1 orchard established
1.1 Selection of location
Should choose good ecological conditions, pollution-free area planting, loquat temperature requirements are not high, the average annual temperature of more than 15 °C can be planted, the soil requires deep and fertile soil, water retention and fertility is strong, not easy to accumulate water, soil ph value in 6 ~ 6.5, slope below 25 °, to the south, southeast or southwest gentle slope mountain planting is appropriate.
1.2 Reclamation and planting
Flat land is planted according to rows, and mountainous terraces are planted. The planting density can be selected to plant 50 to 60 plants per mu; Or reasonably densely plant 80 plants per acre, the former according to 3 meters × 4 meters of plant row spacing holes, the latter plant row spacing of 2 meters× 3.5 meters. The planting hole specifications are: the length and width of the hole are 1 meter, and the depth is 60 to 80 cm. The cave should be fully fertilized, the work channel and drainage and irrigation channels should be repaired, and a reservoir or fertilizer pond per mu should be prepared to prevent soil erosion, which is conducive to water retention and fertilizer retention and ecological protection.
2 seedling colonization
2.1 Varieties and seedling selection
At present, the typical cultivars of loquat mainly include: Early Bell No. 6, Liberation Bell and so on. Early Bell No. 6 loquat is an extra-early maturing variety selected by sexual cross-breeding of Jiefang Bell of the Fruit Tree Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, based on the Japanese fine seed Morio Early Birth as the father. The fruit is inverted ovate to pear-shaped, with an average fruit mass of 52.7 grams, and the maximum can exceed 100 grams. The peel is orange-red, bright and beautiful, with few rust spots, medium thickness, and easy peeling. The flesh is orange-red, the average thickness is 0.89 cm, the edible rate is 70.2%, the texture is fine, the slag, the taste is sweet, the soluble solids content is 11.9%, the acid content is 0.26%, and it has an aroma. There are an average of 4.6 seeds per fruit. Found in Putian City, Fujian Province, the fruit is inverted ovate to long inverted ovate, the average single fruit quality is 70 to 80 grams, the flesh thickness is 0.93 cm, the edible rate is more than 71.46%, the soluble solids are 11.1% to 12%, and the acid content is 0.51%. The above two are the main cultivars, generally choose one of them, and there are also planted at the same time. Pollinators include Morio Early Birth and Big Clock. The ratio of the main planting varieties to the pollinator trees is 6 to 8:1, and the pollination tree configuration is arranged in the form of planting 1 plant every 6 to 8 plants, so that the pollinator trees are evenly distributed throughout the garden. Seedlings are required to be more than 30 cm tall, free of pests and diseases, robust growth, good grafting and well-healed, and well-developed root system.
2.2 Colonization
Take September to October of each year or the following year before the spring of the seedling germination as the best planting period, apply more than 100 kg of organic fertilizer to fill the soil before colonization, first sprinkle 0.5 to 1 kg of phosphorus fertilizer into the hole, mix evenly with the soil, and compact the soil, build a 15 cm high mound to be planted, when planting, dig a small hole in the middle of the soil, the small hole is slightly deeper than the length below the root neck of loquat seedlings, in order to ensure that the root system is stretched during colonization, the seedlings are upright, and the layers around the root system are filled with fine ground soil, and compacted, the root neck is exposed to the soil surface, and the root water is poured, Finally, the tree disc is covered with grass to moisturize and keep warm, and the survival rate is improved.
3 Loquat fertilizer characteristics and fertilization methods
3.1 Loquat needs fertilizer characteristics
According to the analysis and experiments of scholars in Japan and India, the whole loquat tree absorbs the most calcium and the least phosphorus. The loquat fruit contained 0.89% nitrogen, 0.81% phosphorus, 3.19% potassium, 0.76% calcium, 0.16% magnesium and 9.2% ash content, indicating that the fruit contained the most potassium. Loquat fruit trees such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer, although the fruit is large, but the color and taste are light, the appearance and quality are poor; If there is too much potassium fertilizer, the fruit is large, the acid content is increased, and the flesh is coarse and hard. Therefore, the elements should be properly coordinated, the amount of organic fertilizer should be increased, and the single application of chemical fertilizer should be avoided in order to improve the quality of the fruit. According to the experimental results of the application of composite fertilizers by loquat of Chung Hsing University in Taiwan, it is believed that the compound fertilizer with a ratio of nitrogen:phosphorus:3 in the loquat garden on the hillside is better, and the application of calcium, magnesium and organic fertilizers is appropriately increased. In addition, young fruit trees should be appropriately applied more nitrogen fertilizer because of the needs of tree structure growth, and senescent fruit trees should also apply more nitrogen to restore growth.
