Mr. Chen Yuan's "Supplementary Interpretation of the Yuandian Chapter School" summarizes the four examples of the school law, which is very concise. Now it is slightly deduced, and its examples are replaced for relevance and ease of understanding.
1. Proofreading
If there is more than one book in a book, it should be proofread against different books. For a printed copy, the same edition printed multiple copies, no matter how many copies are passed down, it is only one version, and naturally there is no need to proofread. If the same edition, the middle of the revised and supplementary edition, there is a gap between the front and back of the brushed book, what is the difference between the first print and the later print, but also need to be proofread to understand.
The method of proofreading was widely adopted by Liu Xiang when he wrote to the school. Li Shan's note in the "Wenxuan Wei Dufu" (文选· Wei Dufu) li shan note: "Customs and Customs" said: Case Liu Xiang "Beilu" '雠校', one person reads, schools up and down, gets Miao mistakes, for the school. One person holds the book, one person reads, and if the complaining family is opposite, [so it is known as The Chicken Also]. "Imperial Records" volume 618: "Liu Xiang's "Biography" said: "One person who holds the book, one person reads and analyzes, if he complains about the opposite, so he knows that He is also a scholar." There are no four words in the Anthology of Literature, "So Yue Yue Ye", according to the Imperial Catalogue, when there are these four words, the meaning of the text is complete.
According to the above historical data, it can be found that the proofreading of different books is carried out by two people, one person holds the book, the other person reads, and when there is a different text, it is marked. This method was still useful in the Qing Dynasty. After Zhang Erqi's catalogue of "Rites of Ceremony Zheng Annotated Sentence Reading", there is the Qianlong Eight-Year Jiyang Gao Tingshu Inscribed Book Reading Yun: "Detailed reading, Xu borrowed the strength of the male and nephews. Gai Ruoshi has also manually recorded it. It was applied to the board, and the nephews of Mei and Zhilu were ordered to survey, and then handed over. Each page is engraved, several pieces of paper are printed, and the two of them sing and answer each other, one by one, and they are not allowed to let go easily. This is the origin of the past called collation survey "chicken pair", "chicken survey" and "chicken school".
When we are doing proofreading, we don't have to sing between two people. One person can also proofread. Spread two books on the table, one as a working base, and when there are two different books, write down all the different texts on the work base, so that people can see your school book, just like seeing another book. This kind of work is called "dead school". In the past, there was no copying technology, you had a book that was easy to access, and people had a Song engraving, which was very rare, what to do? Borrow it again, use all the differences in red notes on their own books, including a line from somewhere to a certain place, a look up, a certain word due to the lack of a stroke to avoid the Song Dynasty, etc., must be written down, so that it is equivalent to having a Song Ben, in the past called this kind of book that used song Ben to die as "School Song Ben". Similarly, the school that used the yuan was called "school yuan ben", and the old codex was called "the old school codex". If the Song Ben, Yuan Ben, and Old Manuscripts are lost for unpredictable reasons, then the School Song Ben, the School Yuan Ben, and the School Old Manuscript have preserved the valuable old engravings and old copies. In the Qing Dynasty, Lu Yidian, Mao Jin's father and son, Huang Pilie, Gu Qianli, etc. all did a lot of such dead school work, and their school books were later regarded as valuable rare books by scholars, one of the reasons was that the ancient books were preserved. In the "Four Series" there are ten volumes of Mao Zheng's school Song Ben", the base of which is the Ming Zhengde Five-Year Zhu Yingdeng Inscription, Mao Shu uses the Song Ben Zhu Pen School, where the text is different, directly use the Zhu pen to change, the line is outlined with the Zhu pen, belongs to the typical school Song Ben, the "Four Series" photocopy, still use Zhu ink two colors, for us to observe.
If there are not many different books, you can proofread them one by one. If there are many different books, it is impossible to proofread them one by one, so it is necessary to understand the version system first.
