Li Xun and Wang Jinchang of the Baojing camp guerrilla. In the winter of that year, Zhao Hong'en, the governor of Hunan, personally visited Zhenyi and commanded the officers and men to garrison Jiduoping, "to enlighten and announce qingwei", and finally, "all the seedlings returned to sincerity and xianghua". In the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), the Qing Dynasty established the Yongsui Hall here, with a member of the Tongzhi and subordinate to the Chenzhou Capital. At this point, "the six red seedlings counted 225 villages, the Yongsui Hall had no land endowment, and each year was levied 72 stones and eight buckets and four liters of rice for the Miao people." The Hongmiao area was also basically all opened up to Xinjiang, which was a new Miao xinjiang for Hunan, and at this point, the three Xiangxi halls of Qianzhou, Fenghuang, and Yongsui were all established, all under the jurisdiction of Chenzhou Prefecture. The three halls are called the "three halls of Miaojiang".
The Qing Dynasty's approach to the management of Miaojiang in western Hunan was first adopted as a measure to raise seedlings. After the establishment of the Qianzhou and Phoenix Halls, Zhao Shenqiao's "Nine Paragraphs of The Title MiaoBian": Hongmiao "301 villages for those who have devoted themselves to sincerity, counting 4,523 households, and 8,448 dings, and now each ding is willing to lose two liters of miscellaneous grains, and a total of one hundred and sixty-eight stones and nine buckets and six liters of grain." again...... Repent of sins and lose sincerity, shaved into the book, a total of 12 villages, 240 households, 369 dings, a total of 7 stones, 3 buckets and 8 liters of grain. It should be conscripted from the forty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty". Special emphasis is placed on the fact that the red seedlings have been returned to the households to collect grain and are integrated with the people. "Cases of theft by Miao people, as well as robbery and killing, should follow the example of theft cases in counties and counties in the interior", "The sons of toastmasters should be trained, and the children of Miao people should set up righteous education". In addition to retaining the rural organizations of the "villages," whether they are "weaving households," "collecting grain," or "cases of theft of orders," they are all "integrated with the people" or "take care of the mainland." At the same time, schools have been set up to educate the children of the Miao people. The Qing Dynasty implemented legal measures to integrate with the interior here.
After opening up the Yongsui Hall in Liuli Miaojiang, Zhao Hong'en, the inspector of Hunan in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), wrote "The Aftermath of Liuli": "When the Miao people were cultivating, they ordered Yongsui to know, experience, and inspect the members of the village, and ordered the seedlings of each village, supervise the scattering of seedlings, and try their best to south mu. Yongsui also set up a hundred households with one person per mile, a total of six people, stationed in the place where there was a flood, lived together, and did business in case of trouble, and ordered them to report at the same time when there was an urgent matter, without any ambiguity. He also yongsui miscellaneous grain seventy-two stones eight buckets and four liters, and the seedling households were evenly distributed, and the rice of the base battalion was replenished. ...... And yongsui six miles each set up two places of righteousness." According to this, the Yongsui Hall, like the Phoenix and Qianzhou Halls, has retained the "zhai" as the most basic organization in both places. In the Yongsui Hall, there are 40 miao in the village, and above the "village" according to the original system of the Miao people, there are "li" and hundreds of households, and at the same time, each li is stationed in the flood ben, as the military support of the hundred households. Above the hundred households of "Li", according to the unified model of the Qing Dynasty, inspections, experiences and Yongsui are set up. The three halls of Qianzhou, Fenghuang, and Yongsui are basically the same, and the original social organization structure of Hongmiao has been retained to the greatest extent.
Look at Miaojiang, Guizhou.