3.2 Fertilization method
Loquat cultivation management should pay attention to the application of decomposing organic fertilizer, combining nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, of which the fertilization of young trees is mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, and adult trees should appropriately increase the content of potassium. Attention should be paid to the use of organic fertilizers in the selection of fertilizers. Fertilization of young trees should be applied diligently and thinly, fertilizing 5 to 6 times a year, fertilizing once every 2 months, and applying it with light manure water. Adult trees are fertilized generally 3 times a year: (1) spring shoot fertilizer. The fruiting branches of the spring shoots in the same year are the base branches of the summer and autumn shoots, and the germination and development of the young fruits of the spring shoots need more nutrients, so it is necessary to pay attention to the application of spring shoots. The fertilization was carried out in January and February, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were applied at the same time, and the fast-acting fertilizer was the mainstay, and the ternary compound fertilizer (15% each) was applied per mu of 150 kg, and the manure water of human and animals was 1000 kg. (2) Summer shoot fertilizer. Summer shoots in that year can form a fruitful mother branch, in order to promote loquat in the fruit picking after the rapid recovery of tree momentum, the extraction of more and neat summer shoots and flower bud differentiation, must be re-applied summer shoot fertilizer, for the next year's harvest to lay a good foundation, summer shoot fertilizer in the next week after the application of fast-acting fertilizer with organic fertilizer, generally per acre can be applied urea 100 kg, calcium superphosphate 30 kg, decomposition organic fertilizer 2000 kg. (3) Pre-flower fertilizer. Pre-flower fertilizer is applied before flowering after loquat ear extraction in September and October. The application of pre-flower fertilizer is conducive to the normal spitting of flower spikes, improving fruit set rate, strengthening the tree body, and improving the cold resistance and wintering ability of loquats. The fertilization was mainly late-acting fertilizer, with 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15%) and 1500 kg of manure water per mu, or 3 to 4 kg of fermented bean bran.
4 Moisture management
Too much rain during the ripening period of loquat fruit will cause poor fruit coloration and fruit splitting, so care should be paid to drainage during rainy seasons. July to August is in the loquat flower bud differentiation period, maintaining moderate dryness is conducive to flower bud differentiation, and drainage should also be done. During the spring drought period is the period of young fruit development, it should be appropriately watered or irrigated, and during the growth and development period of flower spikes from August to September, if the weather is dry, it should be irrigated.
5 Soil management
5.1 Expand the hole deep turn
Orchards that are colonized in large holes or directly colonized without soil modification should be turned deeply in autumn in combination with autumn fertilizer, with a depth of 50 to 60 cm, and layered into weeds, straw, phosphate fertilizer, etc. Deep ploughing of the whole garden once in 3 to 5 years is conducive to guiding the downward growth of the root system and enhancing the ability to absorb water and fertilizer.
5.2 Orchard intercropping and weed management
Juvenile loquat gardens can be intercropped with leguminous crops, vegetables, etc., with green manure as the best. Adult orchards can cover the tree tray with weeds or crop straws from April to September, and press them into the soil when fertilizing or expanding the soil in the autumn, which not only fertilizes the soil, but also keeps it moist in the summer and reduces the ground temperature, which is conducive to plant growth. In winter, the whole garden is ploughed once, the depth is 10 to 20 cm, and the tree plate is well covered, which is conducive to overwintering.
6 Shaping trimming
According to the easy extraction of branches of loquats, the canopy is shaped in a trunk layered shape. The method is: after the loquat colonization of strong seedlings, in the main trunk about 50 cm above the ground, shear the top and dry, that is, in the spring germination, select 1 upward growth bud and 4 to 5 side buds in different directions, extract and cultivate into the central trunk and several major branches, with pulling, bracing, hanging and other methods, open the main branch angle, so that it grows obliquely (or horizontally), forming the first layer of branches, according to this method, cultivate the 2nd and 3rd layers of branches, the central trunk above the three layers of branches is happy, and the height of the canopy is controlled at about 3 meters. Loquat garden into the production period, can be pruned before spring budding, and summer pruning in May-June after fruit picking, remove dense branches, delicate branches, diseased and insect branches to improve light, and retract the main branches that are partially moved outward, maintain a distance of 0.8 to 1 meter between the rows of flat orchards, and at the same time remove the fruit shafts of the fruit branches to promote summer shoots and achieve the purpose of continuous harvest.
7 Thin flowers and fruits
Flower thinning is generally carried out in mid-to-late November (when the flower ears are exhausted), with 1 panicle with 2 to 3 panicles on 1 female branch and 2 to 3 panicles with 4 to 5 panicles; In early February, when the young fruits such as peanuts and rice are large, the diseased insect fruits, deformed fruits, and over-dense fruits are first removed, leaving 2 to 3 fruits per panicle. In each panicle, the top and base of the fruit should be removed, leaving the middle to grow a fuller, consistent size of good fruit, so that the ripening is consistent, easy to harvest. In principle, the tree is strong and vigorous, and the amount of fruit left should be controlled if the tree is weak.