The elaborate version system still needs to re-identify the various prints first, and arrange them in chronological order. Then carefully review the prologue, many of which have explanations for the engraved book. For example, the "Twenty-Four Histories" of the Five Bureaus of the Qing Dynasty and the Tongzhi Dynasty are mostly re-engraved according to the "Seventeen Histories" carved by Mao's Jiguge, which does not have much proofreading value. Among them, the "Records of History" is proofread by Zhang Wenhu and other fine schools, and has a higher collation value, which is different from the bureau engraving of other histories.
Through the study of the preface, the editions can be divided into several groups, each with an ancestral book, and the rest are re-engraved according to the ancestral book.
If the preface does not state the source of the original text, the relationship between the books should be clarified by proofreading with other books, and it is necessary to find out which versions are close to each other (i.e., the least foreign text). You will find that versions of the same system, even the strange errors are often the same, the same line. This kind of school should be dead school, meticulous, of course, only one or two volumes can solve the problem, there is no need to go through the whole book.
After the separation of the systems, each system finds the ancestral roots according to the era, so that the work of the school can be limited to the ancestral and ancestral roots. The rest of the books derived from the ancestral books are used as reference books. The so-called school reference book is to refer to it in the places where there are differences, and it will no longer be a general school work of word by word and point by point. Zhang Yuanji's "Records of History" is based on the Southern Song Dynasty Huang Shanfu Ben and the Qing Wu Yingdian Bentong School, and the rest of the Qing Liu Xihai Tibetan Hundred Song Ben, the Late Ming Dynasty Mao's Ji Gu Ge Carved Shan Suo Hidden Ben, Liu Chenggan's Shadow Inscribed Song Ben, and the Ming Jiajing Zhenze Wang Yanzhe Inscribed Ben are used as reference texts. Mr. Zhou Zumo proofread the "Luoyang Jialan Record", and the first article of the "Narrative Example" before the volume has a wonderful analysis of the source flow of the version:
There are at most inscriptions of the Luoyang Jialan Chronicle, including Ming and Qing engravings. There are three main types of Ming engravings: first, such as the Yintang Ben, second, Wu Zhen's "Ancient and Modern Yishi" ben, and third, the Mao's Ji Guge engraved "Jin's Secretary" benefactor. If the hidden book is not known to whom, the engraving seems to come from Jiajingjian (Mr. Zhao Wanli said that this book was carved by Lu Cai, a Changzhou person). The "YiShi" was originally engraved by Wanlijian . The two have different origins and different texts. "Jin" was published in Chongzhenjian, and according to Mao Axe Ji, it originally came out of the hidden version, but there were changes. Gai according to the "Yi Shi" this school reformer. As for the Qing Dynasty inscriptions, there are four types: First, the "Han Wei Series" compiled by Wang Mo of Qianlongjian. 2. Jiaqingjian Zhang Haipeng's "Xuejin Discussion on the Original" edition. 3. Jiaqing Wu Zizhong's "Zhenyitang Series" movable type. 4. Daoguang Wu Ruozhun's "Luoyang Jialan JiJi". The "Han Wei" is originally from the "Yishi" version. "Xuejin" is based on the "Jin" ben, and it is easier to have a small one. Zhenyi Tang Ben also refers to the two books of "Jin" and "Han Wei" to become ones. As for the version of Wu's "Collected Evidence", although the cloud is self-evident, it has also been slightly deleted, and all other texts that are different are detailed in the "Collection of Evidence". To sum up, although there are many copies of the "Book of Garan", such as the Hidden Hall Ben and the "Ancient and Modern Yishi" are ancient, and those who later engrave the "Book of Garan", there are no such two copies. Therefore, the two are the ancestors of all the engravings in the days to come. The school "Jia Lan Ji" should be based on these two, such as Zhen Qiu's collar, and Yu Is pleasantly straightened out. If you are extravagant and do not want it, you will be chaotic, laborious and less successful.
