Archaeology: A priceless national treasure, it appears intact in the tomb of the woman

Archaeology: A priceless national treasure, it appears intact in the tomb of the woman

"甗" is a cookware used by the ancients, similar to the modern steamer, divided into two layers, the middle waist is tightly bundled, the lower part is a mane, generally three hollow bag feet, can store water, the upper part is a bottom-through koshiki, used to place food, so that water vapor steam boils; between the upper and lower layers, is a hole in the grate.

The triptych consists of a rectangular frame and three large urns. The frame is similar to a forbidden, the face has three raised flared circle mouths, which can be placed in three large koji; the abdominal cavity is hollow, flat bottom, and there are six flat feet underneath; there are cross-shaped cast seams on the outer sole; the shelf surface is decorated with three groups of dragon patterns, which are divided into three circles, the dragon head is side-shaped, the two ends of the head are down, and the middle head is facing up; there is an animal face and a dragon before one end of the dragon, and the dragon's body and tail are decorated with diamond-shaped patterns and small triangular patterns; the four corners of the frame are decorated with bull's head patterns, the ox's mouth is outward, and the walls around the circle are decorated with triangular patterns and a circumferential cloud pattern. The four walls of the frame also have fine patterns: the long side is decorated with five groups of dragon patterns and six large circular fire patterns on both sides, the two are spaced apart from each other, and the lower part is decorated with a large triangle pattern; there is a dragon in the middle of each side of the short side, and the two sides are decorated with a large circular fire pattern, and the main pattern is based on the thunder pattern; on the inner wall of the middle circle mouth there are inscriptions, the shape is larger, the caliber is three or three centimeters; the open mouth, the lower abdomen is sharply closed, the concave bottom, the bottom has three fan-shaped holes, the semicircular hollow ear of the animal head; there are two thin edges under the mouth, decorating the swimming dragon pattern two groups, each group of two dragons, the head is opposite, On the upper and lower sides of the dragon's body, the circular fire pattern is filled with each other; the inner wall under the mouth of the three pieces and the outer wall under the two ears have inscriptions.

Triptych, is the stove and koshiki matching use, it can be steamed out of the same or different food of the three major koshiki at the same time, but also can be moved position, easy to use, is the innovation of cookware. Steaming chicken with steam pot in Kunming is a delicacy, and the same cooker appeared more than 3,000 years ago, which is enough to show that yin people are also deliberately refining food.

Even Square Yi: Copper Square Yi first appeared in the Shang Dynasty, the shape of the instrument is square straight wall, there are also rectangular, the lower part has a square circle foot, the upper part has a roof-shaped cover, the cover has a button, the body has a straight abdomen, a curved abdomen, and an abdomen with ears. Individual utensils resemble two Yi joined together, with a rectangular mouth, called "even square Yi".

The cover of this even square Yi resembles a roof, with symmetrical short column buttons at both ends, and seven square covers and seven pointed covers on the long side, which coincide with the notch of the body. The lid and body are decorated with gluttonous patterns, hammer patterns, bird patterns, triangle patterns, etc. By the late Shang Dynasty and the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the shape of Fang Yi had changed, with a shallow neck, a slight drum at the abdomen, and inscriptions cast on some utensils.

The bronze ware group in the tomb is not only a fine work of art, but also an embodiment of the ritual system of the Shang Dynasty. The bronze vessels of the inscription "Women's Good" are a relatively complete group of ceremonial vessels. The bronze ceremonial vessel of the "Simu Xin" inscription should be a sacrificial vessel made by the descendants for the good of the woman. Most of the bronze ceremonial vessels with other different inscriptions are wine vessels, and large wine vessels are equipped with ten yao and ten knights. Presumably the sacrifices offered by the nobles or Fang Guo to the famous queen, these are also important materials for the study of the ritual system of the Yin Dynasty.

