Due to the unique geographical location and relatively rich natural conditions of the region, coupled with the inclusive nature of the indigenous people, Xiangyang has repeatedly become the main area, important area of influence and inevitable transition zone for national immigration.
1 Prehistoric period: fusion of north and south civilizations
In the legendary Era of the Five Emperors, wars between tribes and tribes were frequent. Among them, the war of "Yu Zheng Sanmiao" was the most protracted, and the Lü Shi Chunqiu Summoning Class Chapter: "Yao fought in Danshui Zhipu to serve the southern barbarians, and Shun was more vulgar than Miao. This time, the Xia people's southward advance probably stopped in the Han River Basin. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, at the time of About Wuding, due to the strength of the country, in order to open up the passage to the south, especially the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, he repeatedly attacked the Jing people in the southern country. The tribes led by Ji Lian, a descendant of Zhu Rong, probably migrated from the Central Plains to the Jianghan region, including Xiangyang, and stayed behind. There is also a village named "Jilian Village" in Jinyi City, which is the best proof. Historians believe that it is precisely because of the "Yuzheng Three Miao" as an opportunity that the two major civilization origins of the Yangtze River culture and the Yellow River culture are closely integrated, and the exchange, integration and development of the northern and southern cultures have been achieved.
2 The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty: a talent depression
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Turban Rebellion triggered two major migrations, which seriously affected the Xiangyang area. Once, in 190 AD, Dong Zhuo forced Emperor Xian of Han to move west to Chang'an, forcibly moving millions of people westward; at the same time, there was a great migration of millions of refugees from Qing and Xu Prefectures, who escaped the forced relocation of Dong Zhuo's army and moved south, and the population of present-day western Shanxi and Henan moved in large numbers to the area of Jingzhou (Zhi Xiangyang). The second occurred in 192 AD, after Wang Yun killed Dong Zhuo, causing chaos in Guanzhong and causing hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee Guanzhong. Some of them moved south out of The Qinling Mountains wuguan through the Nanyang Basin into the Xiangyang area.
During the two southward migrations at that time, a large number of refugees from Heluo and Chang'an, especially people of insight, came to the political environment of the prosperity of the Jingxiang region and the political environment of Jingzhou Mu Liu Biao to protect the border and the people. The Book of later Han and the biography of Liu Biao record that thousands of returnees from Guanxi, Yan, and Yu gathered in Jingzhou, making Xiangyang, the capital of Jingzhou, replace Luoyang and become the academic center of the whole country. According to the "Guan Gai Shan" article of the "Class Theory": "At the end of the Han Dynasty, there were four county guards, seven lieutenants, two qing, two waiters, one yellow door waiter, three shangshu, and six thorns, And Zhu Xuan gao gai would go down the mountain, because the name was guan gai mountain. So many important courtiers gathered in Xiangyang, and their residences,"Zhu Xuan Biaohui and Hua gai Lianyan", were all high-gate households on the hundred-mile road from Xiangyang Da Shou Shan South to Yicheng. Imagine what a large number of immigrants from Luoyang, Kyoto, to Xiangyang.
The biggest feature of this migration is the influx of high-quality talents, which once made Xiangyang a depression to attract talents from all over the country. Liu Biao was from Gaoping, Shandong, so a large number of Shandong people moved in at that time. For example, Wang Cang, Wang Kai's brothers, and Wang Shuhe, a Jin taiyi who later settled in Xiangyang, were all From Gaoping. There are also Zhuge Liang and others, who are also from Shandong. Other famous figures include: ancient classicist, Yingchuan sima hui and Zhangling man Song Zhong, musician and Henan du kui, Yingchuan man Xu Shu, etc., all of whom are a generation of junjie and social elites. During the nearly two decades that Liu Biao ruled Jingzhou, immigrants living in Xiangyang had a profound impact on Xiangyang's native culture.