When summarizing the version system, in addition to studying the preface and proofreading the similarities and differences, we should also try to refer to the results of the predecessors. The achievements of the predecessors are generally manifested in the catalogue inscriptions, such as Qing Yu Minzhong's "Tianlu Linlang Bibliography" and Peng Yuanrui's "Later Edition", Zhang Jinwu's "Ai Ri Jinglu Collection", Wu Shouyang's "Baijinglou Collection Of Titles", Zhou Zhongfu's "Zhengtang Reading Secretary", Huang Pilie's "Yingpu Collection Book Inscription", Sun Xingyan's "PingjinGuan Collection Of Books", Lu Xinyuan's "Sui Song Lou Collection Book Chronicle", "Yigutang Inscription", Qu Yong's "Tieqin Bronze Sword Building Book Collection Catalogue", Yang Shaohe's "Records of The Book Collection", Ding Bing's "Book Collection of The Book Of Good Books", Miao Quansun's "Yifengtang Collection Secretary", Fu Zengxiang's "Records of the Tibetan Garden Group Books", "Tibetan Garden Group Book Inscriptions", Shao Yichen's "Four Libraries Concise Catalogue Annotations", Mo Youzhi's "Bibliography of the Zhijian Biography of the Pavilion", Fu Zengxiang's "Bibliography of the Tibetan Garden's Ordering supplement to the Knowledge of the Pavilion", Wang Chongmin's "Compendium of Chinese Good Books", Zhao Wanli and Ji Shuying's "Catalogue of Chinese Edition Engravings", Zhang Yuanji's "Collection of Prefaces to the Garden", and Chang Peter's "Inscriptions of the Book of the Yuan'an Group" are all of important help for us to understand the quality of the ancient book engravings.
In short, it is very important to understand the source of the version, you can be simple and complex, and get the essentials.
The falsification of ancient books is easily discovered through proofreading, such as the Old Book of Tang, which is transmitted to 146 "Li Bai's Biography" and the Ming Jiajing Wenren Interpretation:
At the beginning of Tianbao, the guest tour would be audited, and the Taoist priest Wu Yun was hidden in the middle of the sword. Alcoholics, drunkards and drunkards.
Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing Two Zhejiang East Road Tea Salt Division carved this work:
At the beginning of Tianbao, the guest tour would be audited, and the Taoist priest Wu Yun was hidden in the middle of the sword. Emperor Xuanzong summoned Emperor Xuanzong to the capital and recommended it to the dynasty. Summoned, he and the emperor waited for Zhao Hanlin. Bai is both an alcoholic, and a drunkard with a drunkard.
Mr. Zhang Yuanji took the Song School to know the interpretation of the book, so he found that the twenty-six characters of the interpretation of the book were very important, and these twenty-six words involved the major events in Li Bai's life. If it is not corrected, it will not be possible to find these twenty-six words, because the transliteration of the smell can still be read through. According to Shen De's subtroller, the Qianlong Wuyingdian inscribed version of the Qing Dynasty "Hezhi's "New Book" was used to verify its similarities and differences, the "Tongjian" and "Outline" were requisitioned to review its adjudication, and the "Tongdian", "Tongzhi", "Tongkao" and the fu", Yinghua, and Wenjing books were widely edited", and a lot of research and revision work was done, but these twenty-six characters were not found, and one still heard of the old books. It can be seen from this that obtaining the ancient carved old copy of the fine copy for proofreading is the most important and basic method of proofreading ancient books, and the school book should start from the edition proofreading.
2. Other school law
Chen Yuan's "Supplementary Interpretation Of the Yuandian Chapter School and the Four Cases of the School Law": "He who proofreads the law, use him to proofread this book." Whoeverse book is from the predecessors, the books of the predecessors may be proofread. Those who have been cited by future generations may be proofread by the books of later generations. Its historical materials are carried by books at the same time, and they can be proofread by books at the same time. Such corrections are broader in scope and more laborious, and sometimes this does not prove their error. ”
This is actually a kind of proofreading, but it is not a whole book proofreading, but a fragment proofreading. Whether his book cites this book, or this book quotes him, these sentences are still from this book, so they still belong to the proofreading.
