Exile, also known as exile, was an ancient punishment for sending criminals to remote areas. The origin of exile is very early, in the primitive clan society has appeared, the Qin and Han dynasties gradually formed a system, to the Sui and Tang Dynasty formally established as one of the five punishments (that is, flogging, staff, discipleship, stream, death), since then exile has become a so-called "can not tolerate torture, flow far away" more than the death penalty benevolent punishment appeared in the ancient history of punishment in China. It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that thousands of years of exile were abolished.
In ancient times, exile was divided into three levels according to distance: two thousand miles, two thousand five hundred miles, and three thousand miles. Compared with the crisp and neat death penalty, exile is to make people "live to suffer". Therefore, in the choice of exile, it is not only required to be remote, but also to have a harsh natural environment and unfit for life.
Map of Fangling
In ancient China, there were six major exile areas, namely Fangling (including Shangyong, Yunxiang and Junxian) in northwest Hubei, Hexi Corridor and Hetao in the northwest frontier region, Lingnan region, Sanya on Hainan Island, Qianzhou and Shudi Bazhou in the southwest, Mohe in Heilongjiang in the northeast and Ningguta in Hailin County. Among the six major penal colonies, Fangling is the earliest, largest, longest-lasting, largest number of people, and the highest grade of the imperial court and emperor in China.
The imperial nobles who exiled Fangling
Fangling's first large-scale exile began in the Qin Dynasty. In the ninth year of the reign of the Prince of Qin (238 BC), the Marquis of Changxin was accused of having an adulterous affair with the empress dowager, and Yan Yi was terrified and stole the seal letter of the empress dowager Qin to launch a rebellion among the soldiers. Xiangguo Lü Buwei sent Changping Jun and Chang Wenjun to lead the Xianyang soldiers to quell the rebellion, and the two sides fought in Xianyang. As a result, Yan Yi was defeated, arrested, and split with his henchmen in the city and Yi San. A total of more than 4,000 families of The Gate of Yan Yi moved to Fangling in vain.
According to the "History of qin shi huang benji", (嫪毐) the car split to destroy his sect. And its sacrifice, the light for the ghost salary. And the conquest of more than 4,000 homes in Shu, the family house tomb.
Concubine Yi was reprimanded, and Lü Buwei, who had the greatest merit, not only did not receive the reward, but was jealous of Yingzheng. A year later, Yingzheng dismissed Lü Buwei from his post and demoted him back to his fiefdom of Henan. After another year, Ying Zheng gave the book Lü Buwei: "Jun He is credited to Qin? Qin sealed the jun in Henan, eating 100,000 households; jun he was close to Qin? Known as the middle father. He and his family moved to Shu! Lü Buwei read it and knew that he would not be able to escape death, so he took poison and committed suicide.
After Lü Buwei's death, Yin Zheng sent tens of thousands of people from more than 10,000 households, including his family members, to Fangling. In addition, in the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shi Huang (222 BC), after the qin dynasty was destroyed, the daiwang was also exiled to Fangling.
Film and television drama Yan Yi
In the Tang Dynasty, Fangling ushered in an emperor with high rank and fame - Li Xian, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang, who is the Li Xian, who we call the "Six Tastes of the Emperor Pill".
Li Xian, as the seventh son of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and the third son of Wu Zetian, was made crown prince after the death of his two imperial brothers. After Emperor Gaozong's death, Li Xian ascended the throne as emperor for Emperor Zhongzong of Tang. Li Xianyong was weak and incompetent, and the government was controlled by his mother Empress Wu Zetian. Therefore, Li Xian reused Wei Hou's relatives and strengthened his own power. He promoted Wei Hou's father Wei Xuanzhen from Puzhou to Yuzhou Assassin, and wanted to be promoted to Shizhong (侍中) (侍中), but the assistant minister Pei Yan said that he could not. Li Xian said angrily, "I am with Wei Xuanzhen in the world, why not!" And the evil in the service! "Meaning: I can give the world to Wei Xuanzhen, let alone just a waiter."
When Wu Zetian learned of this, he was first shocked, then angry, and thought: This son's elbow is turned outward and cannot be reused. As a result, Li Xian, who had been on the throne for only 55 days, was deposed by Wu Zetian as the King of Luling and demoted to Fangling.
Li Xian, who was imprisoned in Fangling, still had a good life in material life, and he built a city and a palace in Fangling and lived like an emperor. However, the spiritual side was exhausted, and after Wu Zetian became emperor, he wantonly slaughtered Li Shizong's relatives and disciples, and Li Xian was frightened all day. Not only that, but there were also people outside who opposed Wu Zetian under the banner of "Kuangfu Luling King", which made Li Xian even more uneasy. Whenever Wu Zetian's envoys came, Li Xian was worried about abnormalities, and even wanted to commit suicide at one point. At this time, the concubine Wei Shi, who accompanied Li Xian, showed her tough and tenacious side, and she exhorted: "Misfortune and happiness depend on it, why is it always there?" If you lose a death, so be it! This means: there is no reason for good and bad to depend on each other, and if anyone has not died, why should he be now! Since then, Li Xian and Webster have relied on each other for their lives and shared happiness and suffering. Lee Hsien promised Webster that he would never fail her.
