The comment on the title comes from Qian Daxin's statement in the "New Record of the Ten Driving Fasts", and the text of this passage is: "The revision of the "History of the Yuan" began in the second year of Ming Hongwu, began with February Bingyin, and completed in August, counting one hundred and eighty-eight days. Its follow-up Xiushun Emperor's dynasty began again in February of the third year of Hongwu, and in July Ding Weishu was completed, counting 143 days. In the past three hundred and thirty-one days, the speed of ancient and modern history has not been as fast as the "Yuan History". And the ugliness of the text is not as bad as the "History of the Yuan". Gai Shi is a book of letters, and time is pressing, then the examination must not be judged, there is a grass and no discussion, although it is difficult for BanMa to see the strengths, and the Song King's men and sons are all from the grass, pedantic and do not know how to control the past? The founding heroes are first called the Four Masters, while the Chi Lao Wen has no legend; there are only a few Shang Lords, and there are no legends of the State of Yun. Nine out of fifty are seen in the table, and not half of the founders. ”
It can be seen that the revision of the book "History of the Yuan" was divided into two times, each time for more than one hundred days, and the two were combined for less than a year. However, the book is larger, excluding the table of contents, and there are as many as 210 volumes in the main text alone, and the number of words in the first half of the book alone exceeds 1.3 million words. In such a short period of time, to be able to write such a large history book is indeed a person who has never come before or after an ancient person. But precisely because of its speed, there are many mistakes in the ancient book, which is why Qian Daxin criticized the book as "ugly". The completion of the "History of the Yuan" was so hasty that important people were lost.
Regarding the errors in this book, Zhao Yi listed many points in the "Twenty-two Records of history", such as: "According to the "History of the Yuan" today, the thirty-first and second volumes of the "History of yuan" have been recorded in the "Tai Buhua" and "Yu Que" of the deceased ministers at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. It is after thirty-three volumes. It was also compiled in the biographies of "Yelü Chucai", "Liu Bingzhong", "Shi Tianni", "Zhang Rou", "Zhang Hongfan" and so on at the founding of the people, almost inverted before and after. Before the thirty-two volumes were submitted for the first time, after the thirty-three volumes, the second submission, the courtiers, with the majesty of Taizu, were afraid of being annoyed, so they did not dare to ask for the two books to be re-edited. ”
Hong Jun wrote the Thirty Volumes of the YuanShi Translation Supplement The Guangya Bookstore inscription of the twenty-sixth year of the Qing Dynasty
The first half of the "History of the Yuan" has listed the biographies of Tai Buhua, Yu Que and others, and the biographies of these two people are listed in the front, but these two are the people at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and the biographies written later are the heroes of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty. It can be seen that the confusion in the arrangement of the book, how to explain this omission in the book? Zhao Yi believes that this is because the "History of the Yuan" was compiled and presented in two parts, so some parts were compiled in the front, and the second half was not dredged with the first half as a whole. Why aren't these historians serious? Zhao Yi's explanation was that Zhu Yuanzhang was a harsh person, and he urged the Shi Chens to finish the book quickly, and the Shi Chens were worried that the emperor would blame them, so they submitted it to the emperor without systematic combing.
Why did Zhu Yuanzhang urge the courtiers to complete the compilation of the "History of yuan" as soon as possible? In the book "Commentary on Masterpieces of Chinese Historiography" edited by Cang Xiuliang, there is a "History of Yuan" written by Qiu Shusen, which makes the following interpretation of the form at that time and zhu Yuanzhang's mentality of urgently revising the "History of Yuan": "In August of the first year of Hongwu (1368), the Ming Dynasty (present-day Beijing), the Yuan Shun Emperor was afraid of Timur and his concubine Prince Cangchao fled to Shangdu (present-day Zhenglanqidong, Inner Mongolia). In terms of the situation of the times, although the overall situation of the defeat of the Yuan Dynasty was determined, tamerlane supported the army in Shanxi, Li Siqi and Zhang Liangbi occupied Shaanxi, Naha came out of Liaoyang, and the king of Liang divided Zaravalmi into Yunnan, especially the expansion of Timur's army of hundreds of thousands, which was a great threat to the newly established Ming Dynasty. Although the land of the Central Plains was conquered by the Ming Dynasty's Northern Expedition, there were not a few Mongols, Semu, Han landlords and aristocrats and former Yuan bureaucrats who were attached to the former dynasty. It was natural for Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang to worry about the resurgence of the remnants of the Yuan forces. Therefore, launching a public opinion war, psychological war and political war to publicize the death of the Yuan Dynasty and the unification of Kyushu is really the need of the times. ”
