October 9, 1874
The Universal Postal Union was established
The Universal Postal Union is referred to as the "Universal Postal Union". On 9 October 1874, representatives of 22 countries held their first International Postal Congress in Bern, the capital of Switzerland, at which a postal convention, the Berne Convention, was signed and the General Postal Union was decided. In May 1878, the Postal Union held its second congress and amended the Berne Convention, which was renamed the Universal Postal Convention and named the organization "Universal Postal Union". In July 1948, the UPU officially became the United Nations specialized agency on international postal affairs, with its headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.
The purpose of the UPU is to organize and improve international postal services, to promote the development of cooperation in international postal services and to carry out various postal technical assistance activities within its capabilities.
October 9, 1888
Birthday of Soviet leader Bukharin
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin was an early Soviet party and state leader and a famous theorist. Born in Moscow on October 9, 1888.
He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1906 while studying at Moscow University. In 1908 he became a member of the Moscow Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. He has been arrested and exiled many times. After 1911, he went into exile in many European countries and continued his revolutionary activities. He assisted Lenin in the publication of Pravda and published a series of articles disagreeing with Lenin on national and national issues. In 1916, he hosted the New World in New York. After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to China and was elected member of the Moscow City Committee of the Party, a member of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet, a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a member of the Central Committee of the Party. Participated in the armed uprising in Moscow. After the victory of the October Revolution, he served for a long time as editor-in-chief of Pravda. In the spring of 1918, he led the "Left Communist Bloc" against Lenin's decision to sign the Treaty of Brest. In March 1919, he was elected alternate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Russia and a member of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. He took a "buffer" position in the debate between Lenin and Trotsky on the question of trade unions. He was elected to the Politburo in May 1924 and was the chief interpreter and theorist of Lenin's New Economic Policy. After Lenin's death, he stood with Stalin and played an important role in the struggle against the "new opposition" and the Toti Alliance.
October 9, 1912
The First Balkan War broke out
On October 9, 1912, the First Balkan War broke out.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the peoples of the Balkans were increasingly fighting against Turkish rule and for national independence. During the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the Negoros formed the Balkan Alliance. On October 9, 1912, Mentōnon Nergoro first declared war on Turkey, and Paul, Séke, and Hex subsequently entered the war. The Turkish army was defeated, and in early November it requested a halt in the European column. Turkey negotiates peace with 4 belligerents in London on December 16. On January 23 of the following year, a coup d'état took place in Turkey, and the new government, with the support of Germany, took a tough stance and broke down the peace talks. On February 3, war resumed. Turkey was defeated and again sought peace. On 30 May, Turkey signed the Treaty of London with the four Balkan countries, stipulating that the Turkish European territories (except Albania) and the island of Crete west of the El Enez-Medina line in the Caspian Sea were ceded to the Balkan Allied countries; Albania was independent but subject to the supervision of Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Austria, and Italy; and the issue of the Aegean Islands was handled by Germany, Austria, Britain, and Russia.
October 9, 1913
Jiang Yiwu, the founder of the Wuchang Uprising, was killed
On October 9, 1913, Jiang Yiwu was killed in Guilin.
Jiang Yiwu is a native of LiXian County, Hunan Province. In 1903, he entered the Changde Normal School and was expelled for opposing the Qing Dynasty. In 1905, he went to Shanghai, entered the Chinese Public School the following year, and founded the "Conscientious Xun Bao" with Yang Zhuolin. In the same year, he joined the League. In 1909, he joined the Hubei New Army and joined the Qunzhi Society. In 1911, he became the president of the Literary Society, and in cooperation with the Communist Progressive Association, he prepared to launch an uprising of the New Army. On October 9, the incident was leaked and fled. After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, he returned to Wuchang and served as a military adviser to the Hubei military government, a defense envoy, a wartime commander-in-chief, and an envoy stationed in Han. After the provisional government moved north, he was transferred to Beijing by Yuan Shikai, where he was awarded a high military adviser, and was also awarded the rank of lieutenant general and general, but he was not accepted. This year, the "second revolution" broke out, and he returned to Hunan to serve as An envoy of Jing Yu to instigate anti-Yuan. Rotating Guangxi to woo Yuan, he failed to be arrested. He was only 28 years old at the time of his death.