Let's start with two very simple examples:
Zhang Yuanji's "Essays on the History of the School: Old Book of Tang": "Biography, No. 146, "Biography of Li Bai." We look up the Old Book of Tang, the 146th biography, which is the Tubo Biography, not the Li Bai Biography. Looking again, the "Biography of Li Bai" is in volume 140, and it is known that "six" is the error of "down". This belongs to this book to quote him, and we take his book to proofread this book. This error is not easy to see from the surface, and it cannot be found unless it is checked and proofread with the Old Book of Tang. This is the simplest way to do it.
"Literature Examination and Preface to the Examination of Scriptures": "Those who are famous but forget their books are five or six out of ten." This is to say that the collection of books in the Kaiyuan Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty when Ouyang xiu wrote the "New Book of Tang Yiwen Zhi" only five-sixths of the survivors, we can easily infer that this text comes from the "New Book of Tang Yiwen Zhi Preface", take a school is exactly, but the word "forget" is "dead", and the "Literature Examination" is mistakenly "forget". This is also a simple example of his school law.
Liu Wendian's "Interpretation of the Collection of Huainan Honglie" is a more authoritative annotated version of the "Huainan Zi", preceded by Hu Shixuyun: "Shu Yazhi's book, the most rigorous and law- The Tang and Song dynasties cite the Most Book of the King of Huainan, and the collection of annotations has not been prepared. Tao Fangqi was the most diligent, and there were still many omissions. Shu Yachu engaged in this book, and took all the books of "Shu Qian", "Zhi Zhi", "Imperial Records" and "Selected Notes on Literature", and all those who quoted the original text of "Huainan" and perhaps and gao old notes, word by word, were collected and compiled. After compiling it, it is read well and all of them are recited. Then take the original book and note it one by one. Then compare the similarities and differences in their text. If it is not different, it will be discarded. Those who are different in literature either make their gains or losses, or they do not care. Those who can be inferred to be cautious are clearly stated, and those who are suspected of not being able to understand are also stored for examination. Counting the book "Imperial Records", there have been more than a thousand. There are also five or six hundred articles in the Anthology notes. The strength of his power is so strong, it is advisable for his achievements to be unique. ”
Liu Wendian's method belongs to his school law, looking for materials from his book. But the work is hard and meticulous, and it is not easy.
Wang Niansun has outstanding achievements in his school law. For example, "Xunzi Persuasion": "In the middle of the hemp, it is not straight." Tang Kong Yingda's "Shang Shu Hong Fan Zhengyi" said: "The Book of Xun Qing Yun: 'In the midst of the pungent hemp, do not help yourself. The white sand is in Nirvana, and it is black with it. The Song Ben and the various "Xunzi" have no last two sentences, and the "Great Dai Li Ji Persuasion" is very similar to the "Xunzi Persuasion Study", and it is only "in the midst of the fluffy and numb, not to help oneself straight", and there is no second sentence. Tang Yangliang's annotation to "Xunzi" does not explain the last two sentences, and he knows that there is no original one. However, Kong Yingda quoted "Xunzi" to have these two sentences, and Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine" believes that these two sentences are words that should be there and fall off. Wang Shi said: "This saying is good and evil is impermanent, and only people are accustomed to it, so Baisha is the opposite of righteousness in Nirvana and Pengsheng Mazhong." In addition, these four sentences are commonly used in ancient times, "The Great Dai Li Ji Zengzi Made Sayings": "In the midst of the fluff, do not help yourself." White sand in the mud, and black with it. "History" Chu Shaosun continued the "Three Kings Family": "Transmission: Pengsheng Mazhong, do not help themselves straight. The white sand