It is precisely because of the haste to start the horse, coupled with the rush to finish the book, that the "History of the Yuan" that was repaired has some errors, and it has been criticized by later historians. Therefore, Chen Fu said in the article "Song Lian and the > of the history of the < And Yuan": "In Chinese history, it is only this time that the work of revising the history of the former dynasty has been started in such a hurry. The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang was so eager to revise the history of the Yuan Dynasty was to learn the lessons of the rise and fall of the Yuan Dynasty, and at the same time to show that the Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan Dynasty out of destiny. Therefore, when he was still a military servant and a hundred wastes to be rebuilt, he hurried to start repairing history, and because Song Lian was a literary giant of the new dynasty, the heavy responsibility of revising history naturally fell on his shoulders. ”
Qian Daxin supplemented the four volumes of the Yuan Shi Yi Wen Zhi (元史艺文志) the Wu County inscription of the fifth year of the Qing Dynasty
Although Zhu Yuanzhang's forces drove Emperor Yuanshun out of Beijing, they did not eliminate him, not to mention that the power of the Yuan Dynasty was not fundamentally attacked, and Zhu Yuanzhang was also from a humble background, and he hoped to confirm the legitimacy of the dynasty he established through the revision of history. Therefore, in February of the second year of Hongwu's reign, he issued an edict to revise the History of the Yuan, in which he wrote:
In February of the second year of Hongwu's reign, He was edicted to revise the History of the Yuan. The Emperor said: "Near ke yuandu, deyuan "Thirteen Dynasties Record", although the yuan fell to the country, the matter should be recorded, the success or failure of the history of the history, the persuasion and punishment can not be abolished.
Zhu Confucian Zhi, the Sayings of the Lord: "Since ancient times, those who have had a kingdom under the heavens have acted in the present time, and their deeds are seen in the future, and they are not just in the hereafter." Therefore, the rise and fall of a generation must be recorded in the history of a generation. The Yuan Lord China will be destroyed for a hundred years. His first monarch was simple and thick, his political affairs were simple, he rested with the people, and he was called well-off. However, he is ignorant of the way of the previous kings, drowning in the customs of the fools, the system is sparse, and the liturgy is unknown. In his lifetime, the heirs were desolate, the powerful ministers were stubborn, the soldiers were everywhere, and the lives of the people were in danger. In the meantime, though there were wise ministers, words were useless, and faith was not used, and the world collapsed. However, in the past hundred years, the kings and princes have acted well or not, and the wise men and gentlemen have hidden or manifested, and their words and deeds are also praiseworthy. Imatsuru and others have revised it to prepare for the history of a generation, and to tell it directly, not to overflow with beauty, not to conceal evil, to be in harmony with public opinion, to learn from the precepts. ”
From this edict, it can be seen that after the Ming Dynasty army attacked the Capital of the Yuan Dynasty, it obtained the "Records of the Thirteen Dynasties" in the Yuan court, and these Yuan history archives provided the most important historical materials for the revision of the Yuan History, which was also the main reason why the Yuan History could be opened for editing. Regarding the origin of the official revision of the "History of the Yuan", Song Lian said in the "Preface to the Catalogue of the History of the Lü Dynasty": "The emperor is both Zheng Chenji, the niche is fixed in Youyan, thin at home and abroad, and he is not a concubine. In the winter of the first year of Hongwu's reign, hongwu was ordered to enlighten the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties, and the bureau was deleted, and the presidents of Song Lian and Wang Yi were jointly formed, and the gongye who was not in the Yuan was cut. Next fall and July, Shi Cheng. From Taizu to Emperor Ningzong, a total of one hundred and fifty-nine volumes. Li Shanchang, the Duke of Xuanguo, led the shi subjects to advance. The thirty-six years of the Shun Emperor's affairs lacked solid records, and Shi Chen had nothing to examine, and he was not prepared. So The Rebbe Shangshu Cui Liang, the chief ministers Huang Su and Lian Lian, etc., sent examples and sent emissaries ten and one person to travel all over the world. All those involved in historical matters shall be sent to the officials. ”
Song Lian edited the "Collection of Mr. Yuanying Wu" Twelve Volumes Appendix I Volume 1 Selected Fistula Of the Thirteen Years of the Republic of China