October 9, 1924
The modern translator Lin Shu died
On October 9, 1924, the modern translator Lin Shu died.
Lin Shu, formerly known as Qunyu, Ziqinnan, Weilu, and Leng Hongsheng. Born in 1852. A native of Minxian County, Fujian Province. Scholar, translator, and Guangxu scholar in the early years of the Late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. He used to teach at the Beijing Normal University. After the Xinhai Revolution, he became the widow of the backward era. Oppose the rise of the "May Fourth" new cultural movement. Because he did not understand foreign languages, he used his population to translate more than 180 kinds of novels in Europe and the United States, among which Dumas's "The Testament of the Traviata in Paris" and Scott's "Saxon Heroes After the Disaster" were the most famous, and the translation was smooth and had a greater impact on the literary world. Specializing in the translation of European and American novels, published in the "Shuobu Series", he has translated the famous works of writers such as Scott, Diegens, and The American Owens (now translated as Sto). At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, "Lin translation novels" were popular in the world. He can write poetry, paint, and has worked in novels and operas. He is the author of "WeiLu Anthology", "Weilu Poetry", legends, novels, notes and so on. He died on October 9, 1924.
October 9, 1931
American inventor Thomas Edison dies
On October 9, 1931, the famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison died at the age of 84. The great man who brought lights, phonographs, movies, and hundreds of inventions to the world passed away peacefully in his sleep at home in West Orange Township, New Jersey, at 3:24 a.m.
Eddie was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. At the age of 12, he set up a chemistry laboratory at home. In order to buy experimental equipment, he went to work as a newsboy on the train. Soon after, he bought an old printing house and began publishing newspapers—the first of which was printed on the train. When he was 15 years old, he rescued a child on the railroad tracks, and the child's father was very grateful to him and taught him to learn how to collect telegrams, and soon he was known in the United States as the fastest newspaper operator.
October 9, 1934
The King of Yugoslavia was assassinated
On October 9, 1934, during a state visit to France by King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, a very exciting scene occurred in the streets of Marseille, and Alexander I (1888-1934) was shot to death. The assassination took place a few minutes after the king's ship arrived in Marseille. As the king and French Foreign Minister Louis Badu rode across depos Street, a ragged man broke out of the police wall and jumped into a moving car. The gunman fired several rounds into the car, and both king and Badu were mortally wounded. Several of those standing nearby were injured by bullets fired indiscriminately from the gunman's automatic rifle. The crowd immediately launched an onslaught on the man, who died of his injuries soon after being injured.
The next day, Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia announced that he would succeed to the throne as Peter II. The underage monarch was appointed by a regent senate.
October 9, 1941
The Second Battle of Changsha ended
On October 9, 1941, the Japanese troops attacking Changsha began to withdraw from their original positions under the counterattack of the Chinese army.
Since the Japanese army invaded Changsha in September, the Chinese army began to carry out a breakthrough war on the communication line supplying the Japanese army in Changsha. By October 1, due to the long Japanese front, rear transportation was often cut off by the Chinese army, and supplies were difficult, and the Chinese troops in the Fifth and Sixth Theaters launched an attack on Yichang and Jingmen, forcing the Japanese army to withdraw from Changsha and retreat north. The Chinese army quickly organized a counterattack, pursuing, blocking and flanking the Japanese army, but because the main force after being seriously hit, the combat effectiveness declined, the strength was not enough, so that in the pursuit of the battle could not expand the results, only to obtain some small victories, October 9, the Japanese army withdrew to the north bank of the New Wall, the second Battle of Changsha ended here, this battle, the Japanese casualties more than 10,000, The Chinese army casualties and missing about 100,000 people.
October 9, 1944
The four powers proposed the establishment of the United Nations
On October 9, 1944, the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China were seriously considering the establishment of an international security organization. At a meeting at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., delegates named the planned international organization the United Nations, whose purpose was to "mobilize all sea, land and air forces to maintain and restore peace and security in the world." ”
The United Nations assigns the responsibility to the four Powers to fight those countries that are potentially at risk of waging war before, rather than after, war breaks out.
