"The Biography of the Painter" ~ 384
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Zhang Xiong (1803-1886), also known as Zhang Xiongxiang, character Shoufu, also known as Shou Father, Trumpet Zixiang, Late Xiang Weng, nicknamed Mandarin Lake Outer History, Mandarin Lake Old Man, Mandarin Lake Old Man, Mandarin Duck Lake Outer History, West Wing Guest. Don't sign the Qinghe Uncle, and join the army. The room name is Silver Vine Flower Hall. A native of Xiushui (present-day Jiaxing, Zhejiang).
After the Opium War, during the Xianfeng period, and through the taiping war, the landlords and gentry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang all rushed to Shanghai. "Above the ocean path, the newly built room stretches for more than ten miles, the land is worth thousands of acres of gold, and the number of residents is no less than one million." When Zeng Guofan made a decision to aid Shanghai, he once said that "Shanghai is gathered by Suzhou and Hangzhou and foreign goods, and it can donate 600,000 gold per month, which is really anointing for the world." Literati are also great, and they are "anointed under the heavens" one by one. Zhang Mingke's "Trivia of HansongGe Talking about Art" records: "As soon as the sea was forbidden, the prosperity of trade did not pass through a corner of Shanghai. And those who live in Yantian are also here, living in expatriates to sell paintings. Among the painters who sold art in Shanghai, the early "three bears" were mainly "three bears", namely Zhang Xiong of Jiaxing Xiushui, Zhu Xiong, and Ren Xiong of Xiaoshan, Zhejiang, who were the earliest painters who performed art in Shanghai.
"Three Bears" two Jiaxing people, a Xiaoshan people, Jiaxing is closest to Shanghai, so in the first generation of leaders in the formation of the Haipai, Jiaxing people occupy the main position, you can know the power of Zhejiang people in Shanghai. Zhang Xiong is known as the "crown of shanghai yugong" among painters, as early as the Daoguang years, Jiaxing calligraphers and painters have traveled to and from Shanghai, engaged in the art of calligraphy and painting of literati and ink friends. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), Zhang Xiong sold paintings in Shanghai and practiced art in Shanghai for more than thirty years. Zhang Xiong was one of the first painters after the opening of Shanghai, he had profound artistic attainments, as the earliest painter in Shanghai, he was active in the painting world at that time, and his works of art were widely welcomed by the society, laying a solid foundation for the birth and development of the Hai School.
Jiaxing, a flower and bird painter headed by Zhang Xiong, formed the "Mandarin Lake School" (Mandarin Lake is Jiaxing South Lake) in Shanghai, which shows the large number of people in Jiaxing. According to the actual needs of the Shanghai market, the "Mandarin Lake School" flower and bird painting integrates a variety of painting methods, and derives a fresh, yanli elegant and popular small freehand flower and bird painting style, which is not only a strong force in the early Haipai flower and bird painting, but also one of the important sources of Haipai flower and bird painting in the heyday. They took The Crown of Zhou, Wang Wu, Yun Shouping, Hua Yue, Chen Chun, and Zhang Xiong as the leaders of the "Mandarin Lake Sect" and had many scholars. Through the form of apprenticeship and notation, he successfully promoted the painting style to students and younger generations of painters, and formed a force in the early days of the Maritime School, which affected the entire Maritime Painting Circle.
After the Opium War, Shanghai was opened to the outside world as a treaty port, and quickly became a commercial center under the control of the capital of the great powers, and the war between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Qing government also caused a large number of literati, rich merchants and artists to emigrate to Shanghai. The livelihood of the painters who came to Shanghai was mainly supported by selling paintings, and Zhang Xiong was one of them. He wrote in the inscription "Portrait Axis of Zhang Xiong" (Jiaxing City Museum) painted by Jiang Taiyong and Fei Yigeng: "The smoke has been everywhere in the spring and autumn, urging me to move my home to the sea. The war in his hometown of Jiaxing Xiushui was the direct reason why Zhang Xiong moved to Shanghai to sell paintings.
