(1) Jinsha ruins and the Enlightened Dynasty
In 2001, the Jinsha site on the western outskirts of Chengdu was discovered. From that moment on, archaeologists have associated it with the Sanxingdui culture. A bronze statue of a small standing figure (2001cqjc:17) was unearthed at the site, with gestures such as holding utensils, and the style of the shape is very similar to that of the Sanxingdui bronze standing figure.
Bronze statue (from the Sands Museum)
The portrait consists of two parts, a standing person and a plug-in connected from top to bottom. The upper stand is 14.6 cm high, the lower insert is 5 cm high, the pass height is 19.6 cm, and the weight is 641 grams. A ring of hats is worn on the head, and thirteen curved mangs rotate counterclockwise along the rim of the hat ring, like the rays of the sun. Compared with the Sanxingdui bronze Da LiRen, the bronze Xiao Li Figure of Jinsha is smaller in size, its hairstyle is braided, and the clothes are relatively simple single-layer medium-long clothes, with a belt around the waist and a short staff pinned (see "Jinsha Taozhen: Cultural Relics Excavated from the Jinsha Village Site in Chengdu City" edited by the Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology).
Jinsha culture, that is, the enlightened Shu kingdom called by Yang Xiong's "Benji of the King of Shu". Enlightenment, the transliteration of "kaun-mi". The ancient pronunciation of the words Kai and Kun is relatively close, the ming and mi are double sounds, but the pronunciation of the rhyme part is slightly farther. However, this variation of the dialect is a common phenomenon in languages, such as the word "eye", the Qiang Taoping dialect is pronounced mi55, the Shu dialect is pronounced min55, and the Memba dialect is pronounced ming. In other words, the word "enlightened", like "gaomi", can be regarded as meaning "kaun-mi".
(2) Xia Shi Sankang
In the "History of Xia Benji", the King of Xia had three people: Taikang, Zhongkang, and Shaokang. Among them, Taikang and Zhongkang are not found in the pre-Qin literature. Although the "Zuo Zhuan" and "Chu Ci" record the matter of less than the restoration of the country, according to the "Chinese Lu Yushang" Lu Dafu Zhan Fowl (that is, Liu Xia Hui), it is known that the person who completed the great cause of ZTE is actually a posthumous. Cui Shu's "Letters of Xia Kao" Volume II:
Qing Cui wrote the "Testament of Cui Dongbi"
Yu hou was seen in the biographer, Yue Qi, Yue Xiang, Yue Zhu, Yue Gao, all of which are also known by their names. Ancient and simple, so they are all famous works, and there is no difference. However, Taikang and Shaokang are not like names but like numbers, and I don't know why the second queen is uniquely manifested? And Taikang lost the country, Shaokang Zhongxing, the sages are different, the generations are also separated, and I don't know why they are called "Kang" also. Zhongkang is found in the "Records of History", when it is not false, why is it also along the "Kang" number, and "Zhong" is different?
In 1936, Gu Jiegang and Tong Shuye co-authored the "Three Treatises on the History of Xia", proposing that Shaokang and Taikang were both Qi's differentiation, and pointed out that the key to answering Cui Shuzhi's question was to know the meaning of the word "Kang" (see the seventh volume of the Ancient History Discernment). The author believes that Taikang, Zhongkang and Shaokang refer to three periods, Taikang is the Yuxia period before the destruction of Sanxingdui, Shaokang is the post-Zhu period after the rise of the Jinsha civilization, and Zhongkang refers to the transition period between the destruction of Sanxingdui and the rise of Jinsha. So, why are all three periods named after "Kang"? From the phonetic point of view, the ancient pronunciation of Kangzi belongs to Ximu and Yangbu, which is quite consistent with the promotion of the word "enlightened". In other words, kangzi can be regarded as an alternative translation of "sun family".