In the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Yuanzhang began to order Shi Chen to read the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties, and then opened the History Bureau to write the "History of Yuan", and he appointed the editors-in-chief of the "History of Yuan" as Song Lian and Wang Yi, and at the same time used some opposition people to edit the book. Zhu Yuanzhang's request was very peculiar, he asked the members of the editorial department except for the two editors-in-chief and concurrently revised, the other editors must not have been officials in the Yuan Dynasty, and at the same time were not officials of the Ming Dynasty. After the compilation of the first half of the "History of Yuan" was completed and presented to the emperor, but because there was no part of The Yuan Shun Emperor in the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties, the emperor sent Shi Chen to the North to collect it. The name of the person sent out was Lü Fu, and for the status of Lü Fu's collection of historical materials, the Daoguang edition of the "Ganzhou County Chronicle" volume 50 "Lü Fu Biography" said: "Lü Fu character Zhongshan, number Yi window, Xingguo people." Hongwu Chu used the written sign as a canon for the sons of the country. Shi Xiuyuan History, Que Shun Emperor Deeds, Dispatch Eleven People to Branch the World, All Edicts Zhang Shu, Worship Strike Please Cloth in Fang Ce, Xi Jizhi, If You Take the Public Opinion Patrol Luck, The Palace Is Hidden, The Politics of the Times, Folk Songs, and Even the Loyalty and Filial Piety, The Thieves, the Disasters, or the Wild History, the Stele, and the Home Concentration, all of them carefully consulted, and the time of the engraving, and the restoration was ordered to be collected in Beiping first, and the eighty books were obtained, and the Mota inscriptions were four hundred, and then to Shandong, the four hundred books were obtained, the stele was baitong, and the books were used as clothes, and the books were printed on the top of the line, and the history has been continued into forty-eight volumes Later, he was promoted to the Taichang Book of Gong qian, xun wei cheng, sent to the imperial tomb, jinqing, sat in the matter of fengyang, restored official, died Infu Wengong, Qixiang Xian, and authored the "Catalogue of Collecting History" and "Northern Travel Collection". ”
It seems that the imperial court sent as many as 11 people to the north to collect historical materials, not only to collect official documents, even folklore is also among them, and the person who contributed the most was Lü Fu, who not only got a large number of books in Beiping, but also collected a lot of inscriptions in Shandong. However, when Lü Fu set out from Nanjing to the north to collect historical materials, Song Lian wrote a "Preface to sending Lü Zhongshan to Beiping to collect history": "The next year when the emperor ascends the throne, the four squares are the first to be leveled, and the scholars of the Zhao literature are gathered in Nanjing, and the officials are ordered to start and revise the "History of the Yuan". As for Emperor Ningzong, who founded the country since Taizu, all one hundred and twenty-six years have been hidden into books according to the old history, and the Yuan Dynasty has been in the final Zuo, and for another thirty-six years, the remains are scattered, and there is nothing to examine. Emperor Ruo said, "History cannot be ignored, and it is advisable to send envoys to the world to visit and seek it." So Yi Cao would meet the shichens, send examples, have Yu Wenmu, select Huang Lu and other ten people, and divide the provinces. He thought that Beiping was the former capital of the Yuan Lord, and his literature must have been full of conscripts, not refined Bo Min people, and it was not easy to gather his affairs. Yu You Zhongshan, Fang Si Chengjun, should be chosen. Abstain from luggage and have a day, and give poetry to the zhongshan traveler Xian for the end of the tasting and publication, and the end of the title. alack! It is said that the country can be destroyed, and history cannot be destroyed. ”
Song Lian edited the "History of the Yuan" 210 volumes of the catalogue of two volumes Ming Hongwu within three years of the government carved Jiajing nine years, ten years Nanjing Guozi supervision journal revision
Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Shi Chen to revise the History of the Yuan, but there were no historical materials for the 36 years after the Yuan Dynasty, so Li Shanchang, the left chancellor, reported this situation to the emperor, who ordered that the compilation of history books could not be just made up, and that people should be sent to all parts of the country to seek historical materials. Then, the imperial court sent 12 people to the provinces to collect historical materials. The number mentioned here is one more than in the "Biography of Lü Fu", and the records of other historical materials also have such inconsistencies, and later scholars have many studies, but they have not reached a unified opinion, so they will not elaborate on it here.
