Source: China Education News Network
In 1950, after the signing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, a climax of comprehensive learning from the Soviet Union was quickly set off in China. "Taking the Soviet Union as the leader and taking Russia as the teacher" became the goal of struggle at the beginning of the founding of New China. China hopes to use the power of the Soviet Union to cultivate its own scientific and technological talents. Therefore, as part of the ten-year plan for the development of science and education, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to send students to the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe on a large scale.
In 1951, China sent 380 students abroad, including 375 students studying in the Soviet Union and 5 students studying in Mongolia, and the curtain was opened on the climax of the first study abroad in New China. Since then, groups of students studying in the Soviet Union have gone abroad. Until 1965, after the return of soviet students sent during this period, they could be divided into three categories according to their different destinations: one was returned students from the civil service class; the other was returned students in the professional field; and the third was returned students in the field of national defense and military affairs. They have played a leading and backbone role in different fields.
The civil service is on the rise
From 1951 to 1965, the students sent by the party and the state to study in the Soviet Union, with the ideal of serving the motherland, after returning to China, some of them became civil servants at all levels from the central to the local level, making contributions to national construction.
Comrade Jiang Zemin, who went to the Stalin Automobile Factory in Moscow in the Soviet Union in 1955 as an intern, served as general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, president of the state, chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee, and chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, and was the core of the third generation of the CPC leadership collective. Comrade Li Peng, who graduated from the Moscow Institute of Motive Power with full honors, has served successively as premier of the State Council and chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Liu Huaqing, Wei Jianxing, Li Lanqing, Zou Jiahua, Qian Qichen, Song Jian, Cao Gangchuan, Zhou Guangzhao, Li Guixian, Ye Xuanping, and other state leaders also had a background in the Soviet Union. In addition, Fu Zhihuan, Minister of Railways, He Guangyuan, Minister of Machinery, Zhu Xun, Minister of Geology and Mineral Resources, Zhou Guangzhao, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhu Lilan, Minister of Science and Technology, liu Jiyuan, general manager of The Aerospace Industry Corporation... After the reform and opening up, more than 200 students studying in the Soviet Union have become leading cadres at or above the level of ministries and commissions under the State Council.
There are also some students who have taken up leadership positions at the provincial and ministerial levels. For example, Liu Zhenyuan, vice mayor of Shanghai, He Zhukang, governor of Jilin Province, Jia Zhijie, governor of Hubei Province, and Li Ziqi, secretary of the Gansu Provincial CPC Committee, are examples. They have all played an important role in their respective roles.
Dedication in the field of expertise
After returning from 1951 to 1965, students who studied in the Soviet Union played an important role in science and education, economy, art, military and other fields.
The first is the promotion of the natural sciences. During this period, the students who went abroad cherished the learning opportunities provided by the state, and after returning to China, they made important achievements in the fields of natural sciences such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology, and some representative figures appeared.
Field of mathematics - Gu Chaohao, Wang Zikun, etc. Gu received his Ph.D. in Physical and Mathematical Sciences from Moscow University in 1959, becoming the first Chinese to receive a doctorate from the Soviet Union. During his study abroad in the Soviet Union, he completed his doctoral thesis "On Some Generalities of Transformed Quasigroups and Their Applications in Differential Geometry". In 1959, after Gu Chaohao returned to China, he made new achievements and judged all the really irreducible linear groups that can be used as infinite continuous groups and fanatic groups, which were 5 years earlier than the relevant work abroad. (1) "Two bombs and one satellite" was a key research project of the country at that time, and Gu Chaohao took the lead in giving a mathematical proof of the wing supersonic orbit problem, which was 15 years earlier than the West. (2) On August 6, 2009, with the approval of the International Minor Planet Center and the International Minor Planet Naming Committee, an asteroid was named after Gu Chaohao as a tribute to him.
Field of physics - Zhou Guangzhao, Tang Xiaowei, etc. Zhou Guangzhao, a representative expert in the field of theoretical physics in China, worked at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow, Soviet Union from 1957 to 1960. During this period, he published 30 papers on elementary particle reactions, symmetric properties and weak interactions, and twice won a research grant from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. In 1958, the spiral amplitude of particles was first proposed, thus becoming one of the founders of the world-recognized partial conservation theorem for pseudo-vector flow. After Zhou Guang was recalled to China, he entered the Ninth Research Institute of the Second Machine Department in 1961 and engaged in the theoretical design of the atomic bomb, which removed some important obstacles to China's successful development of the first atomic bomb and promoted the theoretical research of the atomic bomb.