8 sets of bags
Fruit bagging is a key work to improve the efficiency of loquat, mainly in order to avoid spraying pesticide pollution and pest injury, in line with pollution-free requirements, while greatly reducing bird infestation and sun exposure after rain caused by cracking fruit, while making the fruit coloring good, beautiful appearance, improve fruit quality and commodity value, bagging time to the last 1 time after the fruit thinning is appropriate, before bagging to spray 1 time low concentration insecticide and fungicide mixed liquid and foliar fertilizer, in order to enhance the fruit. It is better to use special fruit bags, and you can also make your own fruit bags with old newspapers. Generally take a spike and a bag method, first from the top of the tree bagging, and then down, outward, the mouth of the bag is tightly tied, 5 to 10 days before fruit picking to remove the fruit bag, so that the fruit surface receives light to facilitate coloring.
9 Pest control
9.1 Infectious diseases
The main ones are: spot disease, horn spot disease, gray spot disease, anthrax. Prevention and control methods: (1) Strengthen cultivation management. Increase the application of organic fertilizer to promote the growth of the tree body and improve the disease resistance. In the rainy season, it is necessary to do a good job of drainage, and try to reduce the groundwater level to control the reproduction and spread of pathogens. (2) Do a good job of clearing the garden: sweep the fallen leaves in winter and spring, cut off the diseased branches, and burn them in a concentrated manner to reduce the source of bacteria. (3) Timely medication prevention: In the spring, summer and autumn, medication to protect the new shoots. The drug is used 1 to 2 times during each taping period, with an interval of 10 to 15 days.
The drug protection can be used 0.5% (w) lime equivalent Bordeaux liquid spray, prevention and control can choose 53.8% (w) can kill 800 times the wettable powder, or 10% (w) Shigao aqueous dispersion 3000 times liquid, or 30% (w) Ai Miao Emulsion 3000 times liquid or 70% (w) methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 800 times liquid.
9.2 Physiological diseases
There are fruit burns and bud blight. The cause of fruit burning is mainly in the fruit color change ripening period, the long-term temperature is low, suddenly the weather is sunny, the temperature is high, resulting in the sunward fruit surface dehydration, the peel is wrinkled, slightly concave, light brown patches occur, and the fruit loses its commodity value. Whether bud blight is a bacterial or fungal disease is unclear, but it mainly occurs in mountainous areas with shallow soil cultivation, thin soil, lack of water and fertilizer; Poor drainage and soil compaction also occur in the garden, and a large number of absorbed roots die. Therefore, bud blight is often a physiological disease caused by the death of a large number of absorbed roots under the premise that the water and fertilizer conditions cannot meet the growth needs. Burning can be avoided with meticulous moisture management and bagging; Bud blight can be prevented by the above management of moisture, fertilization and tillage.
9.3 Insect pests
There are mainly aphids, wood lice, red spiders, yellow spiders, yellow caterpillars, tail-lifting insects, celestial bulls and so on. It is necessary to do a good job in the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, with agricultural control, physical control, and biological control as the mainstay, supplemented by chemical control, and prohibiting the application of highly toxic chemical pesticides after fruit setting. Loquat aphids and wood lice are subject to key control at the critical pumping and flowering stages, and can be sprayed with 2.5% (w) Kung Fu Emulsion 2000 to 3000 times liquid. Red and yellow spiders occur throughout the growing season, before and after the taping period or the heaviest flowering period, and can be sprayed with 50% (w) mites for emulsion 1200 to 2000 times. Control of yellow caterpillars and lifting tails can be used: artificial hunting can be carried out when the new shoot leaf surface is eaten in clusters of young larvae; Protect and utilize natural enemies, loquat yellow caterpillar predators are mainly parasitic bees, such as large-legged wasps, camel wasps, etc., which have a high parasitic rate of loquat yellow caterpillars and should be protected and utilized; Timely drug prevention and control, at a young age, medication to protect the new shoots, but if in the fruit ripening and harvesting period, it is not allowed to use any pesticides, the agent can be selected: 2.5% (w) enemy killing emulsion 3000 times liquid or 40% (w) Nongsiben emulsion 1500 times liquid. Tianniu mainly uses larvae to harm loquat branches, can be used to manually kill adult insects, hook to kill larvae, and can also be dipped in cotton balls with 80% (w) dichlorvos emulsion 10 times liquid into the worm hole, and sealed with wet mud to poison the larvae.
10 Harvest
Loquat fruit is best harvested in batches when the peel is fully colored and ripe, first colored first, and if it is for long-distance transportation, it is appropriate to harvest early. Harvesting times are good in the morning, evening or cloudy on sunny days, and cannot be harvested in heavy rain or hot suns. Due to the thin skin of loquat fruit and the juicy meat, special care should be taken when harvesting, which should be carried out from bottom to top and from the outside to the inside, take the fruit spike or fruit stem by hand, carefully cut it, do not scratch the fruit surface and touch the fruit. The harvested fruit is immediately graded and packaged.