The weapons are ge, qi, and gong, two large bronze cymbals casting "women's good" inscriptions are eye-catching, and one is decorated with two tigers to capture human heads, and the tiger resembles a small tiger, and the image is vivid. A similar pattern was once found on the ears of the "Simu Peng" Dading. It seems to have a deterrent effect.

Large copper 钺: 大 bronze 钺 is a cold fighting weapon used for chopping in ancient China. Consists of an axe body and an axe handle. The axe is stone, copper or iron, and the handle is wooden. The axe is similar to the axe-shaped system, except that it is thin, wide in blade, and in a circular arc. The cymbal is mainly used as a symbol of military power, so most of the cymbals are well-cast, and the body is engraved with human or animal face ornaments, and the image is vicious and gorgeous, giving people a deterrent.

Xinjiang Qingyu: There are many pieces of jade excavated from the tomb, most of which are complete or slightly mutilated. It is mainly different shades of green, but there are also brown ones, and there is very little white jade. When the staff of the Anyang Jade Carving Factory looked at the jade, some people proposed that the most that came out of the tomb was Xinjiang green jade, and after verification by a number of experienced people, it was determined that the main jade in the tomb of the woman was Xinjiang jade. Scientific identification, mostly tremolite, there are also impotence. Tremolite is compatible with Xinjiang jade, and the hardness of the identified specimen is 6 degrees on the Mohs scale. The discovery of Xinjiang jade in Yin Ruins is of great significance.

There are many types of jade, including ceremonial vessels such as chun, bi, and huang, ge, qi, spear, etc., as well as tools and ornaments. Jade ceremonial ware is extremely important for the study of etiquette, and ceremonial jade is mainly based on Qun and Bi. "Zhou Li Dazongbo": "Cangbi Li Tian, Huang Zhen Li Di". Although this reflects the concept of the Zhou Dynasty, the use of jade tools for worship has appeared in the Neolithic Era, and the Liangzhu cultural materials are the most systematic. Although the times are different and the archaeological cultures are different, the use of slugs and walls for sacrifices is the same.

Ivory cup: three pieces of ivory cups, there are two pairs, one of which is shaped like a cup, and the whole body is carved with double-line yin carved with elaborate patterns such as gluttony, dragon, bird, etc., and its mouth, eyes, eyebrows, nose and body are inlaid with turquoise, and the pattern is surrounded by fine "back" patterns. On one side of the cup is a bird and a dragon motif (lift beam), and its eyes, beak, feathers, claws, eyebrows, and body are also inlaid with turquoise. Another ivory belt flowing tiger cup, 42cm high, 10.6 ~ 11.2cm in diameter, wall thickness of 0.9cm, is the highest ivory cup in the history of existence, beautiful shape, exquisite carving, can be called the treasure of the country.

Sea shells: More than 6,800 sea shells excavated in the tomb have been identified as cargo shells, one Arabian shellfish (also known as Arabic silk shell) and two veined red snails. Sea shells originated in Taiwan and the South China Sea (Guangdong coast, Hainan Island, south of Xiamen Dongshan in Fujian), reflecting the direct and indirect connection between the Shang Dynasty and the East China Sea and the South China Sea, which is extremely important evidence.

Ornaments: The number of ornaments is the largest, there are more than 420 pieces, most of which are worn jade ornaments, a few are inlaid jade ornaments, and a few are ornamental. The Jade Man is a physical material for studying the hairstyles, headdresses, and dresses of people at that time. All kinds of animal-shaped jade are decorated with mythical dragons and phoenixes, strange birds and beasts with animal heads and bird bodies, and a large number of bionic animal figures, mostly beasts, domestic animals and birds, such as tigers, bears, elephants, monkeys, deer, horses, cattle, sheep, rabbits, geese, parrots, etc., as well as fish, frogs and insects. Jade carving artists are good at grasping the ecological characteristics and habits of different animals, and the carved animal images are full of life, such as a looking-back deer, showing a vigilant look, while the praying mantis with its head tilted to one side appears leisurely and vivid. In addition to jade, there are turquoise, malachite, green crystal carved artworks and agate beads.

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