In the first year of Shenlong (705 AD), Wu Zetian was seriously ill, and the chancellor Zhang Kamzhi and others launched a Shenwu coup to help Li Xian restore him to the throne as emperor. Li Xian, who had ascended the throne for the second time, did not forget his original intention, and immediately crowned Wei Shi as empress, let her participate in the government, and vigorously promoted Wei Hou's relatives, while alienating Zhang Kamzhi and other heroes. At the beginning, Webster, who could share the hardships, could not share the wealth, and under the extreme expansion of the desire for power, he had the idea of being a second Wu Zetian. Therefore, she and her daughter Princess Anle poisoned Li Xian to death.
In this way, Li Xian ended his tragic life. At the same time, he was betrayed by the three women he was closest to and became a stumbling block on their way, which was really tragic enough. However, it is precisely because of Li Xian's legendary experience that he has left a wonderful mark for the history of Fangling's exile.
According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 40 emperors and emperors in the past who have been exiled to Fangling, including 16 emperors, 16 imperial relatives, 13 generals and assassins who have been exiled to Fangling, in general: Danjut Fangling has set a precedent, the Qin Dynasty is large-scale, the Han Dynasty is more princes, the Tang Dynasty is of high rank, there are many figures in the five generations and the two Song Dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties are gradually declining, and the exile of successive dynasties is special.
From the "history" and "natural environment" to analyze why Fangling became the exile of the emperor
First, historical reasons
Fangling has a long history, there have been human activities in ancient times, there are many Paleolithic and Neolithic cultural sites, is one of the important birthplaces of mankind. Successive excavations have unearthed Rabbit Concave Paleolithic Cultural Sites, Zhongba Camphor Cave Late Paleolithic Cave Sites, Yangbiling Neolithic Sites, etc. In particular, the Site of the Neolithic Settlement of Qilihe, with a total area of 60,000 square meters, a total of 74 exploration parties, a total excavation area of 1,864 square meters, found a total of 21 shijiahe cultural house remains, 18 Shijiahe cultural ash pits, 24 Shijiahe cultural tombs, 1 burial dog pit, 1 Sanfangwan cultural ash pit, and 6 Sanfangwan cultural tombs.
According to the "Chronicle of the Five Emperors", "[the Yellow Emperor's tribe] migrated to and from an impermanent place, with divisions and soldiers as battalion guards."
The emperor tribe did not have a fixed habitat, but migrated everywhere, and the pottery excavated in the Sanfangwan cultural relics in the Fangling Qilihe site coincided with the legends and documents of the Yan and Emperor periods.
At the same time, the Shennongjia area where Fangling is located is also the place where Shennong Yandi tasted hundreds of herbs and herbs and went on arduous expeditions to create medicine and agricultural civilization. Using Fangling as a special place can make the special emperors experience tempering and experience the hardships of the ancestors' entrepreneurship.
Fang
Second, the natural environment
Fangling, now Fang County, is located in northwest Hubei and belongs to Shiyan City, Hubei Province. Fangling is bordered by the historic city of Jingxiang in the east, Sichuan and Shaanxi in the west, Shennongjia in the primitive forest in the south, and Wudang Mountain, a Taoist holy place in the north, and is named after "thousands of miles, mountains and forests, its solid high tombs, and if there are houses". Fangling is surrounded by mountains, thousands of miles, and the mountain is steep, the middle of the Gaoling Basin is Fangling, because it is in the middle of China, both north and south climate, suitable for living, ancient "cornucopia" reputation.
In ancient times, the people who exiled Fangling were either imperial relatives, or general princes, or their close followers, these people were not heinous, and the court wanted to deal with them quickly. If they are placed in the capital, the so-called "bedridden side will allow others to snore", the emperor is not at ease, and if they are killed, they will appear cruel and unkind, and even cause unnecessary trouble. Therefore, the imperial court exiled these people to a remote and rich place that was not far from the capital, and Fangling was the ideal place.
After all, from the perspective of geographical environment, the inconvenience of entering and leaving the tomb is like a natural prison, and once it is inhabited, because of the suitable natural environment, it is like a paradise. Fangling as a special premises: First, it can block the connection between these once high-ranking and powerful people and the outside world; second, the superior living environment can also allow them to live with peace of mind; third, whether it is Chang'an or Luoyang, the distance between Fangling and Fangling is less than a thousand miles, so that the imperial court can know the dynamics of the special people at any time.
summary
With these two points, it is not surprising that Fangling was a special place for the emperors and nobles of the ancient dynasties. Using historical factors to make exiled people remember the vastness of the emperor's grace, and then using the natural environment to consume their resentment, people have to admire the wisdom of the ancients.