In addition, scholars such as Tong Shuye and Ding Shan have pointed out when discussing the correspondence between the legend of Shudi and the legend of the Central Plains that enlightenment is the differentiation of Xia Qi, as detailed in "The Minshan Earthquake at the End of the Xia Dynasty and the Legend of Dayu Zhishui". The author also determined according to the parallel system of Xia and Shang Zhou that enlightenment is enlightenment and houzhu. The words kai and kai are related in sound, sound and meaning, so the "Classic of Mountains and Seas" is also called Xia Qi as Xia Hou Kai. In short, Shaokang, Taikang, and Zhongkang refer to the three periods of the Sun family, and Qi and Kaiming are used as names to refer to the Sun family in the Central Plains and Shudi respectively, which refer specifically to the Jinsha Dynasty revived by houzhu and concurrently as a personal name, while Zhu means "wang" in the southwest ethnic language, so it can also be used as a personal name (another text).
(3) The legend of Shaokang's wine making and the mystery of the bronze ware cellar on Bamboo Tile Street
According to the "Left Biography" in the year of lamentation, Shaokang was once the ruler of the Yu clan. 庖正, that is, the official who is in charge of the meal shame. The literature also refers to Shaokang as Du Kang, and there is a saying that Shaokang made wine. For example, the "Shang Shu Jiu" zhengyi quoted the "Shiben" Yun: "Yi Di made wine, Xia Yu's subject." Youyun: Du Kang makes wine. Volume 26 of the Book of Beginners quotes the Shiben Zeyun: "Yi Di began to make wine mash, changed five flavors, and ShaoKang made rice wine." "Shuwen Towel" Yun: "The ancient Shaokang first made a rice basket, a broom, and a barley wine." ShaoKang, Du Kang also. ”
Traditionally, Du Kang was considered a native of present-day Henan or Shaanxi. Interestingly, however, volume 5 of the Yuan Yi Tongzhi records that there is a tomb of Du Kang fifteen miles away from Maoyang County. In the Yuan Dynasty, The county seat was in present-day Pengzhou City, Chengdu, less than ten kilometers north of the Sanxingdui site. So, is the record of the Yuan Yi Tongzhi credible?
Mu Zheng's father himself bronze
In 1959 and 1980, two batches of bronze cellars believed to be from the late Yin period were discovered in the bamboo tile street of present-day Maoyang Town. Among them, in the batch of bronzes discovered in 1959, there are two bronze pieces with inscriptions on the inner sole. Among them, the smaller bronze inscription is "Qin Father", and the larger one is "Muzheng Father"(see Wang Jiayou's "Record of Bronze Artifacts Excavated from Bamboo Tile Street in Pengxian County, Sichuan"). The "Zuo Chuan" clearly records that Shaokang served as a muzheng, which is in line with the excavated materials.
Mu Zheng's father is self-congratulatory (see Integration, 6406)
We know that the 觯 is an ancient vessel used to drink alcohol. In addition, the "Qin" character of Qin Father's Decay is like the shape of a wine altar, and Professor Xu Zhongshu pointed out that Qin should be the original character of the altar (see Xu Zhongshu's "Yin Dynasty Erzhu Unearthed in Pengyang Town, Pengxian County, Sichuan"). These excavated materials are consistent with the legend of Shaokang's wine making.
Of course, the author does not think that wine was invented by Shaokang. In ancient religious activities, shamans often used wine as a medium, so wine had a very important position in ancient history. In order to better communicate with God and achieve the purpose of gathering people's hearts, it is quite possible that Shaokang has improved the wine-making process. And the statement that Shaokang "can bury his virtue and show his plot to collect the Xia people and care for his official position" mentioned in the "Zuo Biography" also seems to coincide with the allusion of "Shaokang making wine".
In addition, bronzes with the words "Muzheng" and "Qin Father" have also been excavated in Weijiazhuang, Baoji long county, and Zhuyuangou No. 7 Tomb on the east bank of the Qingjiang River. These materials show that the ancient ethnic groups in the Ganlong area are closely related to the rise and fall of the Sanxingdui civilization. There are studies on the destruction of Sanxingdui, which we will still deal with a lot in the future.
It can be seen from the above that under the historical system of "Xia and Shang Zhou in parallel", the bronze inscriptions stored in the Zhuwa Street cellar and the records of the Zuo Zhuan can completely form a mutual corroboration, which further confirms our previous speculation that the destruction of the Sanxingdui civilization is indeed the Post-Yi Dynasty Xia incident mentioned in the Zuo Zhuan. In the past, we were confined to the historical system of the "Historical Records", and always thought that the Later Yi Dynasty Xia and Shaokang Zhongxing were nearly four thousand years ago, and in this case, the truth of the destruction of the Sanxingdui civilization naturally could not be revealed.