After Lü Fu and others collected a large number of original historical materials, it is possible that they had separately collected the catalogs of historical materials, and the compilation of them allowed Song Lian to write a "Preface to the Catalogue of the History of Lü's Collection", which first wrote: "Today's Beiping, the former capital of the Yuan clan, Shandong is also an important town, a generation of canonical literature should be preserved, specially selected to have officials, show that they do not dare to take it lightly." Zhanggong Lü Zhongshan, Shi Si Chengjun, was chosen. It is the moon, that is, to go north by yi, and in August Ding to arrive in Beiping, and all the edicts, chapters, prayers, and arrangements are made into one. If there is a reference to the book, it is translated into a text. It is not a public servant, if it is taken advantage of public opinion patrols, palace secrecy, current government good and evil, folk songs, and even loyalty and filial piety, chaos, disasters, or the history of the wild, or the monument of the deng, or the collection of Confucians, it is not careful to visit. And the confucian life is in danger of waiting, and the branches of Pingluan and Yannan counties are divided, showing that there are those who are slow to order, and the sin is the same. As for the hardships of Lü Fu's collection of historical materials, Song Lian wrote in the "Preface": "The beginning of the ding ugly situation in the former country zijian, to the winter of the tenth and first month of the beginning of the beginning of the shuo. Eighty of them chose Goryeo green paper as their clothes, scooped them up to the Xingzhong Book, borrowed the official seal to know it, and entered Nanjing. B did not go to Shandong, the river was frozen, the snow was two or three feet deep, Zhongshan drove an ox cart to follow the land, exhaled and inhaled, and the ice was raw. He has not yet arrived in Jinan, and his consultation is roughly as in Beiping. Next year, the first month of Jia Yin, the completion of the book, and forty years. The inscriptions on the tuotuo, Beiping 400 Tong, Shandong 100 Tong are not in the number, but they are still printed as before. In March, He returned to the Beijing Division. Having already collected the emissaries, Lian then had some basis and revised it into forty-eight volumes of the History of Continuation. In the summer of June, The Re-Entry Que was progressive, and Zhongshan ascended to the Taichang Book with merit, and sought to be a beggar. And with the weight of historical events, it is not easy to see, and it is collected into the four giant compilations of the catalog, and hides its side at home, and the first of its order. ”
Song Lian compiled the sixteen volumes of the Hongwu Zhengyun (洪武正韵) the Sixteen-volume Ming Patrol (明巡) according to the direct supervision of the Imperial History Engraving
It seems that this preface of Song Lian should be the original source of the "Ganzhou County Chronicle of Lü Fu", but Song Lian's record is more detailed, he wrote about Lü Fu's collection of original historical materials in the ice and snow, and how difficult it was to pound the stele. However, his merits were rewarded by the imperial court, and after his return he was able to serve in the court. As for Lü Fu's contribution to historiography, Song Lian wrote the following paragraph of praise in the "Preface to the Catalogue of Lü's History":
In the past, Sima Guang wrote both the "Zizhi Tongjian" and also briefly mentioned the matter, the chronology and the national latitude, known as the "catalog", showing scholars to be pivotal. Zhongshanjin has described the program of collecting history, clarified the good and difficulties of the matter, and showed future generations to follow the rules. Although the meaning of the book is different, the original of the heart is thick, and it is only one. alack! History has been left behind for a long time, such as the modern Wei Shao King's dynasty, which was recorded as lost and lost, and after moving south, it cannot be recorded. At that time, if Shi Chen belonged to him, if he was like a Zhongshan, wouldn't he have won the record of Dou Xiang and Yang Yunyi? Emperor Shun's first era, the death of the book, all of which are undoubtedly the merits of Zhongshan. People have merit but do not know, and unwise also. Knowing without saying, not being merciful. Treating the history of the sinful country, he did not hesitate to do so, so that the viewer could have something to do.
From the above quotations, it can be seen that at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the revision of the "History of the Yuan" was due to political needs, so the emperor has been pressuring the speed of revision of history. But even so, these envoys did not compile it at will according to the available historical materials, and they sent many people to all parts of the country to collect historical materials of the Yuan Dynasty. This degree of seriousness is not inferior to that of previous generations of historians. The 11 or 12 historical collectors sent out were the most abundant by Lü Fu, and the large number of historical materials he brought back should have become the basic material for the compilation of the "History of Yuan".