is in the mud, and it is all black. Sima Zhen of Tang believed that Chu Shaosun's so-called "Chuan yue" was found in Xun Qingzi. This shows that Sima Zhen saw that the Xunzi had two sentences, "White Sand". Of course, I think that the four sentences of the "Transmission" mentioned in the "Three Kings Family" are the same as the "Great Dai Li Ji Zengzi Zhiyan" (the only yan yi "Zhong" character), which is the "Great Dai Li Ji". The Great Dai Li Ji Zeng Zi Zhi Yan and the Shi Ji Chu ShaoSun's "Three Kings Family" are circumstantial evidence, while Kong Yingda's quotation of "Xunzi" is direct evidence. From this, it can be concluded that the Xunzi Persuasion originally had eight words: "White sand is in nirvana, and it is black with it", and the Tang Dynasty began to take it off. Liang Qixiong's "Brief Interpretation of Xunzi" has been added to these eight characters according to Wang's claims. Zhu Dongrun's "Selected Literary Works of Chinese Dynasties" and other literary history anthologies also added these eight words according to Wang Niansun's statement. These eight words have no basis for version, and they are simply discovered and added by other school methods.
"Warring States Strategy, Zhao Ce" has a well-known story, "Touching the Dragon and Saying Empress Zhao". Original text: "Zuo Shi touched the empress dowager and wished to see the empress, and the empress dowager was full of anger." Into the slow trend, to the self-thanks..."
Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine" believes that "touching the dragon" should be "touching the dragon". Its basis is: (1) "History of Zhao Shijia" as "Zuo Shi Touched the Dragon And Wished to See the Empress". (2) The Taiping Imperial Palace and the Ministry of Personnel cites this policy as "Left Master Touching the Dragon and Wishing to See". (3) The "Table of Ancient and Modern People in the Book of Han" has "Left Master Touching the Dragon". (4) Yao Hong's note on the cloud "a wordless book", indicating that Yao Hong's original words were originally written. (5) The Commentary on the Xunzi Discussion of Soldiers reads: "In the Warring States Policy, Zhao Youzuo Touched the Dragon." Among these evidences, the quotations from the Imperial Records are direct evidence, the Xunzi Notes are disguised quotations, and the Tables of Ancient and Modern People and the Records of the Zhao Dynasty are considered to be the same historical events. Yao Hong's notes can be attributed indirectly to the version of the evidence. Although there was no direct version of the evidence at the time, these circumstantial evidence was more sufficient and credible. In addition, there is also "the empress dowager is full of vigor and yangzhi", Wang Niansun believes that the word "揖" does not make sense, because the following says that the touch dragon "enters and Xu tends", indicating that at this time, the touch dragon has not yet come in, and the empress dowager has no way to shake it. Yuan Wu Shidao pointed out that the "Records of History" was "full of vigor and xuzhi", and it should be. The Commentary on the Collected Histories says that "Xu Yusuye" is the righteousness of waiting. The Taiping Imperial Records quote this policy as "Su Zhi".
In 1973, a large number of books were unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, of which a group of "Warring States Zhongheng Family Letters" happened to have this article, which was "touching the dragon", not "touching the dragon". The character for "揖" is "胥", which is exactly the same as the "Records of History". This completely proves from the version that the results of Wang Niansun's proofreading are absolutely true.
Judging from the above two examples, his school law requires extensive mastery of similar literature, including quotations and the same historical materials, so this method is very effective.
3. The Law of the University
The school law is to use this book to proof, and to find evidence within this book. It is required to master the grammar of this book and the rhyme to master the rhyme example. Read the whole book. Table of contents and text can be mutually proofread, annotations and text can be mutually proofread, and so on.