(1) General theory of the otter
In the period from the destruction of Sanxingdui to the rise of Jinsha, important bronze cultures such as Hanzhong Chengyang, Wuhan Panlong City, Xingan Oceania, and Funan Taijia Temple were destroyed. Judging from the records of the first issue of Bu Ci, the war in the western Part of Yin Shang during this period was particularly fierce. The "Salt and Iron Treatise on the Teaching of Time" says: "In the season of Xia Shang, there is no submissive people in the world. "Compared with the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States, the great historical changes in this period can be said to be even worse. It is in this context that the famous Otter Group has stepped onto the stage of history.
In the Chinese literature, the names related to 玁狁 are ghost fang, chaoyi, 獯鬻, Kunrong, Kunyi, etc., and Wang Guowei and Guo Moruo both regard these words as alien titles of the same ethnic group, which is actually following the old sayings of FuQian, Sima Zhen and others, and there is not much new meaning. In fact, if only from the perspective of the relationship between the sound and the ethnic group, the word family composed of the above words should also add the words Kunwu, Xuanyuan, Hun evil, xianyu and so on. However, we must also see that the historical relationship between the above words must not be simply regarded as a linear structure, but should be regarded as a fishbone diagram structure or even a chain component.
The otters of the Western Zhou Dynasty were linked to both the later Rong and the later Di, and if we cannot trace the rise of the Rongdi mutual marriage alliance from the source, but intend to cut directly into the study from the written era, then the flow of the Rongdi ethnic group may never be clear to us. Due to the long period of ethnic marriage exchanges and population expansion of the Rongdi people, an extremely complex culture had been formed in western China at that time. Judging from the archaeological materials, the core culture that belonged to the Yuehu Group at that time included the bronze culture of Baicaopo in Lingtai, Gansu and the culture of Baojiyuguo.
(2) Gansu Lingtai Culture and Ancient Kunyi
In September 1967, An important tomb (m1) was found in Baicaopo, Lingtai County, Gansu Province, and more than 340 pieces of various cultural relics such as bronze and jade were unearthed, including 12 bronzes with inscriptions, and the owner of the tomb was called "Li Bo". The Kingdom of Liang is not found in the literature, so what is the origin of it?
Inscription of The Emperor (Integration, 5226.1)
At present, the academic community's views on the country of The Bo of Bo mainly include the views of the secret state theory (Xu Xitai, Li Xueqin, etc.), Lu Guo theory (Cao Dingyun, etc.), and most of them are from the secret state. Nowadays: 潶 is pronounced from black, and black and Kunyin are pronounced as pennew through the relationship, and the ancient sounds are similar. In addition, the "Li Ji Tan Bow" has the saying that the Xia Hou clan is still black, and the black and xia ancient sounds are also close, so the Xi Bo can be read as "Xia Bo", and its clan can be regarded as Kunyi. Of course, if we consider that the Tocharian word for "sun (kaun)" can also be pronounced as "mi" in Tibetan-Burma, then it is understandable that the Zhou people call the country a secret country.
A human-headed copper hook was unearthed on Baicaopo, which is 25.5 cm high and 23 cm wide. Straight inside, human head shaped. The figure exhibits the characteristics of a deep eye and a high nose, with a whiskered jaw and thick eyebrows. Wang Hui pointed out that the figure had the characteristics of the Europa race, and called it a "Hu person" image (see "Hu People Figures found in Gansu in the Two-Week Period").
Human head shaped copper hook halberd (partial)
As I have emphasized in the article "From Xinjiang Archaeology to Bactria, Tocharian and Aryan", more than 4,000 years ago, the Turbino culture entered today's Xinjiang region of China, and the primitive Beidi and the primitive Inuyasha began to communicate with each other since then. Over time and population expansion, the result of this exchange is bound to be the formation of a large number of people with transitional characteristics of the Europa and Mongol races. The expansion of the Zhou and Qin dynasties, as well as the subsequent attacks on the Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty, and the westward migration of the Uighurs at the end of the Tang Dynasty, in general, made this mixed ethnic group appear to be in a state of westward migration, and finally mostly gathered in the Xinjiang region and Central Asia of present-day China. Therefore, from this point of view, it should not be surprising that such a group of ectopian ethnic characteristics appeared in the Ganlong area of the late Shang Dynasty.