When the southwest border defense was tight, the southwest post road was threatened by seedlings, and Yongzheng changed the policy of "appeasement" and decided to open up miao xinjiang by force. Yongzheng appointed Ortai to take charge. Ortai immediately surveyed the situation in Miaojiang, and Shangquan said: "Stealing the border around the lower reaches of Qian Province, living seedlings, looting and killing, blocking roads, and doing harm for a long time. Such as Liping, Zhenyuan, Pingyue, Duyun and other provinces of the miao ring, are in the hundred miles and beyond. To the place of Kaili, it is twenty miles, more than ten miles away, that is, the family of seedlings is mixed and mixed, and there is no defense, and Kaili goes to Qingpingyi for only forty miles, approaching the rush, and the relationship is particularly huge. Therefore, the self-subject received the matter, paid attention to it earlier, planned the visit in detail, and then held it. It takes years to use all the strength, and it must be opened for resettlement, and it must not be more troublesome. ”
Zhang Guangsi, a confidant of Ortai, also said: "The seedlings in the southeast of Qiandong are regarded as a major harm to the people's livelihood, and the localities are worried, and they want to take advantage of the day when the state is at peace and there is nothing to do, and the arrangements will be opened." Fang Xian said: "Shengmiao does not have a division, and there is no toast jurisdiction." Officials and people from Qianzhiqian, from Qianzhi chu, from Guangdong, all travel in a roundabout way, and they are not allowed to take a straight road through Miaodi. Adulterers in the interior who violate the law and are in a hurry to catch them sneak into the miao land, and no one dares to ask questions. Miao also went out of the border to plunder from time to time, and the merchants in the interior were particularly bitter. ”
In the singing and harmony of the monarchs, Yongzheng immediately instructed: "If you are outside and inside, you will expect to work hard and live forever." Be careful and cautious, and plan everything for it. With clear instructions, Ortai immediately went to the stage and discussed in detail the plan for opening up Miaojiang: "Eighty thousand, the areas where seedlings grow in the area of Guzhou are more than a thousand miles, although they are outside the border, they are among the two provinces." The counties of Liping, Duyun, Zhenyuan and Yongcong in Qianzhi, and the counties of Liuzhou, Huaiyuan, Luocheng and Libo in Guangdong are surrounded on all sides, and the seedlings are planted in this way. Divided into two provinces, each outside the territory, two provinces, suitable for the central government, allowing them to plunder the four realms, and have no jurisdiction, so the two provinces are subtly victimized." Ertai believes: "Yungui is a big trouble, nothing is like Miao Man. If you want to reassure the people, you must first control the land, and if you want to control the people, you must change the land and return to the stream. And Miaojiang is mostly at odds with neighboring provinces, and it will be merged into power, and it can be done once and for all. The so-called "consolidation of real power" is to achieve the smooth implementation of administrative norms and decrees.
Since in the past, neither prefectures nor toasts could fully control Miaojiang, Ortai insisted that the use of force must be used to open up Miaojiang, and did not hesitate to suppress it everywhere: "Guizhou Toast is responsible for the miao without pincers, and the miao is more troubled than the toast." And Miaojiang is surrounded by more than three thousand miles, and there are more than three hundred villages in a thousand, and guzhou is in it, and the group of villages is surrounded by it. On the left, there is the Qingjiang River that can reach The Chu in the north, and the Dujiang River on the right that can be south and the Guangdong, all of which are stubborn seedlings, separated by three provinces, and then become outside. If you want to open up the river road to connect Qianqian and Guangdong, you must not go deep into the army, and you cannot suppress it everywhere. This Guizhou Yizhi border Yi also. As soon as the fold was reached, it was immediately approved by Yongzheng, and the action of opening up The Miaojiang of Guizhou was officially launched.
However, in the specific process of opening up, the Qing Dynasty army harassed the Miao people and indiscriminately killed innocents, and Ortai had to say: "I am afraid that if I do not kill less today, I will kill more in the future." "Neither showing military prestige, not knowing the law and discipline, not paying an inch of iron, not killing a single person, and gathering together to see his Tranquility, there is no reason for this, there is no such thing." After that, the Qing army even more brazenly launched a brutal force against Miaojiang, and successively established the "Six Halls of Xinjiang" in Guizhou: Danjiang Hall (Leishan County), Bazhai Hall (Danzhai County), Qingjiang Hall (Jianhe County), Guzhou Hall (Rongjiang County), Dujiang Hall (Sandu County), and Taigong Hall (Taijiang County), that is, the present-day Southeast Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture. Nine battalions, twenty-nine floods, and seventy-eight ponds were also set up, and more than half of the troops in the province were moved to the town of Miaojiang, stipulating that the Miao people must pay weapons, respect the official palace, and listen to restraints.
In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), the avenue between Zhenyuan, Shibing, Biaoqiao, Duyun and Liping provinces was completely opened, ensuring the complete smooth passage of Huguang through Qian into Dianyi. It also dredged the Qingshui River, Duliu River and other waterways, and established a network of land and waterways centered on Zhuge Ying Town, the Qingjiang and Dujiang rivers bordering them, and miaojiang for 5,000 miles. Since then, the jurisdiction of the original three provinces of Liping, Duyun, and Zhenyuan has become larger, dividing the newly opened Miaojiang land, changing the pattern of passive fortification, and instead appointing officials to send troops to go deep into Miaojiang and directly govern the Miao people.
Xiangqian junction, selected from the "Imperial Dynasty Unified Public Opinion Land Full Map" Dong Fangli painting, Li Zhaoluo edited, Daoguang twelve years woodcut ink print
Before and after the Qing Dynasty opened up MiaoJiang by force, the Qing Dynasty did not forget to educate the Miao people.
In the forty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1705), Yu Zhun's "Please Open the Way for the Miao People to Advance", analyzed the history of Guizhou's "Miao everywhere" and the ming Dynasty's military governance policy was not ideal: "Guizhou's ancient local name Luoshi, everywhere miao, quite diverse, to be aggressive and murderous,... In the next season, the first cloth will be set up and the second division will be ,... However, there are few counties and many guards, and Wu Bian cannot be publicized, but in the demonstration, the customs have not changed for hundreds of years. After the Qing Dynasty unified the world, the people should be "looked up to and deified", and the rulers should "read the six harmonies of life, all belong to the naked", and cannot "pick up the Miao people as aliens", ignore them, and "neither encourage nor teach,... Thus the people of Ruo fell into the Black Sea and saw the light of day." He pointed out that "there is no place where indoctrination cannot be done, and there is no place where customs cannot be moved", "The tusi clan should be subordinated to the people, etc., and the Miao people should be selected, so that they can enter the school, and the whole examination is integrated, and the whole is tribute", and put forward the policy of "culture and education" that is different from the military governance of the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty should extensively establish yixue in Miaojiang.