Let me give you a simple example: "Mr. Haining Wang Jing'an's Testament • Guantang Jilin" Volume V "Shi Tang Ji Lin Testimony Sequence", according to the "Guan Tang Ji Lin Catalog", this article is regarded as the "Shi Li Chapter Loose Evidence Order", stripped of the word "sparse", can be proofread according to the catalog. In addition, the "Testament" contains a volume of "Shi Li Shu Ping", which is also this evidence.
Here are two more complex examples. "Zhuangzi Deliberately": "Therefore, if the saints rest and rest, it is easy." Yu Fan's "Discussion of the Sons of Ping": "According to the word 'Xiu Yan', the word "Xiu Yan" was written incorrectly, and this work was 'Therefore the saint Xiu Yan, Hugh is easy to read'. The Heavenly Dao Chapter, 'The emperor and saint rested, and Hugh was vain', similar to this grammar, can be revised according to the text. ”
"Leaving the Troubles": "It is the age of the unwashed, and the time is still not yet there." Wen Yiduo's "Leaving the School Supplement": "Case: The word 'Juqi' should be mutually B." Above, 'Although he died nine times, he still did not regret it', "Only he did not regret it when he was a hostage', "He did not regret it at the beginning of the year", "He did not regret it in the beginning of the year", "He did not regret it in the beginning of his life", and 'he did not regret it', and it can be proved that 'he is still not'. Wang's note that 'the year is not yet over', and is interpreting 'Juwei' with 'not yet', it is the king who has not fallen. ”
Wen Yiduo cited the same grammar of the four sentences in the article "Leaving the Troubles", and then cited Wang Yi's note as evidence, proving that "JuQi Wei Yang" is "its Ju Wei Yang", and "Ju Wei Yang" means that Wang Zhuan is "not yet exhausted", which is a good example of the law of this school. From this example, we can appreciate that Wen Yiduo is already familiar with "Leaving sorrow", so he can use it freely and harvest it left and right.
4. Comprehensive examination method
We have cited three methods above, in order to facilitate the explanation, select a relatively single example, but in the actual collation practice, this is not the case, often all the methods are used at the same time, and it is necessary to judge right and wrong according to their own text rhymes and historical and cultural knowledge, which is called comprehensive examination. A qualified surveyor whose skills can be found in this method.
For example, in "Xunzi Jundao", if the lord wants to be good at shooting far and medium, he will be rewarded with a heavy reward to attract ,...... Those who want to be good and fast, a day and a thousand miles, hang the noble lord to reward him. ”
Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine" said: "'Those who want to be good and fast and far away', the Yuan carved Shi De Tang Ben 'Speed' has the word 'and' on it, and Lu (Wen Yi) has the word 'Uncommon' and 'Character' from Song Benyun. Press: Those who have the word 'and' are also. 'Speed' and 'Zhiyuan' are opposites. Speed is difficult to reach, and the road is far away, so only those who are good at driving can go far and fast, and if they are not said to be far away, they must not be read in conjunction with 'speed and distance'. 'Good at driving and speeding far away' and 'good at shooting far and medium' are opposite texts, if there is no word 'and', it is not correct with the above text, and it is also a proof. In the "Wang Ba" Yun 'If you want to be good at shooting far and medium, then Mo Ruoyi and Qiao Menyi; if you want to be good at driving and fast to go far, then Mo Ruo Wang Liang and The Father of Creation', the same example as this article, the two proofs are also. "Huainan Master Art" Yun: "The husband is loaded with weight, but the father cannot go far." The car is light and ma liang, although the middle worker can make the speed chase. ''Chasing speed and far', that is, 'and speed to far', three certificates also. The "Qunshu Zhizhi" has and characters, and the four certificates are also. Zhou Zumo said, "Reading this will lead you to understand the law of the school book." ("Collection of Treatises on Language, Literature and History: On the Method of Proofreading ancient books") There are various means such as proofreading, other schools, this school, circumstantial evidence, grammar, etc., which can be described as exquisite.
Excerpt from Du Zexun: An Outline of Philology, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 2001