In the field of chemistry and chemical industry - Wang Fosong, Yuan Chengye, etc. In 1955, Wang Fusong entered the Leningrad Polymer Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and became the first Chinese student to give an academic report at the Mendeleev Chemical Congress in the USSR. At that time, due to the blockade of rubber development technology by various countries, 95% of China's rubber relied on imports. After returning to China in 1960, Wang Fosong was determined to solve the problem of rubber development in China. Through the unremitting efforts of Wang Fosong and others, China finally developed qualified rubber, which provided a guarantee for China's industrial construction and the research of "two bombs", and also laid the foundation for the development of the national defense field.
Field of biology - Hao Shui, Kuang Tingyun, Wei Jiangchun, Shen Yunfen, etc. Hao Shui, who graduated from Leningrad University in the Soviet Union in 1959, is one of the founders of cell biology in China, and he has published more than 100 high-level papers in academic journals at home and abroad, putting forward unique insights and revealing many new phenomena related to the higher structure of chromosomes and cytochemistry. Hao Shui pioneered two complete sets of Xiaoice wheat heterogeneous lines, laying the foundation for the application of iceweed to genetically improve wheat.
In addition, cybernetics experts Song Jian, Zhao Pengda and Tong Qingxi in the field of earth sciences, Jiang Yiyuan, Dong Yuchen, Wang Maohua in the field of agriculture, etc., wu Min and Qin Boyi in the field of medicine, etc., have made certain contributions in their own disciplines.
The second is the achievement in the field of economics. From 1950 to 1965, the students who returned from the Soviet Union made remarkable achievements in the fields of economics and made great achievements, and the representative figures included Liu Guoguang and Dong Fureng.
Liu Guoguang was admitted to the Department of Economics of National Southwest Union University in 1941, where he studied under the famous economics professor Chen Daisun. In 1951, he went to the Moscow State Institute of Economics in the SOVIET Union for graduate studies, specializing in national economic planning, focusing on comprehensive balance issues. He received his associate doctorate in 1955. At the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1992, he was an active supporter of the establishment of the socialist market economic system, and made outstanding contributions to promoting the reform of China's economic system and establishing and developing China's socialist market economic theory. His major works include "On Economic Reform and Economic Adjustment", "The New Stage of China's Economic Reform and Development", "China's Economic Trend - Macroeconomic Operation and Microeconomic Reform", etc. Liu Guoguang "is inclusive of modern Eastern and Western economic theories, has made extraordinary academic achievements, has made many contributions to China's economic reform, and is known as the representative of the relaxed and moderate faction of China's economic circles, and is one of the most famous and influential economists in contemporary China." ③
Like Liu Guoguang, Dong Fureng was also the best among the students who stayed in the Soviet Union. In 1946, Dong Fureng was admitted to the Department of Economics of Wuhan University, and the enlightenment tutor was Zhang Peigang, a famous economist who graduated from Harvard and the founder of China's development economics. In 1953, Dong Furong was sent to the Moscow Institute of Economics in the Soviet Union to study under the famous Soviet economists Breyev and Turetsky, and received an associate doctorate in 1957. Soon after returning to China, he became the right-hand man of the famous economist Sun Yefang. Before the reform and opening up, Dong Fureng created the theory of economic growth, that is, the "Dong's reproduction model", the theory of national economic balance, and the theory of national income, which had a deep international impact. After the reform and opening up, in view of the major problems in China's economic development, he published pioneering research results, representative works such as "Looking at the Market Economy with a Dialectical Eye" and "Research on the Reform of the Economic System", which has become an indispensable and important designer of China's market economic system. After the Cultural Revolution, together with other economists of the older generation, he put forward a new concept of economic development, breaking the outdated views that had long imprisoned people's minds, and reinterpreting the relationship between socialism and the market economy and the form of realization of the public ownership economy. ④
The third is achievement in the field of art. From 1951 to 1959, a total of 77 young students were sent to the Soviet Union to study music, drama, film, fine arts, sculpture and other art majors. (5) After returning to China, they taught and educated people, carried out art research, and promoted the development of Chinese art and culture.
