The first Yongdeng Local History and Culture Research Scholars Series Exhibition:
Yongdeng scholar Tong Xian: The former site of Lingju County is on the east bank of the Zhuanglang River in present-day Zhongbao Town
The former site of Lingju County was in the jurisdiction of Zhongbao Village and Tangtuwan Village in Zhongbao Town, north of the county seat of present-day Yongdeng County.
Lingju County was the first county established in Hexi by the Western Han Dynasty. There have been many scholars who have studied the ancient city of Lingju, for the site of the ancient city of Lingju County, historians have always said that there are different opinions, the historical research works and many scholars mainly have the present county town theory, the present Yongdeng county near the county said, Luo Chengtan said, Tianzhu ancient city said, Liancheng territory said, and recently there is "Han Dynasty Lingju County Ancient City Preliminary Examination" article put forward the Zhongbao town theory. The author agrees with Zhongbao Town and said that he would like to share his views on the administrative districts of Zhongbao Village and Tangtuwan Village in Zhongbao Town, Yongdeng County, which are the seats of lingju county seats in the Han Dynasty.
1. The ancient city of Lingju County shall be located on the banks of the present-day Zhuanglang River and on the east bank.
First of all, "the Zhuanglang River is a stream out of the plug." Historical research works and many scholars also believe that the stream is the present Zhuanglang River, and there is no doubt about it.
Secondly, in the Han Dynasty, Lingju County was originally Lingjusai, and there was Lingju County after Lingju County.
The Book of later Han dynasty and the biography of the Western Qiang: In the second year of the Western Han Dynasty (121 BC), Huo Went ill led his troops out of Longxi "to the North but the Xiongnu, to the west to chase the Qiang, to cross the river Huang, to build the Order Jusai".
"Water Jing Zhu · River Water": Lingju County "Han Wu Emperor Yuan Ding second year place". It can be seen that Lingjusai was established in 121 BC and changed to Lingju County in 115 BC.
"Water Through the Note of River Water" Cloud: Stream water "out of the northwest of Lingju County, outside the sai, south flow, west of its ancient city".
It can be seen from this that the old city of Lingju is located on the banks of the Jianshui River, and on the east bank of the Jianshui River.
The Book of Han and Geography records that "the stream flows out of the northwest, to the southwest of the county, and into Zheng Bojin". In Lingju County, the stream flows out of saiwai in the northwest, to the southwest of the county, and flows into Zheng Bojin. Wang Mang's name was Hanyu County.
From this, the ancient city of Lingju County in the Han Dynasty should be located on the banks of the present-day Zhuanglang River and on the east bank.
2. The ancient city of Lingju was in the north of present-day Yongdeng County
Han Dian Lingju entry: Ancient place names. The Western Han Dynasty was placed in the county, and the Jin Dynasty was abolished. Pre-cool reset, spin waste. The seat of government was northwest of present-day Yongdeng, Gansu, at the heart of the Huangshui River Basin leading to the Hexi Corridor. The Book of Equality: "Tens of thousands of people rode west of the Three Rivers to attack the Western Qiang, and tens of thousands of people built lingju on the river." "Biography of the Xiongnu": "The Handu River runs from the west of Shuofang to Lingju, often through canals and fields, and the officials and officials are 50,000 or 60,000 people, slightly encroaching, and the ground is north of the Xiongnu." The Book of Jin and Geography contains: "... It is divided into The Lingju and Zhiyang Counties of Jincheng, yongdeng County, and Guangwu County, hesan county." "Yongdeng County Chronicle" Yongdeng County History. Western Han Dynasty entry: "Expert argument, Lingju County seat near present-day Yongdeng County." "Yongdeng County Chronicle" Yongdeng County History. The last entry of the Western Jin Dynasty: Liangzhou Assassin Shi Zhang Huan restored Zhiyang County, and in the fourth year of Jianxing (316), "divided the Lingju of Jincheng, the second county of Zhiyang, and then established Yongdeng County, and the three counties of Guangwu County." This fully shows that "Yongdeng" is "Lingju" and "Zhiyang" two counties each took a part of the newly established Yongdeng County, Lingju County should be in the north of Yongdeng County.