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt highly praised the spirit of the meeting, saying: "All peace-loving countries can be sure that in the future, any possible aggressor will be eliminated before it starts a war." "The Four did not sign any charter, but agreed on most of the details of the proposal to establish the United Nations.
October 9, 1948
Churchill proposed three-ring diplomacy
On October 9, 1948, Churchill proposed three-ring diplomacy.
After the Second World War, Britain went into decline. Former Prime Minister Winston Churchill, desperate to restore the British Empire to its former glory, proposed three-ring diplomacy at the Conservative Party's annual meeting on 9 October 1948. The first ring is the Commonwealth, which includes the United Kingdom and its Dominions and colonies. The second ring is the English-speaking world, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and other English-speaking countries. The third ring is a united Europe. Once these 3 large rings are connected, there is no force that dares to challenge him. The United Kingdom is located at the junction of the third ring road and plays an important role. Churchill's diplomatic strategy showed that Britain would depend not only on the power of the Commonwealth, but also on the power of the United States and Western Europe to restore its former international status. Three-ring diplomacy was the basic diplomatic policy of the British government after the war, but it did not prevent the decline of Britain's status.
October 9, 1956
Birdsay, the inventor of frozen food, died
On October 9, 1956, Birdsay, the inventor of frozen food, died at the age of 69.
The invention of American businessman Clarence Birdsain's rapid refrigeration of food made his name a family language and changed the Way Americans live. After years as a leather merchant in Labrador, Birdsay invented his method of refrigerating food. He found that frozen food was well preserved in the case of very low winter temperatures. So he began experimenting at home to commercialize the method of freezing bagged foods. In 1924, he founded a company to sell frozen fish on the market, and four years later he sold the patent rights to the invention for up to $22 million to the current Popular Foods Company.
October 9, 1967
The Latin American guerrilla revolutionary Che Guevara was killed
In November 1966, Che Guevara, disguised as a balding, bespectacled Uruguayan businessman, flew from Montevideo to La Paz, bolivia, via São Paulo, Brazil. Claiming to be a special envoy of the Organization of American States to engage in social investigation work, he arrived in Nyakawasu by car. Here he prepared to train a group of guerrillas and then carry out guerrilla activities. However, his activities were not supported by the Bolivian Communist Party, making it difficult to recruit Bolivians. When the guerrillas went out after initial training, they were quickly spotted and surrounded by government forces. As a result, the guerrillas prematurely exposed themselves and had to engage in arduous maneuvers and battles with the government forces, and in August 1967, due to the whistle-blowing of traitors, the guerrillas' secret warehouses were seized and the city's liaison network was destroyed, making the situation of the guerrillas even more difficult. Che Guevara led his army to the left and right. The situation could not be changed, and the number of wounded and sick increased, and the troops had to break through in two ways. On August 31, a guerrilla fighter led by Joaquin was ambushed by the enemy while crossing the Masikuri River, and all of them died heroically. Sixteen guerrillas led by Che Guevara were surrounded in the Yuro Canyon. At 1 p.m. on October 8, the guerrillas slid down the canyon to prepare for a breakout. But the enemy's encirclement was already tightly closed, and with the sound of dense machine gunfire, Che Guevara was shot in the leg and wounded. When he bandaged his wounds, the enemy had appeared in front of him. Che Guevara calmly reported his name. The enemy immediately escorted him to the nearby village of Laigra. Enemy headquarters immediately sent in helicopters senior officers and U.S. CIA agents. At dawn the next day, the commander of the enemy's military district and other large and small leaders arrived by helicopter in order to confirm whether the captured were really Che Guevara and interrogate Che Guevara. Undaunted, Che Guevara firmly replied to his enemy: "Revolution is immortal. "The enemy, seeing that he could not bring him to his knees, killed Che Guevara on the afternoon of 9 October with the consent of the President of Bolivia and the United States Embassy in Bolivia.