Representative figures in the field of music include Wu Zuqiang, Guo Shuzhen, Li Delun, Yin Chengzong, Liu Shikun and so on.
In 1953, Wu Zuqiang went to Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory to study composition. After returning to China in 1958, he taught at the Central Conservatory of Music. Since 1978, he has successively served as vice president and dean of the Central Conservatory of Music, and has long served as vice chairman of the Chinese Musicians Association. In 1960, his symphony, The Hero's Psalms, was collected by the Soviet State Radio as a permanent music catalogue. In 1980, he wrote "Symphonic Fantasia - In Memory of the Warriors Who Died for the Truth", which won the Excellence Award in the first Symphony Selection in China in 1981. Wu Zuqiang's textbook "Composition and Composition Analysis" edited by Wu Zuqiang has been published in more than 100,000 copies in Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and won the 1987 National Colleges and Universities Excellent Textbook Award.
Lidrun went to the Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory in 1953 to study under the Soviet conductor Anosov, and in 1956 participated in the Hungarian "Prague Spring" music festival. In 1957, he returned to China and became the conductor of the Central Symphony Orchestra. Li Delun has been invited to Visit and perform in Europe and the Americas for many times, serving as a guest conductor, and has conducted more than 20 orchestras in Leningrad, Moscow and other cities in the Soviet Union. He was a judge of the International Violin Competition in Menuhin in 1985, a judge of the 8th Tchaikovsky International Cello Competition in 1986, a "Liszt Memorial Medal" by the Ministry of Culture of the Hungarian Government in the same year, and a Friendship Medal by Russian President Boris Yeltsin in 1997.
In terms of drama, leading figures include Xu Xiaozhong and Zhang Qihong.
In 1955, Xu Xiaozhong went to study at the Lunacharsky Academy of Dramatic Arts in the Soviet Union. In 1959, he directed his graduation internship play "The Tragedy of Optimism" at the Harbin Drama Theatre, and later toured Beijing, Shanghai and other places, causing a warm response, people's daily, Beijing daily and other articles of praise, he was also received by chairman Zhu De. His "Mulberry Plain Chronicle" is a representative work on the Chinese drama stage in the late 1980s.
The fourth is to excel in the field of national defense and military. From 1951 to 1965, China sent 800 military students to the Soviet Union. After returning to China, some of them transferred to the national defense science, technology, and industry departments or localities to participate in construction, and some of them continued to stay in the army, and some of them engaged in military education work. Many of them later became generals, and even leaders of the Central Military Commission, such as Liu Huaqing and Cao Gangchuan, who served as vice chairmen of the Central Military Commission, and they made great achievements in the fields of army building, military education, and national defense science and technology.
To sum up, from 1950 to 1966, China sent young teachers and students to study in socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe on a large scale, which was an important policy decision made by the party and the state under the specific domestic and international situation at that time, and an important measure taken to restore the national economy and accelerate economic construction, national defense construction, and the development of science, culture, and education. Students who go abroad are anxious about the country's anxieties, have a strong sense of mission and responsibility, study conscientiously, and study hard. After returning to China after completing their studies, they have played an important role in the fields of military, science and technology, economy, education, agriculture, culture and art, showing patriotic feelings of serving the country and the spirit of making meritorious achievements, which is worth learning from international students and even all intellectuals in the new era. (Shenzhou Scholar, No. 6-7, 2021, Zhou Mian, Director and Professor| of International Students and Chinese Modernization Research Center of Xi'an Siyuan University, Director and Professor of International Students and Modern China Studies Center of Jiangsu Normal University)
exegesis:
(1) Zhang Dianzhou: A Brief History of Modern Mathematics in China, Guangxi Education Press, 1993, p. 144.
(2) Yin Bangqi: "Brilliant Stars", Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, 2008, p. 101.
(3) Cui Keliang, Yang Zhaokui, Liu Guoguang: The Earliest Advocate of China-Oriented Reform, ed., China Economic Times, ed., Economic Memory (Vol. 1), China Economic Publishing House, 2015, p. 216.
(4) Lang Xianping, "The Death of Elder Dong is a Great Loss to the Economics Community and even the Country", see Dong Furong Economic Development Foundation, ed., Remembrance of Dong Fureng, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2005, p. 330.
(5) Zhou Shangwen, "Transcript and Reflection on the "Staying in suzhou tide" in the early days of New China", East China Normal University Publishing House, 2012, p. 204.
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