Born in Zhenping County, Nanyang, Henan Province, the bachelor's degree signed by Sendypeng of Peking University published a paper entitled "Preliminary Examination of the Ancient City of Lingju County in the Han Dynasty" on 2011-03-26, which contained: "... From this, it can be determined that the county seat of Lingju is located on the banks of the Zhuanglang River in the north of present-day Yongdeng County." “‘...... It is divided into The Two Counties of Jincheng and Zhiyang, and the two counties of Yongdeng, and the three counties of Guangwu County'. It can be seen that Lingju and Zhiyang Counties are adjacent, and between the two counties, a part of the two counties has been newly established, and Yongdeng County is sandwiched between Lingju and Zhiyang counties. Located in the north of Yongdeng County, the Zhuanglang River in the Middle Fort Town Valley has obvious advantages, located in the south of the Zhuanglang River Gorge in Tianzhu and Yongdeng, the river valley is wide, the altitude is between 1800-2000 meters, suitable for crop growth, although the climate is dry, there is less rainfall, but it can be irrigated with the water of the Zhuanglang River ("Hanshu Xiongnu Biography": "The Handu River from the west of Shuofang to Lingju, often through the canal to the field officials, officials of five or six people." It is suitable for the development of agriculture and has the conditions for setting up counties. In addition, there is a Group of Western Han Tombs in Wangjiawan slightly south of Zhongbao Town, and Professor Chen Shouzhong of the Department of History of Northwest Normal University once found Fragments of Han bricks and tiles in Luocheng Beach on the west bank of the Zhuanglang River in Zhongbao Town, which can indicate that this place was once a settlement with a certain scale in the Han Dynasty. The author believes that the town of Zhongbao on the east bank of the Zhuanglang River is the county seat of Lingju in the Han Dynasty."
Reporter Zhang Xuejiang wrote an article entitled "Gansu Han Tombs Frequently Stolen and Excavated Pottery Fragments Can Be Seen Everywhere": "There are still a large number of Han Dynasty tomb sites along the Han Great Wall in Yongdeng, and the Wangjiawan Tomb Group is a large-scale Han tomb group. Lingju Sai, also known as Hexi Sai, is the earliest Great Wall built by the Western Han Dynasty in Hexi, named after Lingju County. Lingju was one of the earliest counties established by the Western Han Dynasty west of the Yellow River, and the ruins of the ancient city are near the present-day county seat of Yongdeng in Gansu Province. ”
Yongdeng County was newly built from the adjacent Lingju and Zhiyang counties, and it is reasonable to infer that the ancient city of Lingju was in the north of the present-day Yongdeng County.
In addition to the military fortress, the ancient city of Lingju should also be a place for training cavalry and breeding war horses
The Book of later Han dynasty and the biography of the Western Qiang: In the second year of the Western Han Dynasty (121 BC), Huo Went ill led his troops out of Longxi "to the North but the Xiongnu, to the west to chase the Qiang, to cross the river Huang, to build the Order Jusai". Huo's "Xiongnu in the north and the Qiang in the west" were all based on the warhorse cavalry as the main force.
Zizhi Tongjian: In the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC), the Hun river general Zhao Baonu went out to attack the Xiongnu: "The Hun river general Zhao Baonu rode out of the Order to live thousands of miles and returned to the hun river; to rebuke the Xiongnu, not to make the Han envoys, and not to see the Xiongnu alone."
Book of Han, volume 6, Records of Emperor Wu, records that in the sixth year of Yuan Ding, "he also sent the general Gongsun He out of Jiuyuan, and the General of Hunhe, Zhao Punu, out of Lingju, both more than 2,000 miles away, and did not see the captives and returned." It is divided into Wuwei, Jiuquandi in Zhangye, Dunhuang County".
Zhao Baonu commanded more than 10,000 cavalry from Lingju and made a long-distance attack, "to repel the Xiongnu." "It's still dominated by war horses.