Yang Yi's "Merlin on the Sea", four volumes. Divided into four categories: Yiren, Yuxian, Fangwai, and Yuyan, it includes more than 740 calligraphers and painters in Shanghai from the Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, each with a small biography, especially the painters gathered in Shanghai in the late Qing Dynasty, and the bibliography is quite informative. The "Maritime Merlin" has a record: "Zhang Xiong, zixiang, nicknamed the history of the outside of the Mandarin Lake, Xiushui people." Yuhu is the longest. Gonghua, ancient beauty such as Wang Forgetful Nunnery, landscape and water power chasing the four kings Wu Yun, the pen is old. Shuzong Huang Fu Weng, intermittently wrote Lishu, Park Mao into the ancient. The collection of gold stone calligraphy and paintings is very rich, Yan Suo lived in the Silver Vine Flower Hall, into its room, Yiding scrolls, touching the eye. Mourning in middle age, no longer marrying. Good Kunqu, drink less and get drunk, sing and enjoy yourself. He died in his eighties. Muro Jong-jong can paint, listed in "Bridesmaid". ”
Zhang Xiong's wife, Zhong Huizhu, is a native of Jiaxing. Also good at painting, painting plum bamboo and coloring flowers, Juan Xiu is famous and famous in the world. Her affairs can be found in "Guangxu Jiaxing Fu Zhi", "Sea Merlin", "Merlin Today", "Jiaxiu Modern Painter Search Quan" and so on. After Zhang Xiong's wife Zhong Huizhu died early in middle age, Zhang Xiong did not remarry. Both husband and wife are good at painting, and there has been no shortage of people throughout the ages. And there is no shortage of husband and wife for each other to keep the festival, and the painter is willing to keep the festival for one side is not many, Because the painter's beautiful heart is higher than ordinary people, so it is generally lustful, Zhang Xiong can be allowed to be a strange man. Zhang Xiong's "Nongzi Haruhi Self-Titled Fifty-Year-Old Sitting Alone Picture Shadow":
Fifty years before his birthday, the frost on his sideburns is a few traces of newness.
I should be ashamed of my name and the hereafter, and I shall be married to a man in the end.
The livelihood is only thirty pipes, and the sorrow depends on a pot of spring.
Phi Tu Zhan plays with selfish joy, and it is rare to be at ease.
Half a hundred years of hua went like a shuttle, and the arrogance of the Yuan Dragon gradually faded.
Mitsuryu No, Ichiki No, Ichiki No.
Recite to the end of the sigh, counting the fame and fortune to the end.
But sit in peace and still have nothing to do, and one day is like two days.
In Tongzhi, the Qing court recruited painters, and Pan Zuyin recommended Zhang Xiong. Pan Zuyin's grandfather, Pan Shien, was a qianlong decoctionist, and an official to the rank of Taifu and Wuyingdian University scholar. His father, Pan Zengshou, served as an official in the cabinet. His uncle was Pan Shihuan of qianlong Yijiao. And he himself is Xianfeng's second year tanhualang, and he is also a big collector of the rich world. It can be seen that his recommendation is very weighty. However, Zhang Xiong did not resign, when Zhang Xiong was also past the age of hua jia, his heart was very different from before, he wanted to be more comfortable, and he spent his life with a mane painting.
Zhang Xiong's life before the age of fifty was very unsatisfactory, even if he was fifty years old, his hair was a little gray, and if he was praised in the future, he would feel ashamed, lamenting that he was passively used by others, and could only make wedding dresses for others. When you go to a rich person's house to paint as a doorman, you can only paint according to the wishes of others. The livelihood is not good, and I can only use alcohol to dispel my sorrows. There is very little leisure time, and I am busy with my livelihood all day long. It is already more than half a hundred people, and the pride of the year has also been consumed. The living conditions of his family are also very small, and he is very emotional whenever he reads the verses of "Lonely Me" in the poetry scriptures that express filial piety. Time is wasted, fame and fortune are less important, just want to live in peace.
Zhang Xiong's teacher was Xia Zhiding (夏之鼎), Xia Zhiding (夏之鼎字禹庭), The Dragon Valley (茝谷), Yan Suoju (燕所居曰 Snow Duck Nest), a native of Wu County (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu). Gongshu, painting, the first trip from Kunshan Tang Xiangqiao (and spring), all freehand flowers, birds and birds, refused to do. For his friend Xu Beihai to paint a dish map to give Yu Ji, Yu Ji was deeply pleased, and composed poems for reward, "that is, Qian Qi's self-written on it." It is said that the map is super wonderful, and the book is especially like Shouping, or it is said that its figure foot is the same as the Ming Dynasty Li Liufang West Lake CaiFu Tu Jie mei. "Yu Jiguan to the Attendant Bachelor." Together with Shao Jinhan, Zhou Yongnian, Dai Zhen, and Yang Changlin, he recommended the revision of the Four Libraries and taught the Hanlin Academy to edit it, and was known as the "Five Recruiting Officials". Moved to Bachelor's Degree. After Yu Ji returned, He entertained himself with literature and art. The nature of alcohol is high, especially good to lead backwards. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), he returned to Luming, but Yu Ji and Pan Yijun were called "Mr. Wu Yue's Second Elder"
The benefits of apprenticeship are first, it is convenient to sell paintings, and third, students have to pay tuition, so painters are particularly active in accepting apprentices. Zhang Xiong had many students, and after he took painting as his profession, he recruited a wide range of disciples. Zhou Yong was his disciple, his family was poor, he was fond of painting in childhood, he had the charm of the four kings of landscape and water, and he was already famous in Shanghai at a very young age, but his life was short, and he died at the age of twenty-eight. In addition, Xia Huashi of Xiushui, Sun Jieshi of Wuxi, Ge Tong of Cixi, and Pan Hong of Wujiang all studied from Zhang Xiong, and many of the disciples in this period became later "masters of the sea".