October 9, 1980
China's high-tech industry began to start a business in Zhongguancun
In October 1980, China's high-tech industry began to start a difficult business in Zhongguancun.
Nowadays, the media refers to Zhongguancun as "China's Silicon Valley", where famous universities, scientific research institutes are gathered, talents are relatively concentrated, and there are well-known electronic enterprises and electronic trade in the country. However, at the beginning of the founding of Zhongguancun, Zhongguancun's reputation was not so good, and it was called "a street of fallen masters" and "a street of cheaters". At that time, in Zhongguancun, "the computer squeezed the tofu brain".
October 9, 1985
More than 20,000 Han Jian were unearthed in the Hexi Corridor
On October 9, 1985, more than 20,000 HanJian were unearthed in the Hexi Corridor.
More than 23,000 Han Jian pieces of Han Jian were newly unearthed in the Hexi Corridor of China, with about 450,000 characters. The Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics Task Force has initially concluded the clean-up of this batch of HanJian.
The Area around the Hexi Corridor was an important passageway of the ancient Silk Road. During the Western Han Dynasty, there were many military and political activities here, and there were a large number of Han Jian left. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, large-scale military activities here stopped, and a large number of Han Jian were buried in the vast desert. In the early 1930s, more than 10,000 Han Jian were excavated here, which caused a sensation in the world. Subsequently, a new discipline appeared at home and abroad- Sinology.
October 9, 1986
Scientists in the former Soviet Union unveil the mystery of tornadoes
On October 9, 1986, scientists in the former Soviet Union unveiled the mystery of the tornado.
Scientists at the Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics have successfully revealed the secrets of tornadoes, whose scale of destruction can be compared to nuclear explosions. Their theory of gravitational-thermal processes within tornadoes not only reveals the nature of this special atmospheric phenomenon, but also serves as the key to solving the dynamic problem.
Victor Cushing, a technologist who wrote the new theory, found that the tornado was not the "Dust Devil" as previously thought, and that its funnel-like vortex was a spiral of rain. The rotation inside the vortex reaches supersonic speed. According to scientists, when the whirlpool diameter is two hundred meters, the whirlpool power in the tornado reaches 30,000 megawatts, which is equivalent to the power of ten huge power stations.
Cyclones are formed before tornadoes appear, which are created when cold and hot atmospheric fronts collide. If a cyclone encounters a rainy thundercloud, river, and lake on the way, the water is taken away by the cyclone and becomes a rapid whirlpool. According to the laws of physics, the tornado funnel-shaped vortex formed in this way rises to the upper layers of the cold atmosphere. The water quickly freezes here, releasing energy. The new perspective of Soviet scientists prompted people to consider the possibility of gaining a new impetus.
October 9, 1989
Launched my first submersible yacht
On October 1989, China's first submersible yacht integrating entertainment and popular science was successfully trial-produced in Hanshou County Ship Repair Factory, and was recently launched for trial sailing.
This submersible yacht is a kind of amusement equipment suitable for park reservoirs, inland lakes and other waters. It can sail on the surface of the water or dive into the water.
The boat can accommodate 4 people and has a maximum speed of 5 km/h.
October 9, 1993
A thousand-year-old dry corpse was found in the hinterland of the Flame Mountain
On October 9, 1993, in the hinterland of Xinjiang's famous Flame Mountain, archaeologists recently excavated more than 10 ancient dry corpses from more than 2,000 years old, all dressed in fur clothes, shoes and novel felt top hats.
In Shanshan County, about 300 kilometers east of Urumqi, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology recently carried out rescue excavations of 26 tombs from the Warring States period on both sides of Tuyugou, and unearthed a large number of pottery, wood, copper and stone burial items.
The archaeologists who presided over the excavation believe that the people buried in these tombs are the ancient Cheshiguo people who lived in the Turpan Basin before the Western Han Dynasty, and Cheshi was one of the 16 countries in the western region during the Qin and Han dynasties. These tombs are the best preserved in the excavated Subeshi ancient tomb group, and the excavated cultural relics are rich and precious, which have important academic value for the study of the history and culture of cheshi and the costumes, medicine, agricultural and animal husbandry production in the western region at that time.
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