The Hanshu Zhao Chong Guo Biography (Chinese: 赵充国傳) was a lieutenant and general of the Qiang Dynasty (137 BC – 52 BC), a native of Shangyi (present-day Qingshui County, Gansu) in the Western Han Dynasty, who later migrated to Lingju in Jincheng (present-day Yongdengxi, Gansu). He was calm and brave, familiar with the art of war, proficient in the affairs of ethnic minorities, and had a general, Who judged the hour and sized up the situation in the war against the Xiongnu, Qiang, and Qi, and won every battle, and his prestige was far-reaching, and he was crowned as a rear general. Therefore, the two han dynasties (丞相, 御史) recommended that Yiqu Anguo send envoys to Zhuqiang to understand their movements. Yiqu went forward and gathered more than thirty leaders of the Xianze tribe, thinking that they were all guilty of disobedience and disobedience, and beheaded them all. Troops were mobilized to suppress the people of The First Zero, killing more than a thousand people. Therefore, all the qiang tribes and Yang Yu, the Marquis of Guiyi Qiang, were very frightened, left their land, plundered other small tribes, committed Han border blockades, besieged the city, killed the chief official Yiqu Anguo and led three thousand cavalry to garrison the Qiang people as a cavalry lieutenant, to Haoqi (wei) (present-day yongdeng western region), was attacked by the Qiang people, and suffered heavy losses. An Guo led the troops to retreat to Lingju and reported to the emperor. It was the spring of the first year of the Shenjue dynasty (61 BC). ("An Guo, with the riding lieutenant, will ride three thousand tuns to prepare qiang, to Haoqi, and be attacked by the prisoners, and the heavy weapons of the lost vehicles are very numerous.") An Guo led back, to Lingju, to smell. Yes, the first year of the god lord spring also. ”）
Zhao Chongguo's son was the right general Zhao Ang,who led an army of Qimen, Cifei, Yulin Orphans, and Hu Yue cavalry to Lingju City. At the same time, the enemy also attacked to cut off the Han army's grain route, and Zhao Ang reported the situation. The emperor ordered him to lead the eighth lieutenant to join forces with Xiao Qidu and Jincheng Taishou to hunt down the enemy in the mountains and open up the grain road to Crossjin. ("Chong Guozi Right Cao Zhonglang general Ang, the period gate Yu Fei, Yulin orphan, Hu Yue horse as a support soldier, to Lingju, captive and out of the way, Ang Yiwen.) There are edicts that the eight lieutenants, together with the lieutenants of the Horse Riding Capital and the Taishou of Jincheng, will arrest the mountain captives and transfer to Jindu. ”）
From the above-mentioned Huo to the disease to build the order Ju Sai "north but the Xiongnu, the west to chase the Qiang." The Xiongnu general Zhao Punu "rode more than 10,000 people out of Lingju for thousands of miles and returned to the Hun River to repel the Xiongnu", whether it was the Qiang Lieutenant and The Later General Zhao Chongguo "must win every battle", "migrated to Jincheng Lingju", An Guo led his troops to Lingju and reported to the emperor, or Zhao Chongguo's son Zhonglang led the army to Lingju City, all of which showed that the Western Han court sent troops to occupy the Lingju Residence, the key chong Lingju in the Huangshui River Basin leading to the Hexi Corridor, where plugs and canals were built, and the officials of the Field were killed here. In the sixth year of Yuan Ding (111 BC), the Zhuxi Qiang tribes broke their enmity and formed an alliance, combined more than 100,000 troops, attacked Lingju and Angu, and used Lingju as a base for advance and retreat, "more than 10,000 rode out of Lingju, "100,000 combined troops attacked Lingju." It also shows that the battlefield is magnificent, the war scene is huge, and the number of cars, horses, and soldiers is large. This also shows that Lingju Sai was the political and economic center of gravity of the Hexi Corridor at that time, and it was also the gateway to the Hexi Corridor and the military stronghold that soldiers and families had to compete for.
The Zhongbao area is located at the boundary between agriculture and animal husbandry, is the exchange of agricultural and animal husbandry products in ancient times, Zhongbao is the camp for the training of troops garrison at that time, and the horse farm ditch is a good pasture for breeding, breeding and grazing war horses, and it is also the location of the tea and horse mutual market in the past. It can also be concluded from this that Zhongbao and Tangtuwan have endured countless wars of flames and wolf smoke and jinge iron horses, and have received generals and armies who have swept across the southern expedition to the northern war, as well as a large number of northern nomadic people who have migrated inland and settled inland, and people from the interior who have gone far away to make a living. It is also conceivable that this place was once a witness to the rise and fall of dynasties and the change of dynasties.
Fourth, from the function and distribution of the fort, field and flint, the ancient city site is located in the Middle Fort area
Inferring the meaning of place names such as Zhongbao, Tangtuwan and Machanggou.
The castle of the Han Dynasty had three functions, one was a battalion for garrisons, equivalent to today's barracks; the second was a station, which conveyed information, equivalent to today's postal service; and the third was a pond, which transmitted emergency military intelligence reports and messages, equivalent to today's postal service. From this, it is inferred that the middle fort was the old city of Yang or the military camp.
According to legend, the natural village of Tangtuwan Village, Machanggou, has been a place for officials to domesticate war horses since ancient times, and Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty loved the bao blood horses in that year, and the Han envoys cultivated domesticated bao blood horses in the machang ditch to pay tribute to the imperial court. The Song and Ming dynasties practiced the tea horse system, and hundreds of thousands of horses were imported from the horse farm ditch to the interior every year. In the Ming Dynasty, Tunken bred military horses, expanded horse farms, and made Tangtuwan and Zhongbao prosperous and developed.
