Jincheng National Treasure: The Legend of the Jade Emperor Temple of Fucheng (IX) Divine Skills
Text/Han Jing
Behind the work of the oxfork, there is usually a more oxfork creator hidden.
National Treasure Archives Name: Fucheng Jade Emperor Temple Address: Fucheng Village, Jincheng City, Shanxi Province Cultural relics level: national key cultural protection Batch: 1988 (third batch selected) Founded in: Song Dynasty
This time, the artist we are going to talk about is called Liu Yuan (Luan), a famous sculpture artist of the Yuan Dynasty.
1. Who is Liu Luan?
Liu Yuan, also known as Liu Luan (刘銮), was a native of Liu Lanzhuang, Baodi County, Tianjin.
This person was a sculptor of the Kublai Khan period of the Yuan Dynasty, born in 1240 AD, died in 1324 AD, and died at the age of 84, which is considered to be a high life.
He was very powerful, especially in painting and painting, and it is said that he reached unprecedented heights in the Yuan Dynasty and became a model for the time.
"Old News under the Sun" once praised his skills like this:
The statue of Kyoshi set up a statue of Liu Luan on the day of the Qigu, and the Xuandu Shengjing was built in the west of Hongren Temple, which is said to be a statue of Liu Yuan. The main hall is the Jade Emperor, the right hall is plastic Sanqing, the appearance is solemn, the Tao qi is deep, the left hall is plastic Three Yuan Emperor Jun, Shangyuan holds the book and asks sideways, if there is any doubt, a bureaucrat kneels and answers, very trembling, and all the people in the hall are shocked to listen to the serious. The look is moving, it is really a masterpiece
According to research, he once served as an offering doctor, so he was also called Liu Feng.
The "History of the Yuan" even has a special introduction text in the biography of Fang Ji lie, which shows the strength:
There is Liu Yuan, who tasted the Western Heavenly Brahman from Arnig, also known as the art of absolute art
II. Court offerings
Originally a folk man, he became a Taoist monk at a young age and traveled around; because of his love of art, he worshiped a Qidaolu who was in charge of the imperial court at that time as a teacher, and immersed himself in studying for many years.
This person is extremely talented and highly perceptive, and soon becomes a temporary character. In the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1270 AD), Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, wanted to build the Temple of Renwang in Beijing, and assigned this project to Anigo, it is easy to build a temple but it is difficult to make a statue.
So someone recommended Liu Luan, so that Liu Luan showed his Chinese painting skills in front of the royal family, and had the opportunity to learn from a generation of art masters Anigo, and thus learned some techniques of Western statues, especially Indian statues.
So, who is this Anigo?
This man is even more powerful, he is actually a Nepalese, and the family is originally a royal family.
Kublai Khan asked the guoshi ba si pa (the guoshi who created the Mongolian script) to build the golden pagoda in Tibet (Tibet), and it was he who led the production.
After the tower was built, Basipa was reluctant to let him go back, so he simply let him become a disciple, and was later recommended to Kublai Khan.
He entered China for 45 years, when almost all of Beijing's royal buildings were written by him, the most famous of which is the White Pagoda of Beijing's White Pagoda Temple; before him, the statues of the former dynasty came from India and became Han-style statues; he brought the Niporo method, called Sanskrit statues, which have since flourished in China.
In 2010, the World Expo was held in Shanghai, and the name of the Nepal Pavilion was named "Anigo Center".
Liu Yuan followed this master of art and learned a lot of exotic statue-making techniques, and his skills were great.
It is said that the emperor was very fond of his painted sculptures, and twice gave the palace daughters to make him a concubine, the official title of "Zhaowenguan University Scholar", the emperor traveled on a tour, and he must be accompanied by him, and Emperor Renzong even left an edict:
Unless there is an imperial will, Liu Yuan is not allowed to create statues for the people without authorization.