After Guizhou was rehabilitated and returned to the stream, Zhang Guangsi, Ertai, and Yan Sisheng jointly discussed the "Title of Request for the Establishment of Miaojiang Yixueshu", once again requesting the imperial court to set up Yixue in ethnic minority areas, and had the tendency to equate the area referred to by "Miaojiang" with Guizhou: "Although the province of Qianqian is in a remote area, the Mongolian Holy Dynasty has rested for a hundred years, the people's property has returned to alcohol, and the humanities are becoming more and more prosperous. ..., today... In the nearby countryside of the Miao people, a volunteer school was set up, and the scriptures were read in class, and after a few years, they were able to take the examination, attach them to the inland Miao nationality, and enroll them in one piece. ... Teach to learn etiquette and righteousness, follow Tao Shu several times, and then gradually achieve the effect of the same wind. That is why the establishment of the School of Righteousness and the teaching of the children of the newly attached Miao people are really the most important task to encourage miao xinjiang. ”
As a result, the Qing Dynasty issued many edicts establishing yixue. Volume 231 of the Imperial Political Codes, school 19, records that qing dynasty yixue is divided into three categories: Zhisheng Yixue, Eight Banners Yixue, and Miao Yaofan. There are 11 edicts on Miao Yao's Fan Yixue: 3 in Guangdong, 1 in Hunan, 4 in Guizhou, 1 in Sichuan, and 2 in Huguang. It can be seen that the Qing Dynasty has recognized that the main body of MiaoJiang has extended from Xiangxi in Hunan to Guizhou. "Yixue, especially in Qian Province, examined the whole book of political science, and in the forty-fourth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1705), he agreed to set up a righteous study in Qian Province, and ordered the teaching to be taught. Next year, the Imperial Book of Literature and Education will be given to all kinds of righteous learning, and sincerity is also important. ”
In the Qing Dynasty, there were about 130 to 150 yixue halls set up in the Xiangqian ethnic area. Among them, Fu Nai built as many as 50 Yixue schools in the Huanlar Mountain area. The areas directly under Zunyi Province, Duyun Province, and Anshun Province are dense areas of Miaojiang Yixue, and the newly established counties (departments), that is, the "Newly Opened Miaojiang Six Halls" area, and around the Ring Laer Mountain are another concentration area established by Miaojiang Yixue. The dense area of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty was an area beyond the reach of the Ming Wei Institute, that is, the "Sheng (Miao) Boundary".
The examination and approval of the layout of Miaojiang Yixue was extremely strict, and the departments and counties had no right to adjudicate, so the Governor of Daozhen submitted it to the provincial governor and governor, and then the governor submitted it to the Ministry of Ceremonies and the Fubu, and transferred the emperor's "Enzhun" and "Zhu Batch", indicating that the Qing Dynasty advanced to the hinterland of Miaojiang on the basis of yixue. The location of Yixue was also based on the garrison garrison of the army, which shows that the Qing Dynasty relied on the original military stronghold to promote indoctrination to Miaojiang with the help of Yixue. During the Daoguang years, Lin Zhaoyuan, the governor of Guizhou, strongly demanded the continuation of the establishment of Yixue: "Miaojiang in Qian province should handle matters such as Miao Ben, Yixue, tuntian and so on... After many years of military prosperity in Guizhou, MiaoJiang made it initially decided that it should do all kinds of things, such as Miao Ben, Yixue, and Tuntian, which were of great importance to customs, schools, and defenses, all of which were urgent tasks at that time.", and took Yixue together with Miao Ben and Tuntian as the basis for opening up Miaojiang.
To sum up, when the Qing Dynasty was not strong at the beginning of the founding of the country, it adopted the policy of "appeasement" to buy itself time to accumulate strength and prepare for the southwest region. When the Dzungars invaded Tibet and threatened to go south, the Qing Dynasty hurriedly carried out the "land reform and return to the stream" in Yunnan. During the Yongzheng period, the Qing Dynasty carried out "land reform and return to the stream" in Hunan and Guizhou, trying to avoid the disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty not fully integrating the Miao people into the management of the state and county, and to integrate all the Miao people into the same administrative system as in the interior. However, due to insufficient estimation of the situation, the Qing Dynasty had to rely mainly on force in the early days to "change the land and return to the stream", which inevitably brought about the phenomenon of indiscriminate killing of innocents. However, when Hunan and Guizhou completed the "land reform and return to the stream", the rulers of the Qing Dynasty strengthened the construction of righteous learning in Miaojiang, and immersed themselves in their own wenzhi martial arts and drifted away, not knowing that a huge crisis from Miaojiang was coming.
To be continued.