In order to facilitate teaching, Zhang Xiong wrote a class apprentice drawing, and there is a clear description of each type of painting method. Later generations sorted out the name "Zhang Zixiang's Apprentice Painting Draft". "Zhang Zixiang's Apprentice Paintings" arranges these paintings according to the seasons and categories, making the whole painting look particularly systematic and clear. And the painting method of each object as much as possible to use more programs to express, such as the orchid in the spring flowers, will be marked on the catalog "painting method one style", magnolia will be marked "painting method four styles", its drawings are very careful, so that beginner painters as far as possible more intuitive, comprehensive to understand the morphological characteristics of the painting object, whether in the processing of branches, or the organization of leaves and flowers, can grasp the distinctive characteristics of the object, so as to carry out a very vivid depiction.
"Zhang Zixiang apprentice painting draft" with more white drawings, combined with dot ink to paint leaves, and a variety of painting methods, which undoubtedly provides a good and convenient way for beginner painters, Zhang Xiong's teaching method is very scientific and reasonable, he classifies and summarizes painting objects, from simple to complex in painting methods, which provides great convenience for beginners, both can learn the painting method of a single body alone, and can be combined and matched according to their own needs, which can be described as from shallow to deep, very practical. The "coloring essentials" part of the painting score, after Zhang Xiong's student Chao Xun's collation, is very detailed, through learning to grasp the different characteristics of the objects combined with the color characteristics, it is very flexible and practical for beginner painters.
On the night of the ninth night of the first lunar month on February 12, 1886, the first floor of Langyuan on the Fourth Road (now Fuzhou Road) was accidentally burned. Zhang Xiong Yuzhai was separated from the first floor of Langyuan by only one wall, although it was not affected, but it was frightened, in order to be glad to escape the disaster, donated 100 yuan to the disaster relief area. He immediately moved to Pingheli, Nanshan East Road, Fuzhou Road, and between the walls of his new residence, he instructed his disciples to draw a huge stone to pray for peace. However, at the age of more than eighty, Zhang Xiong, who was diligent in writing, still failed to escape the disaster, and just lived in a new house for only a few months, and then left the human world, Zhang Xiong died at the age of eighty-four. Friend Xu Yuancheng Elegy Yun:
Before the autumn wind wept Han Xian, he learned to paint Nantian in the East China Sea.
In life, he knows only the golden stone, and the rest of the leisure is managed.
Zhang Xiong loves to collect Jinshi calligraphy and paintings, and has collected more than 10,000 antique treasures in his lifetime, famous for His famous Yilin, and he also carved seals, known as the "Crown of Shanghai Yugong". Zhang Xiong is the best at painting flowers, like the crown of Zhou, and the ancient charm is like Wang Wu. In particular, he is good at painting large peonies, and the giant mantle of Ping Shan is more and more powerful in order to find the ruler. His paintings of flowers and birds, grass insects, vegetables and fruits, figures, landscapes are very powerful, painting pays attention to sketching, and is also good at eight books. Flower and bird painting was also first taught by Zong Yun Nantian, and later became a family of its own, full of the atmosphere of the times, and highly praised by society.
Zhang Xiong's paintings are colorful and vulgar, and the works are elegant and popular, which has led a group of painters to be active in the painting world, then known as the Yuanhu School, which was a more popular painting style in Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou at that time. From its many students, the disciples have their own set of methods from shallow to deep, and their apprentices' drawings are more than 200 pages, which were printed by the Zhonghua Bookstore during the Republic of China period. Zhang Xiong also works on poems, and his works include "Collection of Inscriptions and Paintings" and "Silver Vine Flower Pavilion Poetry Banknote".
Lu Xiuhui has a song "For Zhang Xiongzi Xiang", a poem cloud:
Pu Jiangbin, hugging guests,
Mane painting a lifetime of sideburns like silver,
Whoever returns will know the king.
The Mandarin Lake School, the King of Paintings,
Melting complex and simple flowers.
The people who followed were amazed,
They are all Junjie people.
True wind forgets the machine Road Hua Xi,
Famous paintings on the sea.
Make no mistake in putting Peugeot into the song.
The smoke and rain are like jade,
The picture is not fragrant,
Sadly fallen flowers and red trees old.
Soya,
The new poem is far from this heart,
Strange lights red and green.