Song Lian's "History of the Yuan" Ming Hongwu carved Jiajing within three years, and the Nanjing Guozi Supervision Journal submitted a revised edition and an inscription
As for the historical sources of the book "History of Yuan", Ye Youquan and Wang Shenrong's article "Exploring the Source of the > of the < History of the Yuan Dynasty - And Commenting on< the Historical Value of the > of the Yuan History" summarized the historical materials used in the "History of the Yuan" into four parts, one is the "Records of the Thirteen Dynasties" mentioned earlier, and the other is Xu Yikui's "Book of The Book of The Servants with Wang", "There are both the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties that can be based on evidence, and the "Classics of the Classics" that can be referenced. It can be seen that the second source of the Yuan history is the "Classics of the Classics", and the third source of historical materials refers to the original materials collected by Lü Fu and others from Beiping, although the original historical materials found by 11 people except Lü Fu have not been recorded in the literature, and it is impossible for these people to return empty-handed, and they should also bring back some historical materials. As for the historical sources in the fourth part, the article reads: "The vast majority of the "Yuan Shi" transmission text is found in the "Yuan Wen Class", "The Strategy of famous ministers of the National Dynasty", and the Yuan Wen collection lines, family traditions, inscriptions, and epitaphs. Compared with the survey and verification, there are many fragments of the "Yuan History" that are copied from the original text, or even copied in its entirety. For example, the "Biography of Guo Shoujing" is recorded from Qi Luqian's "Zhitai Envoy Guo Gongxing", "Dong Jun's Biography" records Yuan Mingshan's "Gaocheng Dong Family Biography", "Bo Shu Biography" and "Yuxi Timur Biography" are sub-records of Yan Fu's "Monument to the Zhenxian King of Taishi Guangping", and so on. Therefore, it can be said that the documents such as the yuanren's deeds, family traditions, inscriptions, and epitaphs are the fourth source of the "Yuan History" materials. ”
From the above, it can be seen that the "History of yuan" edited by Song Lian and Wang Yi was not a hasty book, and they made great efforts in collecting historical materials. From this point of view, it cannot be said that the YuanShi was compiled at random, because they refer to more documents than the above listed. Xu Yikui, in his evaluation of the Records of the Thirteen Dynasties, said in the Book of Servants with The King: "There is no one who discusses history in modern times than the calendar. Calendarist, Shi Nororo Akiya. As for the setting of the living note, it is also used as an example of a koji. The law of the Chronicle is no more than that. Yuan is not the case, do not put the calendar, do not put the living notes, the independent Zhongshu places the current political section, sends a literary hand, pays the history museum with things, and Yi Yi Dynasty, then the National History Institute only repairs the "Records" according to the payment, and its historical events are very neglected. ”
Xu Yikui said that the Yuan Dynasty did not have a calendar and no living notes, which was the difficulty of revising the "History of yuan" at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, but Ye Youquan and Wang Shenrong said in the text:
Whether there was a calendar in the Yuan Dynasty or not, the literature is not yet examined, and as for not putting a living note, it is obviously disregarding the facts. In his article "Records of the Yuan Dynasty and the Great Canon of the Classics", Ichikawa Tsuneyoshi jiro has quoted the "Imperial History Lee Duanyan" contained in the "Records of the Emperor Hidenjong" to the November of the first year of the reign: "Although the imperial court has set up a note on living quarters, all the records recorded by the subordinates have heard the events, and the words of the upper ones are moved, and it is advisable to know the books, so as to pay the history museum"" and Wang Yun's "< Records of the >" and wang Yun's "Records of the Ancestors" and the revision of the "Records of the Ancestors" are "the compilation of the current politics, and the reference to the living notes" is refuted. ”
Song Lian's "History of the Yuan" Ming Hongwu carved Jiajing within three years, and the Nanjing Guozi Supervision Journal submitted a revised edition in three years, the first volume
In this way, the historical materials of the early Yuan Dynasty are indeed rare, but it does not mean that there are none, and Zhao Yi also mentioned the lack of historical materials in the "Twenty-second History of the Yuan Dynasty": "The Yuan Dynasty Shuo Desert, there is no writing, after the founding of the country, there is no such thing as Jin Zhiquan Yan Zonghan and others who can visit the deeds of the previous dynasty, which is because there are few records." This account praises the so-called Taizu Qixun's great achievements, but unfortunately, the historians at that time were not prepared, and they were lost in the record. However, Ye Youquan and Wang Shenrong said in the text: "The Shizu Benji records that Shizu appointed Heli Huosun and Duhu Thorn as officials of Hanlin to be in the fifth year of the founding of the country, and in the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he ordered not only to revise the "Notes on Living". The Biography of Li Ji records that he played a speech between the Yuan Shun Emperor and the beginning of the zheng dynasty: "Serving the imperial history in the palace, giving the matter, and living in the palace, must be appointed as a straight soldier, the book Hundred Divisions play please, and the emperor can not be, the month even the province of Taiwan, Fu Shiguan, in preparation for the actual cultivation." Thus it can be seen that the setting of the living note is consistent with the Yuan generation. Xu Yikui insisted that the Yuan Dynasty 'did not put a living note', which was not shallow. ”