(3) Baoji fish country culture and ancient Yu clan
Within the Group, the ones who had a close relationship with the original Bactrians were Kunyi, while those with the Yu clan were the FishMen centered on present-day Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. At present, the representative fish country cemeteries and residential sites that have been excavated include Rujiazhuang, Zhuyuangou and Paper Mill. Many of the characteristics of the Fish Country culture are related to both the Chengdu Plain and the Lingtai Baicao Slope.
In terms of cultural origins, the most closely related to the fish country is the Chenggu and Yangxian bronze group cultures originally located in the Hanzhong Basin. According to the "Shiben", "Hanshu Geographical Records", "Notes on water classics" and other documents, Xicheng County in Hanzhong was once the place where Shun lived, and even during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the local people had to sacrifice Yu Shun every year.
After the disappearance of the Chengyang bronze group culture, the fish country culture arose. In a set of bronze vessels (Wuding and 4 Gui) excavated from Rujiazhuang No. 1 Tomb, each bronze has an inscription with the character "Er" along the mouth (see "Baoji Yuguo Cemetery"). The ancient pronunciation of the er character is the Japanese mother branch character, The Yu is the suspected mother fish branch character, the day is suspicious of the neighbor, the branch fish is turned sideways, and the Yu character is late, so the title of "Son" is likely to be the earliest title that appeared in the history of the Yu people.
Erding inscription
Later, a fish kingdom appeared in Padang (see Zuo Zhuan), and its ethnic group and the Baoji Fish Kingdom were probably divided from the ancient han and Yu clans. Bashu has been interdependent since ancient times, and tomb No. 1 of Rujiazhuang in Baoji City has unearthed a bronze male phase, and Tomb No. 2 has unearthed a bronze female phase (pictured). Scholars have often realized that the two bronze figures, along with the Sanxingdui Bronze Da Li Ren and the Jinsha Bronze Da Li Ren, should be an image of witchcraft activities, which is credible. (See Lu Liancheng's "Baoji Fish Country Cemetery").
Tomb of Rujiazhuang No. 2 (brm2:22)
So, who are the descendants of the Baojiyu clan in the literature? The author believes that the descendants of the fish country are the "堣盩" mentioned in the inscriptions of the Western Zhou bronze Shi Songding ("Integration 2787") and Shi Songgui ("Integration" 4229). Later, the literature has various different names for them, such as Yu Zhi, Yue Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Yi Yi, and Yue Shi (another text). It is no accident that Bactria and Yueshi often appear with them in the literature passed down from generation to generation.
(4) Summary
To sum up, the gers should not be regarded as a simple tribe, but as a group with a large genus. Among them, at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the core of it was the Kunyi culture and the Pre-Yue culture. In the case of revealing the truth about the Yuxia ethnic group, we have the conditions to better understand some of the records in the literature. For example, the "Chinese Zhou Yushang" says that the ancestors of the Zhou people, Hou Ji, served Yu Xia, while the "Mencius Liang Hui Wangxia" or Yun "Wen Wang Shi Chaoyi", or Yun "Tai Wang Shi Yi", then Zhi Er said that there is a source.
No Qigui (for the inscription, see Integration, 4328)
And Yu Xia faded, zhou people rose. In the process of its rise, the Zhou people have always been accompanied by a bitter struggle with the Otter Group, which can be seen from the excavation of Western Zhou bronze inscriptions (such as BuQi Gui, Xi Jia Pan, Duo You Ding, etc.) to the "Book of Poetry Daya" and "Xiao Ya" and other documents. Throughout the Western Zhou Dynasty, from the Mixed Affairs of King Wen to the King of Wu, from the King of Xuanwang to the Slaughter of The King of You, many major historical events have always been without the figure of The Rong Di people. Therefore, strengthening the study of the Rongdi people should still be a major topic in the study of western Zhou history.