3 Two Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: "Overseas Chinese" flowed in
The wars during the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty led to a large-scale southward migration of the northern population, forcing the people of the west to cross the Qinling Mountains into the Hanshui River Basin, and the Xiangyang area was one of its main places of migration.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the constant war in the Guanzhong region, a large number of displaced people from Qin and Yong moved south to the Xiangyang area. Because the number of immigrants exceeded that of the natives, the imperial court had no choice but to adopt administrative measures for overseas Chinese prefectures, counties, and counties in Xiangyang (the so-called overseas Chinese prefectures, counties, and counties refers to the eastern Jin Dynasty rulers in order to control the overseas Chinese, that is, to move south, and also to safeguard the interests of the overseas Chinese surnames, in the places where overseas Chinese are more concentrated, temporarily borrowed the land to place the administrative organs of the prefectures, counties, and counties where overseas Chinese are from which they were originally from, and still use the old name, called Qiao Prefecture, Qiao County, and Qiao County, referred to as "Qiao Prefecture" or "Qiao Li"). Until the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty, the present-day Xiangfan area was divided into 13 counties and 35 counties, of which 9 were qiao counties, 18 were qiao counties, and the number of overseas counties exceeded that of indigenous counties. Immigrants from the northwest are already far more numerous than the locals. Moreover, most of the immigrants later settled down, so it can be said that the ancestral homes of many Xiangyang people today belong to the northwest of Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and other regions.
Judging from the examples of immigrants, the Kang surname of Xiangyang comes from the northwest. During the Han Dynasty, he lived in the northwest of Dawan and the north of the Dayue clan, and moved from Longxi to the northwest during the Western Jin Dynasty. During the early Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty (420-422 AD), Kang Mu led more than 3,000 families of the township to move to the south of Xiangyang Da Nang Mountain (now Oumiao still has Kangwan Village), and the imperial court set up Huashan County (in the territory of Yicheng). Kang Mu's sons Yuan Long and Yuan Fu were successively elected by immigrants as Huashan Taishou. In the first year of the Southern Dynasty Qi Yongyuan, when Kang Xuan raised troops to respond to Xiao Yan (The Yongzhou Assassin History of Southern Qi's rule of Xiangyang, from Xiangyang to rebel against Qi, Emperor Wu of Liang of the Liang Dynasty) could dispatch "three thousand brave and two hundred and fifty private horses". It can be seen that the breeding ability of the Kang clan after moving into Xiangyang is very strong. The author has consulted the descendants of the Kang clan, who also call their ancestors the people of the Western Regions. Du Fu's ancestors, the du family,' moved south to Xiangyang, which also occurred during this period. Du Shi's ancestor Du Xun moved to Xiangyang with the Jin Dynasty at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This is also the reason why Du Fu and his grandfather Du Zhenyan both called themselves Xiangyang people.
The great migration during the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties lasted for more than a hundred years, and if the rest of the waves are counted, it is as long as nearly 300 years. However, the route of the southern migration of northern immigrants has always been from Guanzhong to the Qinling Mountains through the Hanzhong Basin down the Han River, and finally gathered in xiangyang. Although there are not a few people who continue to go south, according to the analysis of relevant data, there are no less than hundreds of thousands of immigrants flowing into the Xiangyang area, so that the population moving in is more than the indigenous people.
4 Tang Dynasty: War leads to immigration
The reason for the tang dynasty's migration to the Xiangyang region was mainly because of the Anshi Rebellion, and the Anshi rebels never crossed the Line of the Hanshui Huai River. South of Jianghuai won relative tranquility, thus accepting countless refugees from the south.