In order to remember his god-like statue-making skills, there was once a small hutong in the north of the right street of Ximenlifu in Xi'an, Beijing, which was named Liu Lan (Luan) Plastic Hutong, which is the former site of the Tianqing Temple in the Yuan Dynasty, and its painted sculptures are all from his hand.
3 Classics
Liu Yuanhuo is relatively long, and people also like to travel in all directions, so they have left footnotes and works in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places, and the more famous ones are Beijing Baiyun Temple, Guangji Temple, Xiangshan and Cuiwei Temple;
In Liu Yuan's hometown in Baodi County, Tianjin, there is still a Guangji Temple, of which the three major statues and the Dongyue Temple outside dongguan are all from him.
Of course, the most famous and largest of these is the Twenty-Eight Stars of the Jade Emperor Temple in Jincheng, Shanxi, and the preservation is really too good, and the portraits and animals are completely preserved, which is amazing.
Why is his statue so famous?
Speaking of this, everyone must be more strange: the number of domestic color sculptures is not small, only in Shanxi, there are still three Tang Dynasty color sculptures totaling more than 70 statues, Song and Yuan works are countless, measured in thousands, why is it that the Twenty-Eight Stars of the Yuan Dynasty of the Jade Emperor View have come out on top?
First of all, the statue of Liu Yuan has unique features in the technique; he has his own unique shaping process, commonly known as "off-the-job", the process is extremely complex, and the molding quality is naturally better;
Secondly, he had a broad vision, and at a young age, he came into contact with a generation of masters, perfectly combining Western occult techniques and Eastern traditional aesthetics, not only at that time, but also had a profound impact on the development trend of painted sculpture art in later generations such as the Ming and Qing dynasties.
What are the characteristics of his painted sculpture art? Twenty-four words only.
The shape is beautiful, the proportions are exquisite, the expression is divine, the connotation is infinite, the waist is slender, and the nose is westernized
5 Yuan Dynasty Art
In the Song Dynasty, the painted sculpture works have decorative meaning, but that is reflected in the treatment of clothing patterns, the portrayal of people is highly realistic, not to engage in illusory that set, so we look at the Song Dynasty Eighteen Arhats of Chongqing Temple in Changzhi County today and feel like real people, including looks and demeanor.
In the Yuan Dynasty, it was different, and began to shift to the five official directions of people, that is to say, it was less realistic, and even sacrificed the original physiological structure in order to express an idea, becoming more and more unreal, becoming a more pure artistic imagination.
In Shanxi, painted sculpture has a tradition of realism, and as a whole, it is relatively atmospheric; but Liu Yuan still realizes his symbolic meaning through freehand.
For example, in the Jade Emperor Temple of Jincheng, there is a portrait of the tiger, and the characters become resolute and decisive; when the design is made for the sheep, the characters are thin and loving.
The exaggeration of this appearance is deliberate, and it is clear that it was a very unique method of iconography at the time, and had never appeared before.
When the Mongols conquered Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism had a history of 500 years, and they could only choose to compromise and convert to the Sakya school at that time; the fifth generation of the Sakya sect was Ba Si Pa, who was later revered as a national teacher; and Ba Si Pa brought Anigo to the Yuan Dynasty royal family, brought the Sanskrit statue of nepal's Pala Dynasty, Liu Yuan invaded Beijing day and night, mastered this series of techniques, and from then on, such exaggerated statues spread.
Such statues are very different from the buddhist solemn faiences without character.
Buddha statues also do not pursue the realism of the five senses, the posture is cross-legged, and it pays attention to stability;
On the other hand, the twenty-eight stars of the Jade Emperor Temple in Jincheng are mainly "moving", which makes it stand out from the crowd in Shanxi, where the painted sculpture ocean is, and it is unique (Han Jing).
ps. If you see an interesting or favorite Shanxi ancient building, you can also send me, we pay attention to Shanxi cultural relics together, the great beauty of Shanxi, waiting for you to see 【Subscribe now To pay attention to the rare cultural relics of Shanxi and touch the beauty of ancient China】