Jia Wenli of the School of History of Capital Normal University said in her paper "The Defense and Strategic Evolution of the Han Dynasty in Hexi": "Tens of thousands of people crossed the river to build Lingju. In Lingju, forts were built, tuntian was relocated, barriers were built, and garrisons were placed, which enhanced the defensive ability to isolate the Huns and Qiangs. ”
Judging from the layout of the beacon.
The beacon in Tangtuwan is four miles away from the beacon in Zhongbao Village, and only three miles away from the Beacon in Xiaomachanggou (recorded in the Pingfan County Chronicle, but the flint ceased to exist when the new machinery factory welfare area was built in 1967). The spacing of this three flint is small compared with other beacon spacing, which shows that the density of the beacon in the Middle Fort area is greater than that of other places. The west of The Beacon Tower in Tangtuwan is 180 meters away from the Ming Great Wall. Judging from the geographical location of the beacons in Tangtuwan, the villagers have passed on the beacons of Tangtuwan from generation to generation because of the relatively close distance, and it is suspected that they are not the Beacons of the Great Wall, but the mounds specially made for the dragons when the ancients chased the dragons. However, the results of the inspection of the cultural relics department are still flint.
From the analysis of the dense flint in the Zhongbao area, it is inferred that the area was once an ancient city site.
Fifth, from the geographical location value and topographic and geomorphological characteristics, it is inferred that the site of the ancient city of Lingju is in the Middle Fort area
The administrative areas of Zhongbao Village and Tangtuwan Village are low-lying on the north, west and south sides, the foothills in the east, the barrier on all sides, and the flat land protruding in the middle. To the west is the Hanjian ShuiJinzhuanglang River, which is about 6 kilometers long and 2 kilometers wide from the Han Langpo to the Machanggou, and the east bank of the riverbed is a cliff about 5 or 6 meters high, and every one to two miles opens a channel to draw water from the river. To the east is a lofty mountain, a natural barrier, and the Great Wall of Han and Ming are built at the foot of the mountain. The Flint Cave Ditch is the only passage from Tangtuwan Village to Pingcheng Sai, but it needs to pass through the natural pass of "one person when the guan is not opened" ------ the "shore gate". To the south is the "Racecourse Trench", which must pass through a cliff about one kilometer long, only ten to thirty meters wide, and on both sides are tens of meters high, and pass through the steep slope of the Racecourse Ditch with a drop of 20 meters. To the north is the Han Langpo (present-day Fupo, Qingshuihe Village, Zhongbao Town), which is also a natural pass, and it is necessary to "go down" Langpo through the natural pass to the river valley to pass north. In the middle of the fort area, there are natural barriers and natural passes at the entrance of the shore in the east, ZhuanglangHe cliffs in the west, Langpo Natural Danger Pass in the north of the Han Dynasty, and natural passes in the south of the horse farm ditch and horse farm ditch, which can be attacked and defended, and the middle fort is an ideal place for establishing a military fortress.
Tangtuwan (now the seat of the zhongbao town government) is one of the necessary roads and key points of the ancient Silk Road, the Silk Road and the ancient yidao fork in Tangtuwan, the east road through the shore gate to PingchengYi, Songshan Yi, Peijiaying Yi, Gulang Yi north, the north road along Wusheng Yi, Fork Yi, Jinqiang Yi, Anyuan Yi to the north. Xiduzhuanglang River passes through Dashagou, Tongyuanyi and Heqiao to Xining. The construction of plugs and castles here can reach the purpose of one city management and three roads.
From the low-lying on three sides, the four-sided barrier of the mountains in the east, the topography of the flat land in the middle, and the necessary way of the ancient Silk Road and the three roads of the city management, it is inferred that the ancient city of Lingju should be in the Middle Fort area.
6. Inferences from the Wangjiawan Han Tombs, Tangtuwan Ruins, and some han Dynasty ancient coins, jades, faience pottery, crock pots, and other antiquities excavated by local farmers at the Wangjiawan Han Tombs and Tangtuwan Ruins and their nearby tombs
Many copper coins, pottery, jade, crock pots and other excavated ancient cultural relics found and excavated from the Ruins of Wangjiawan Han Tomb and Tangtuwan and the ruins of their Zhongbao area are enough to prove that the horses, woolen fabrics, glass, grapes, melons and fruits abundant in Western countries at that time were imported into the interior along this Silk Road, and China's famous silk and tea also arrived in the Mediterranean coastal countries along this road.
In summary, the author believes that the jurisdiction of Zhongbao Village and Tangtuwan Village in Zhongbao Town, north of the county seat of present-day Yongdeng County, on the east bank of the Zhuanglang River, is the former site of lingju county in the Han Dynasty.
Author: Tong Xi, a native of Tangtuwan Village, Zhongbao Town, Yongdeng County, is a famous local scholar in Yongdeng.