Shi Zai: "The people of Tokyo were horrified and scattered to the valley; the officials who stayed behind cui yuan and Yin Suzhen in Henan ran south to Xiang (Yang) and Deng (zhou), and all the festivals collapsed and returned to the town. "The most famous high-ranking official who moved south to Xiangyang was Liu Yan, who was a native of Caozhou, Shandong. He successively held the position of shangshu and other positions, and was a famous financial manager in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Yan was talented and famous, and was hand-picked by Tang Xuanzong to join the army. In the "Three Character Classic" that we are familiar with, "Tang Liuyan, Fang is seven years old, raising a prodigy..." It is he who is said. In the late Tang Dynasty, there was also a celebrity named Duan Chengshi who moved into Xiangyang, and his "Youyang Miscellaneous Tricks" is a marvel of ancient Chinese literature, and there is still a Duan family camp in Yicheng today, which is a descendant of the Duan clan according to preliminary research. However, due to the expansion of the scale of the war, the Xiangdeng area also lit a beacon, which caused the people around Xiangyang to be involved in a great tide of immigration, and the "two capitals" and "Xiang and Deng people" who had already moved into Xiangyang fled south one after another. In the first year of Guangde, Tubo took advantage of the void to capture Hexi and Longyou, and in September attacked Chang'an. Emperor Daizong fled. Officials and civilians and scattered soldiers fled into the Qin mountains, and some of them fled down the Han River Valley into Xiangyang.
The number of northern migrants who migrated south during the Anshi Rebellion was greater than 2.5 million, and no less than 100,000 refugees in the Xiangyang area. At that time, the population of Jingxiang increased dramatically, according to the Old Book of Tang and Geography: "Jingnan Jingyi, ten times more than the beginning." In the late Tang Dynasty, the "people of Nandu" were already the main body of xiangyang's population.
5 Song Dynasty: Administrative Immigration
Due to the wars at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period, the economic and demographic conditions of the Xiangyang area were seriously damaged. Until the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the sparse population in Xiangyang and Tang and Deng areas could not be fundamentally changed. The three dynasties of Song Taizong, Zhenzong, and Renzong all issued edicts requiring exiles from Tang, Deng, Ru, Xiang, and other prefectures to return to their hometowns and persuade the peasants to reclaim the land, which should be regarded as an administrative migration. In the seventh year of Tiansheng, a famine broke out in the Khitan and a large number of hungry people from the border flowed into the Song Realm, and the imperial court ordered hubei to transfer envoys, "ordering them to be sent to Tang, Deng, Xiang, and Ruzhou, and to be treated with idle fields, and ordered the people who passed by to give rice two liters."
At the end of the first year of Jing Kang, the Jin army captured Kaifeng, which led to a large-scale southward migration of refugees from the north, which exceeded the scale of the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Anshi Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty.
In November of the first year of Jing Kang, the Jin soldiers forced Kaifeng, and along the way the officials abandoned the city and fled, and the people abandoned their homes to avoid chaos. Shi Zai: "The shi clan carries the old to the young, and the escapee of Shi Ru, Ying, Xiang, and Deng is unknown. When Gucheng Jinshi Wangwang returned to his hometown, "when they met and visited the old, they did not meet once in ten hundred", and he could not help but sigh that "there are no new people, often they all live in the apartment". It can be seen that the number of indigenous people has declined significantly, and immigrants have become the main part of the local population.
After the Song and Mongols jointly destroyed the Gold, there was another wave of northerners moving south. For example, The Zizhou people Yang Hongdao (known as poems and Yuan Haoqing, as the giants of the north), the Pingzhou people Wang Yuanpu (famous poets), and Han Ruohuan (famous painters) all avoided the chaos in Xiangyang at this time. In the fourth year of Shaoding, there were hundreds of northern rioters living in Jiuhua Temple in Xiangyang Province, and hundreds of rioters were left in one temple, so the number of rioters accommodated in the whole xiangyang city and the entire southwest Beijing Road can be imagined.
6 Ming Dynasty: Displaced People Movement
In the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, the Red Army of Southern and Northern Zhuo revolted with Xiangyang as the base, once again making the Xiangyang area a sparsely populated area. Zhu Yuanzhang once "ordered Deng Yu to use large soldiers to eliminate them, empty the land, forbid the displaced people, and not allow them to enter." It is precisely because of Zhu Yuanzhang's open space policy that the Xiangyang area has not become a widely involved area of Hongwu's immigration. Therefore, until the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, the population of Xiangyang area has not been effectively replenished, and the entire Xiangyang Province has 86,878 people, plus the military population, a total of more than 130,000 people.
In the first few decades of the displaced people's entry, the Xiangyang area was relatively calm. As the population of displaced persons increases, civil disputes and conflicts increase.
By the Hongzhi period, the movement of displaced people in the Jingxiang area had a tendency to expand. The court's solution was: I hope that "those who are attached to the family should give the reason." From the second year of Chenghua to Hongzhi, a total of 920,000 displaced people were resettled twice. Subtracting some of the people in the surrounding areas such as Yunyang Province, the number of people in the Xiangyang area should be between 600,000 and 700,000. The many cottages in the mountains of Nanzhang, Baokang and Gucheng that we can see today are the products of the vagrants who confused Jingxiang in those years.
7 Qing Dynasty: Merchants flocked to the scene
The emigration of Xiangyang in the Qing Dynasty mainly came from two aspects. First, the early Qing Dynasty continued the ming dynasty's displaced people, and second, because of the prosperity brought by the three dynasties of Kang Yongqian, a large number of merchants from the north and south who migrated to Xiangyang.
The change of dynasty from the Ming to the Qing did not quickly change the problem of displaced people who plagued Jingxiang. The Xiangyang area is still the most concentrated area of the displaced people's movement. We can only glimpse the seriousness of the problem of the displaced people in Xiangyang from a few official documents written by Yu Sen, a senator of the Huguang Political Department collected in the Kangxi Dynasty's "Desert Politics Series": First, the number of displaced people at that time was mentioned in many places: the displaced people "came from afar to Xiangjing." Since the summer, there have been more and more. Yesterday, I read the lists produced by the states and counties, which were ten times more than in the summer. And there are those who continue day by day, and those who have not yet reached the book." Every day, about 10,000 people have food "for relief." Even the booklets reported to the province had just been received, "those who continued to come, and more than 10,000 people", "28,800 stones in the valley to save 40,000 displaced people", "Illuminated in the vast and sparsely populated areas, most of the wasteland, the hungry people from other provinces, no less than tens of thousands". The second is the helplessness of the local government, which has the following words in the notice exhorting the starving people: "Now that the government intends to provide relief, the government does not have such an unhindered rice valley; if it is intended to persuade the local government, there are no rich households in Xiangyang; unless it is expected that the official government, the official government of Nai, will be desolation." This dao only receives more than thirty taels of silver every year. Hondo hesitated again and again, restless day and restless at night. Because of the fear of causing a riot among the displaced people, Hu Guangbu's political secretary once asked the imperial court three times to open a warehouse and release relief, even at the expense of "cutting first and playing later." The Huguangbu Political Department was the highest administrative organ in the Two Lakes region of the Qing Dynasty, and in the face of displaced people, it did not dare to suppress it, nor was it powerless to care for it.
With the prosperity brought by Kang Yongqian, due to the transportation advantages of Xiangyang, merchants from all over the north and south have been attracted to come. Most of the Fancheng guild halls were built in the Kangqian period, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were as many as nineteen. The traffic advantages of Xiangyang South Ship North Horse were truly reflected in this period. Porcelain, tea, silk in the south, leather goods, vinegar, various medicinal herbs in the north, etc., gathered in Xiangfan, an ancient wharf on the Han River, making Xiangyang an important material distribution center, such as printing and dyeing, salt industry, cloth, shoe industry, sewing, etc., which also attracted a large number of craftsmen from all over the world. The entire Fancheng Linjiang area has become a living area for merchants and craftsmen in the north and south, and Chen LaoXiang, which is still basically intact, is a living witness. With the saturation of the Xiangyang market, their compatriots scattered to the counties. For a time, almost all handicraft workshops and businesses in Xiangyang's urban areas and counties were opened by immigrants. They brought advanced skills and commercial culture from their respective origins, thus laying the foundation for industry and commerce in modern Xiangfan.